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L THUYT HM GREEN
Trong Vt L
* L thuyt in t c in:
Jackson J. D. (1999) : Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York)
Chng 1
1Dn nhp vo HG
Sinh vin vt l thng hay t hi ti sao cn hc HG, u l l do vt l cho
vic hc ny, ? thy c vai tr cng nh ngha ca HG, trong chng ny
s im li vai tr ca HG trong mt s bi ton ph bin trong vt l (c in); ng
thi cng cho thy trc mi tng quan trc tip ca HG vi nhng i lng vt l
c th o c trong th nghim, qua gip cho sinh vin, ngay t u, cm nhn
c vai tr v ng dng thit thc ca HG trong vt l (lng t).
(r )
e
.
4 0 | r r ' |
(1.1.1)
(r ) d 3r '
.
4 0 | r r ' |
(r ')
(1.1.2)
2 (r ) (r ) / 0 .
(1.1.3)
Ta a vo HG c nh ngha nh sau :
G ( R)
1
4 0 R
vi R | r r ' | .
(1.1.4)
(r ) dr ' G( R) (r ') .
(1.1.5)
1 2
2 2 2 (r , t ) (r , t ) / 0 .
c t
(1.1.6)
Ngi ta c th gii hai phng trnh trn bng cch dng HG G ( R, T ) tha phng
trnh
G (r r ', t t ') (r r ') (t t ') ( R) (T )
(1.1.7)
(r )
Xt mt trng hp c bit : G
(1.1.8)
G
0 ti T=0. Khi ta thu c HG c dng
T
c (T )
( R cT ) ( R cT )
4 R
Bi v R v T dng, s hng cui bng 0 v c
c
G( R, T )
( R cT ) .
4 R
G ( R, T )
Th in tr thnh
c
(r )
dr ' (r ', t R / c) / R
4 0
(1.1.9)
(1.1.10)
(1.1.11)
1.2 H lng t :
y ch tm tt mt s mi lin h gia HG v nhng i lng vt l c th
o c trc tip hay gin tip trong thc nghim.
- ng nng, th nng v nng lng ton phn c tnh trc tip qua HG
- HG cho thng tin trc tip v mt ht n( x) ( x) ( x) , mt dng, mt
spin,
- HG cho thng tin trc tip v cc hm tng quan
- Cc thng tin v tnh cht ph (nng lng), mt trng thi, tit din tn x
c bao gm trong HG tr.
-
Ngoi ra HG cho mt l thuyt nhiu lon rt h thng.
Chng 2
(2.1.1)
(2.1.2)
ii)
dn
dn
o hm bc n ca mt hm (u) : Lu n u hoc L n gi l ton t
dx
dx
vi phn.
7
* Ngoi tnh tuyn tnh ta cng ch xt n nhng ton t Hermite (cn gi l ton
t self-adjoint), tc l L L . y L c gi l ton t lin hp ca ton t L
v c nh ngha:
f | Lg L f | g
(2.1.3)
b
d2
d2
d d
f | Lg f
g
f
*
gdx f * g dx
2
2
dx
dx
dx dx
d d
dg
f * g dx f
dx dx
dx
d2
df * dg
dg
df
dx
f
*
gdx
2
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
d2
dg
df
f
f g
dx 2
dx dx
d2
d2
l
dx 2
dx 2
Bi v
| O * O | (tnh cht ca bra-ket : | | * )
ta c :
O | | O
(2.1.4)
(2.2.1)
trn min xc nh x , tha iu kin bin cho trc v L l ton t vi phn tuyn
tnh Hermite. Nhn hm G(x,x) (hm cha bit, nhng y chnh l HG ta s tnh sau
ny) vo hai v ca (2.2.1) v ly tch phn theo x trn min (tc l ta ang thc
hin tch trong ( f | g f *( x) g ( x)dx ) ca c hai v phng trnh (2.2.1) vi hm
G(x,x) theo bin x). Ta c :
G( x, x ') | Lu ( x) G( x, x ') | f ( x) .
(2.2.2)
(2.2.3)
(2.2.4)
hay
By gi ta chn hm G(x,x) tha mn
L G ( x, x ') ( x x ') ,
(2.2.5)
(2.2.7)
(2.2.8)
(2.2.9)
V ton t
10
(2.2.10)
(2.2.11)
(2.3.1)
(0) a , '(0) b ,
(2.3.2)
(2.3.3)
vi
L
d2
k 2 , f ( x) U ( x) ( x) .
2
dx
(2.3.4)
Hm Green :
Nhn hai v ca (2.3.3) vi g(x,x) v ly tch phn theo x t 0 n :
g ( x, x ') L ( x) g ( x, x ') f ( x) .
0
(2.3.5)
Tch phn tng phn (hai ln) trn v tri (2.3.5), thu c :
x
x 0
dg ( x, x ')
( x)
g ( x, x ') f ( x)dx
0
dx
x 0
(2.3.6)
Trong cc s hng bin, (0) v '(0) bit. kh nhng s hng bin cha bit
( () v '() ) i hi iu kin bin cho g(x,x):
g (, x ') 0 v
11
dg (, x ')
0.
dx
(2.3.7)
Lg ( x, x ') ( x x ') .
(2.3.8)
T (2.3.6) ta tm c :
dg (0, x ')
(0) g ( x, x ') f ( x)dx
0
dx
dg (0, x ')
bg (0, x ') a
g ( x, x ') f ( x)dx
0
dx
(2.3.9)
(2.3.10)
(2.3.11)
dg (, x ')
0.
dx
(2.3.12)
(2.3.13)
(2.3.14)
i vi x x ' ta c :
Khi x x ' :
S dng cc iu kin bin (2.3.11) v (2.3.12) cho : C D 0 . Vy
g ( x, x ') 0 vi x x ' .
(2.3.15)
x '
d2
2
k
g
(
x
,
x
')
dx
lim
( x, x ')dx .
0 dx 2
0
x '
x '
lim
(2.3.16)
(2.3.17)
1.
dx
dx
(2.3.18)
(2.3.19)
cos kx '
sin kx '
v B
k
k
(2.3.20)
H ny cho kt qu :
A
v HG cn tm l:
12
g ( x, x ')
sin k ( x x ')
vi x x ' v g ( x, x ') 0 vi x x ' .
k
(2.3.21)
Hm (2.3.9) tr thnh :
sin kx '
sin k ( x ' x)
( x ') a cos kx ' b
f ( x)dx .
k
k
0
x'
(2.3.22)
Ta c th vit li hm cn tm vi f ( x) U ( x) ( x) nh sau :
sin kx
sin k ( x )
( x) a cos kx b
U ( ) ( )d .
k
k
0
x
(2.3.23)
Nhn xt: phng trnh (2.3.23) l phng trnh tch phn Volterra loi hai.
2.3.2 HG khng ph thuc thi gian II:
Gi s phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh khng ng nht (2.2.1) c dng
(2.3.24)
L (r )(r , ) f (r )
iu kin bin trn S thuc min cha r v r ' . L (r ) l ton t vi phn tuyn tnh
Hermite v khng ph thuc thi gian t.
gii (2.3.24) ta nh ngha G(r , r ', ) l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn
khng ng nht
(2.3.25)
L G() 1 .
(2.3.26)
L | n En | n .
(2.3.27)
| |
1
1
| n n | n n .
L
n L
n En
(2.3.28)
G( )
n
| n n |
| |
E E dE
En
E
(2.3.29)
n (r ) *n (r ') E (r ) *E (r ')
G(r , r ', )
dE .
E
n
n
(2.3.30)
Nghim (r , ) ca phng trnh vi phn (2.3.24) c tnh qua HG G(r , r ', ) v
c dng :
(2.3.31)
En L | | f ,
(2.3.32)
n | En L | En En n | n | f .
(2.3.33)
(2.3.34)
G (r , r ', E ) lim G (r , r ', E i ) .
(2.3.35)
Nhng gii hn trn lun tn ti. Khi trng vi tr ring E trong min ph lin tc,
nghim ca phng trnh vi phn khng thun nht c xc nh qua hm gii hn
G nh sau :
(2.3.36)
G * (r , r ', ) G ( r ', r , * )
(2.3.37)
(2.3.38)
Res G(r , r ', ) |En n (r ) *n (r ') ,
(2.3.39)
(2.3.40)
Re G (r , r ', E ) Re G (r ', r , E ) ,
(2.3.41)
Im G (r , r ', E ) Im G (r ', r , E ) ,
(2.3.42)
(2.3.43)
khi :
~
G(r , r ', E ) 2i Im G (r , r ', E ) 2i Im G (r , r ', E ) .
(2.3.44)
15
1
1
P
i ( x x0 )
x x0 i 0
x x0
n (r ) *n (r ')
G (r , r ', E ) P
i ( E En )n (r ) *n (r ')
E En
n
n
(2.3.45)
(2.3.46)
v
~
G (r , r ', E ) 2i ( E En )n (r ) *n (r ') .
(2.3.47)
Ly vt (trace, k kiu Tr) ca cc yu t cho G ( r , r , E ) ca (2.3.46) cho :
TrG ( E ) n |G ( E ) | n P
n
1
i ( E En )
E En
n
(2.3.48)
hay
N (E)
Im TrG ( E ) .
(r , E ) ( E En )n (r ) *n (r )
(2.3.49)
(2.3.50)
Khi ta c
(r , E )
Im G ( r , r , E )
(2.3.51)
1 ~
G (r , r , E ) .
2i
(2.3.52)
Hoc
(r , E )
n (r ) *n (r ')
n (r ) *n (r ')
G(r , r ', )
dE ( E En )
E
E
n
n
n
~
i
G (r , r ', E )
dE
2
E
(r , E )
G (r , r , ) dE
E
16
(2.3.53)
(2.3.54)
2.3.4 V d:
Xt ton t L 2 trn V l 3 . iu kin bin l cc hm ring ca L phi
hu hn v cng. Ta s tm HG cho phng trnh vi phn (2.3.25) vi ton t trn.
Phng trnh cho HG :
2 G(r , r ', ) (r r ') .
(2.3.55)
k (r ) r | k
(2.3.56)
1 ikr
e .
V
(2.3.57)
k (r ) *k (r ')
r | k k | r '
V
1
eik ( r r ')
G (r , r ', )
dk
dk
k2
(2 )3
k2
(2 )3 k 2
k
LD
dk
... vi D l s chiu ca khng gian. y D=3.
(2 ) D
r r ' v gi l gc gia v k th
Ta s dng :
Vi
(2.3.58)
...
G (r , r ', )
k 2 dk
d sin eik cos
2
2
(2 ) k
1
k 2 dk eik e ik
(2 ) 2 0 k 2
ik
1
kdk ik
e
i 4 2 k 2
(2.3.59)
1 i
G(r , r ', )
e
4
1
i
e
4 | r r ' |
|r r '|
(2.3.60)
e i E |r r '|
G (r , r ', E )
;E 0.
4 | r r ' |
Xt trng hp =0, phng trnh (2.3.55) chuyn v dng Laplace :
17
(2.3.61)
2G (r , r ') (r r ') ,
(2.3.62)
G(r , r ')
(2.3.63)
vi nghim l
1
.
4 | r r ' |
2 ( r ) 4 ( r ) .
(2.3.64)
dr ' (r ')
(2.3.65)
i
c t L (r ) (r , t ) f (r , t )
(2.4.1)
i
c t L (r ) (r , t ) 0 ,
(2.4.2)
i
(2.4.3)
c t L (r ) g (r , r ', t , t ') (r r ') (t t ') .
y cc hm ( r , t ) , (r , t ) v g (r , r ', t , t ') tha cng iu kin bin.
Phng php chung tnh g (r , r ', t , t ') l chuyn phng trnh ph thuc thi
gian (2.4.3) sang dng khng ph thuc thi gian (2.3.25) bng php bin i Fourier
nh sau :
g ( )
1
2
de i g ( ) .
(2.4.4)
Ta t g ( ) g (t t ') g (t , t ') ( gn cc bin r , r ' tm thi n) v phng
trnh (2.4.3) cho thy g ph thuc hai bin thi gian di dng t t ' . Thay g ( ) vo
(2.4.3) ta c
18
c L (r ) g (r , r ', ) (r r ') .
(2.4.5)
y chnh l phng trnh cho hm Green G khng ph thuc thi gian c kho
st mc trc. Nh vy
g ( ) G ( / c) ,
(2.4.6)
P PR
1
2
d e i G P ( / c) .
(2.4.7)
1
2
d e i G ( / c) ,
(2.4.8)
| n n |
.
/ c En i
(2.4.9)
Vi
G ( / c) lim
0
(2.4.10)
g ( ) g ( ) g ( ) .
~
19
(2.4.11)
1
2
1
g ( )
de i G ( / c)
de (2 i) ( / c E ) |
ic e | |
i
icEn
(2.4.12)
icU ( )
(2.4.13)
Trong ta nh ngha
U (t t ') e icL ( t t ')
(2.4.14)
| (t ) U (t t ') | (t ') ,
(2.4.15)
phng trnh vi phn ng nht c th c biu din qua HG g , trong r -biu din
ta c:
(r , t )
i ~
g
(
r
,
r
',
t
,
t
')
(
r
',
t
')
dr
' dt '
c
(2.4.16)
g ( ) ( ) g ( ) ,
(2.4.17)
vi ( ) 1 nu 0 v ( ) 0 nu 0 .
Tng t (2.3.36), nghim ca phng trnh vi phn khng ng nht (2.4.1) c
~
20
(2.4.18)
c 2 t 2 L (r ) (r , t ) f (r , t )
(2.4.19)
1 2
L
(
r
) (r , t ) 0 .
c 2 t 2
(2.4.20)
bao r v r ' .
tm g (r , r ', t , t ') ta dng php bin i Fourier chuyn phng trnh (2.4.21)
1
2
de i g ( ) .
(2.4.22)
(2.4.23)
Nh vy
g ( ) G ( 2 / c 2 )
(2.4.24)
vi G ( ) l nghim ca (2.3.26) vi 2 / c 2 .
Tng t G ( ) , HG g ( ) cng khng gii tch ti nhng im trn trc thc c
1
lim de i G ( 2 / c 2 i )
2 0
* HG tr:
21
(2.4.25)
g r ( )
1
lim d e i G ( 2 / c 2 i Sign( ))
2 0
(2.4.26)
g a ( )
1
lim de i G ( 2 / c 2 i Sign( ))
2 0
(2.4.27)
* HG sm:
Trong
1 , 0
Sign( )
1 , 0
~
g ( ) g r ( ) g a ( )
(2.4.28)
v tm c :
~
g ( ) c
sin(c En )
En
| n n | ,
(2.4.29)
g ( ) c
sin(c L )
vi t t ' .
(2.4.30)
(2.4.31)
Bi tp
Bng phng php HG hy tm dch chuyn u ( x) ca si dy (hai u c
nh) di tc ng ca lc phn b f ( x ) cho trc.
Phng trnh xc nh u ( x) cho bi
d 2u ( x )
f ( x) , x (0,1)
dx 2
22
Chng 3
| S (t ) H | S (t )
t
(3.1.1)
S (t ) S (t ), H .
t
(3.1.2)
S m pm | m m | ,
i)
(3.1.3)
(3.1.4)
iii)
(3.1.5)
| S (t ) e
i
H ( t t ')
| S (t0 )
(3.1.6)
AH (t ) e
i
H ( t t0 )
AH (t0 )e
i
H ( t t0 )
(3.1.7)
hoc chn t0 0 :
i
Ht
AH (t ) e AH (0)e
i
Ht
i
Ht
i Ht
e
A
e
.
S
(3.1.8)
A(t ) A(t ), H .
t
24
(3.1.9)
Ht
i
Ht
i
Ht
i
Ht
2 (0) ,
(3.1.10)
A(0)e
2 (0) .
(3.1.11)
(3.1.12)
y ton t H 0 l phn khng nhiu lon v thng c chn sao cho c th gii
chnh xc. W l th tng tc ph thuc thi gian.
S ph thuc thi gian ca hm sng v ton t trong bc tranh tng tc c
xc nh nh sau :
AI (t ) e
| I (t ) e
i
H 0t
A(0)e
i
i
H0t Ht
i
H 0t
| I (0) .
(3.1.13)
(3.1.14)
| I (t ) ie ( H 0 H )e | I (0)
t
i
H 0t
i
H 0t
i
H 0t Ht
i e
Ve
e | I (0)
e
V (t )
| I ( t )
Nh vy
i
| I (t ) V (t ) | I (t ) .
t
(3.1.15)
Phng trnh chuyn ng (3.1.15) cho thy th tng tc ph thuc thi gian W(t)
quy nh s thay i theo thi gian ca vector trng thi, trong khi s ph thuc thi
gian ca ton t c quyt nh bi phn Hamilton khng nhiu lon H 0 .
25
U (t ) e
i
i
H0t Ht
(3.1.16)
U (t ) W (t )U (t ) .
t
(3.1.17)
Nghim ca (3.1.17) l
U (t ) U (0)
i t
dt1W (t1 )U (t1 )
0
hoc
U (t ) 1
i t
dt1W (t1 )U (t1 ) .
0
(3.1.18)
dt
t1
1 0
1 n1U ( n ) (t )
trong
( n)
i
(t )
n 1 0
(3.1.19)
t1
tn 1
(3.1.20)
( t t1 t2 ... tn t0 ).
Vi ton t thi trnh (ton t trnh t thi gian) T c nh ngha
hoc
W (t )W (t2 ), t1 t2
T W (t1 )W (t2 ) 1
W (t2 )W (t1 ), t2 t1
(3.1.21)
(3.1.22)
26
1 i
U (t ) 1
n!
dt ... dt T [W (t )...W (t )] .
n 1 0
(3.1.23)
i t
(3.1.24)
(3.1.25)
i)
(3.1.26)
T y ta c mi lin h gia S v U)
ii) S (t , t ) 1
iii) S (t , t ') S (t ', t )
iv) S (t , t ') S (t , t '')S (t '', t ')
v) S tha phng trnh :
i
i
S (t , t ') U (t )U (t ') W (t )U (t )U (t ') W (t ) S (t , t ') ,
t
t
(3.1.27)
vi) V nh vy, tng t ton t tin ha, ta c th biu din S di dng nh sau :
i t
(3.1.28)
H thc Gell-Mann v Low. Trong phng trnh xc nh s bin i theo thi gian
ca hm sng | I (t ) (3.1.14) cng nh trong cc dn xut ra ton t tin ha v S
27
(3.1.29)
ma trn, ta c :
| (0) S (0, t ) | (t ) .
Ly gii hn t cho
| (0) S (0, ) | () .
(3.1.30)
| () ei | 0 .
Nh vy ta c :
ei 0 | S (, ) | 0
28
(3.1.32)
3.3 Hm Green :
Trong phn ny chng ta s gii thiu HG trong vt l lng t v nh ni,
chng ta gii hn trng hp nhit 0.
3.3.1 nh ngha Hm Green fermion:
Chng ta bt u vi nh ngha HG electron :
i
G (t , t ') | Ta (t )a (t ') | .
(3.1.33)
a (t ) eiHt / a eiHt /
a (t ) eiHt / a eiHt /
(3.1.34)
(3.1.35)
i
G (t , t ') | a (t ')a (t ) | nu t ' t ,
(3.1.36)
i
i
G (t , t ') (t t ')| a (t )a (t ') | (t ' t )| a (t ') a (t ) | ,
(3.1.37)
hoc
vi hm l hm bc nhy.
ngha ca HG : t nh ngha (3.1.35) ( t t ' ) ta thy HG m t qua 1 trnh trong
mt ht c to ra ti t ' ri truyn n t v b hy. Trong trng hp t ' t ,
(3.1.36), HG m t qu trnh hy mt ht (tc l to 1 l trng) ti t sau ht li
c to ra (l trng b hy) ti t ' . Nh vy HG m t qu trnh truyn ht (l trng)
v v th thng gi l hm truyn.
29
S dng (3.1.34) ta c
i
i
i
i
Ht
Ht
Ht '
Ht '
i
G (t , t ') | e a e e a e
|
i
H ( t t ')
i i E ( t t ')
e
| a e
a |
(3.1.38)
i
Gr (t , t ') (t t ')| [a (t ), a (t ')] |
i
Ga (t , t ') (t ' t )| [ a (t ), a (t ')] |
(3.1.39)
i
G (t , t ') | a (t ')a (t ) |
i
G (t , t ') | a (t )a (t ') |
i 0 | T ( x, t ) ( x ', t ') | 0
G ( x, t; x ' t ')
0 | 0
(3.1.40)
Khng t sinh vin gp lng tng trong tham kho ti liu khi gp cc nh ngha khc nhau ca HG. nh
ngha HG ny c gii thiu cng nhm gip sinh vin lm quen vi nhng tip cn khc nhau.
30
, l nhng ton t trng (trong biu din Heisenberg), chng c th trin khai
chuyn sang ton t sinh hy a, a :
( x, t ) k k ( x)ak (t )
( x, t ) k k* ( x)ak (t )
(3.1.41)
eik x
k ( x)
,
V
(3.1.42)
l ch s spin. Khai trin (3.1.41) chnh l php bin i Fourier chuyn t khng
Gk (t t ') dxe
G ( x x ', t t ')
(3.1.43)
tng ng vi HG trong (3.1.33). Php bin i ngc li l
ik( x x ')
1
1
G ( x x ', t t ') k eik ( x x ')Gk (t t ')
dke
Gk (t t ') (3.1.44)
V
(2 )3
Ngi ta cng thng dng HG ph thuc tn s qua php bin i Fourier theo thi
gian
(3.1.45)
v ngc li
Gk (t t ')
1
2
d e i (t t ')Gk ( ) .
(3.1.46)
0 | 0
i
(t ' t )
0 | ( x ', t ') ( x, t ) | 0
0 | 0
31
(3.1.47)
HG trong biu din tng tc. HG trong biu din Heisenberg khng thch hp cho
l thuyt nhiu lon. Ta s chuyn HG sang biu din tng tc. p dng php bin
i theo thi gian (3.1.13) cho cc ton t a v a trong (3.1.34) ta c
i
i
Ht H 0t
a (t ) e e
a (t ) e
i
i
Ht H 0t
i
H 0t Ht
a (t )e e
a (t )e
i
i
H 0t Ht
(3.1.48)
Vi a l ton t trong biu din tng tc. S dng nh ngha ton t tin ha
i
i
H0t Ht
(3.1.16) U (t ) e e
qu
a (t ) U (t )a (t )U (t ) S (0, t )a (t )S (t ,0)
a (t ') U (t )a (t ')U (t ') S (0, t ')a (t ')S (t ',0)
(3.1.49)
i
G (t , t ') (t t ')0 | S (,0) S (0, t )a (t ) S (t ,0)
(3.1.50)
0 | S (,0) ei 0 | S (,0)
0 | S (,0)
.
0 | S (, ) | 0
G (t , t ')
i
1
0 | S (, ) | 0
(3.1.51)
i 0 | Ta (t )a (t ') S (, ) | 0
G (t t ')
.
0 | S (, ) | 0
(3.1.52)
(3.1.53)
(3.1.54)
cho ta
i
i
( x, t )
G ( x, t ; x ', t ') (t t ') ( x x ') 0 | Ti
( x ', t ') | 0 .
t
(3.1.55)
Ch vi s hng u bn v phi ta c c phng trnh HG tng ng vi phng
trnh vi phn tuyn tnh khng ng nht kho st trong chng trc. Nhng
33
nhn chung s hng th hai trong v phi khc 0 v cng thng phc tp ; v vy ni
chung HG trong vt l lng t khng c ngha ton hc nh HG trong phng
trnh vi phn tuyn tnh.
Ta hy xt trng hp (c bit) ht t do. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca hm sng
cho bi phng trnh Heisenberg :
2 2x
( x, t )
i
[ ( x, t ), H ]
( x, t ) .
t
2m
(3.1.56)
(3.1.57)
(3.1.58)
T dx
2m
2
dx
2 2
( x, t ) | 0
2m
0 | 0
0 | ( x, t )
2 2
G ( x, t ; x ', t ')
x ' x
2m
i dx lim lim
t 't
2 2
i
E H dx lim lim i
G ( x, t ; x ', t ') ;
t 't x ' x
2
2m
t
34
(3.1.59)
(3.1.60)
2 2
i ( t t ') ik ( x x ')
dkd
e
e
Gk ( )
t 't x ' x
(2 ) 4
2m
2k 2
V
i
lim
dk
d e i Gk ( ) ,
4
0
(2 )
2m
T i
dx lim lim
(3.1.61)
e
Gk ( )
i t 2m e
(2 ) 4 t 't x ' x
2
2
V
k i
(3.1.62)
i
lim
dk
d
e Gk ( ) .
4
(2 ) 0
2m
E i
35
Chng 4
1 i
1
n 1 n !
(3.1.63)
dt ...dt T [W (t )...W (t )]
1
i | Ta (t )a (t ') S (, ) |
G (t t ')
| S (, ) |
1
1 i
| S (, ) | n0 n!
(3.1.64)
n 1
dt ...dt | T [W (t )...W (t )a (t )a
1
(t ')] |
(3.1.65)
vi V0 (q)
1
V0 (q)ak q (t )ak q (t ) ak ' (t ) ak (t ) ,
2 k , k , q
(3.1.66)
4 e2
.
v 0 q 2
Tng tc e-phonon:
W (t ) M q akq (t )ak (t )[bq (t ) bq (t )] M q akq (t )ak (t ) Bq (t )
k ,q
k ,q
36
(3.1.67)
Mi loi tng tc cha 3 hay 4 tan t trng, trong s ton t trng fermion l
chn v s ton t sinh bng s ton t hy. V vy ta cn nh gi nhng s hng
kiu nh
(3.1.68)
| T [ak (t ) Bk2 (t2 )ak1 (t1 ) Bk 3 (t3 )] | | Tak (t )ak1 (t1 ) || TBk2 (t2 ) Bk 3 (t3 ) |
37
dt dt
1
M q1 M q2 | TBq1 (t1 ) Bq2 (t2 ) | | Tak (t )ak1 q1 (t1 )ak1 (t1 )ak2 q2 (t 2 )ak2 (t 2 )ak (t ') | (3.1.69)
k1k2
q1q2
( phonon )
( electron )
...
(3.1.70)
(3.1.71)
| Tak (t )ak (t ') | | Tak1 q1 (t1 ) ak1 (t1 ) | | Tak2 q2 (t2 ) ak2 (t2 ) | 4
| Tak (t )ak2 q2 (t2 ) | | Tak1 q1 (t1 ) ak1 (t1 ) | | Tak2 (t2 ) ak (t ') | 5
| Tak (t )ak (t ') | | Tak1 (t1 ) ak2 q2 (t2 ) | | Tak2 (t2 )ak1 q1 (t1 ) | 6
(3.1.72)
38
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
39
(3.1.73)
H e H e0 H e e
(3.1.74)
0
0
0
Hion Hion
Hionion Hion
Hion
ion H ph (3.1.75)
Heion He0ion He ph
(3.1.76)
0
Phn H ion ion c tch thnh 2 thnh phn: H ion
ion m t tng tc khi cc
ion v tr cn bng; H ph l phn hiu chnh tnh n dao ng mng
(phonon). Cng th i vi H e ion
(3.1.78)
1
dx1dx2 ( x1 , t ) ( x2 , t )V ( x1 x2 ) ( x2 , t ) ( x1 , t )
2
y
2 2
h( x1 , t ) H ( x1 ) H ex ( x1 , t ) U L ( x1 , t )
H ex ( x1 , t ) U L ( x1 , t )
2m
0
e
(3.1.79)
v V ( x1 x2 ) l th Coulomb.
4.3.2 Phng trnh Dyson trng hp nhiu lon khng ph thuc thi
gian: (tham kho, v d HG ca Nguyn Vn Lin trang 93-95, hoc
Greens Functions in quantum Physics ca Economou, trang 55-56)
Xt trng hp Hamiltonian H H 0 W khng ph thuc thi gian, ta c c:
G G0 G0WG
G0 GWG0
(3.1.80)
(3.1.81)
(3.1.82)
4.3.3 Phng trnh Dyson trng hp nhiu lon ph thuc thi gian:
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca HG (3.1.55):
i
i
( x, t )
G ( x, t ; x ', t ') (t t ') ( x x ') 0 | Ti
( x ', t ') | 0 .
t
(3.1.83)
vi
i
( x, t )
[ ( x, t ), H (t )] .
t
(3.1.84)
(3.1.85)
i
dx2V ( x1 x2 ) 0 | T ( x2 , t1 ) ( x2 , t1 ) ( x1 , t1 ) ( x1' , t1' ) | 0 (3.1.86)
1 ( x1t1 ) :
i
d 2V (1 2) 0 | T (2 ) (2) (1) (1') | 0 t2 t1 (3.1.87)
2 2
1 G (1,1') (1 1') ( H ex U L )G(1,1')
i
t1 2m
i
d 2V (1 2) 0 | T (2 ) (2) (1) (1') | 0 t2 t1 (3.1.88)
1 G (1,1') (1 1')
(3.1.89)
t
2
m
1
(HG o:
41
2 2
G (1,1') i
1 (1 1')
t1 2m
1
(3.1.90)
vi
d 2 G (12)G (21')
0
(1 1')
(3.1.91)
)
HG hai ht
i vi h tng tc, HG G (1,1') ph thuc vo thnh phn gm 4 tan t
trng. H 4 tan t ny tng ng HG hai ht G2 c nh ngha nh sau:
1
(3.1.92)
G2 (121'2')
| T (1) (2) (2' ) (1' ) |
2
(i)
PT cho HG c th c vit li:
2 2
i
t
2
m
1
G2 (121'2') =
Ch : thnh thong ngi ta dng gin trn minh ha cho trng hp
t1 t2 , t1' t2' ; v gin cho G2 trong trng hp tng qut l
Gn ng cho HG G2
o gn ng bc nht ta c th b qua tng quan ca cc ht v xem rng cc ht
truyn qua mi trng hon tan c lp vi nhau:
42
G2 (121'2') =
= G(11')G(22') G(12')G(21')
(3.1.94)
(du + dnh cho boson, du tr dnh cho fermion)
Gn ng ny chnh l gn ng Hartree-Fock (HF). S hng th nht tng ng gn
ng Hartree, s hng th hai tng ng gn ng Fock. Trong (3.1.94) xt n
tnh ng nht ca cc ht: v cc ht ng nht nn ta khng th phn bit cc qu
trnh i) ht c thm 1 v xut hin 1 vi cc qu trnh ii) ht c thm 1 v
xut hin 2. [Gn ng HF thuc v lai gn ng trng trung bnh (mean field)]
o Gn ng bc cao hn: Gn ng thang (ladder approximation; i khi cn gi l
gn ng Bethe-Salpeter mc d gn ng BS ny tng qut hn gn ng thang)
G2 (121'2') =
1
+
2
1
2
(3.1.95)
Nu ta thc hin php lp gii phng trnh tch phn trn th s c chui v hn
cc gin thang (ladder diagram)
1
2
G2 (121'2') =
+ s hng trao i
HG trong gn ng HF
43
2 2
1 G (1,1') (1 1') ( H ex U L )G (1,1')
i
t1 2m
i d 2V (1 2)[G (11')G (22 ) G (12')G (21')]
Hartree
(3.1.96)
Fock
n (2)
t
2
m
1
(3.1.101)
(3.1.102)
vi
44
(3.1.103)
Trong c gi l hm nh v c cho bi
(123) (1 2) (1 3) d 4d 5d 6d 7
(12)
G(46)(673)G(75) , (3.1.104)
G (45)
W l th tng tc chn
W (12) V (1 2) d 3d 4V (2 3) L(34)W (41)
(3.1.105)
vi L gi l hm phn cc v c dng
L(12) i d 3d 4G(13)(342)G(41 )
(3.1.106)
Gn ng HF chn (SHFA):
Ch gi li s hng u ca hm nh:
(123) (1 2) (1 3)
(3.1.107)
(3.1.108)
(3.1.109)
(3.1.110)
vi
V (q)
1 V ( q ) L ( q, )
45
(3.1.112)
(3.1.114)
nk q nk
( i k q k )
(3.1.115)
V
( q, ) 1 V ( q )
k
nk q nk
( i k q k )
(3.1.116)
( q, 0) 1
2
q2
(3.1.117)
vi gi l s sng chn
4 e 2 n
(3.1.118)
Nh vy
Vs (q) W (q,0)
4 e2
1
3
2
0L q 2
(3.1.119)
Vs (r ) Vs (q)
q
4 e2
1
e2 r
iq r
e
e
0 L3 q 2 2
0r
(3.1.120)
y l th Yukawa !
Gn ng HF
Nu b qua phn chn trong th tng tc, tc l ch gi li s hng u
trong (3.1.109) th nng lng ring c dng n gin l
(12) iV (2 1)G(12) ,
(3.1.121)
thay vo (3.1.99) th ta c li PT HG trong gn ng HF dn ra trong
(3.1.97) .
Khng xt tng tc vi trng ngai v gi s h ng nht, ta c th
vit PT Dyson trong khng gian k nh sau:
46
2k 2
G (k , ) 1 (k , )G (k , )
2m
(3.1.122)
Hay
G (k , )
1
k0 (k , )
(3.1.123)
47