e e

16.

Leonard Kleinrock IMP.

:
CPU, RAM, ROM,
ARPANET (Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network):
IMP (Interface Message Processor)
Honeywell 516 ,
ARPANET 30 1969. .

:

.

IP .


.

IP ,

(LAN)

(WAN)

 ?
:
best path

(forwarding)

.
IP

.

.
() IP
.

R1 .
IP

.

R1 192.168.3.0/24,
0/0.

R1



.

, CPU

CPU
RAM
.

ARP
ROM
. ..

, CPU

Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM)

( IP ,
)
Flash (Cisco IOS)

. :

:

IP
IP
.
Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System )

.

: .

,
.
2. ( MAC )

LAN

: Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):

ARP (cache) .
ARP .
ARP .
RJ-45 (UTP).

(straight-through
cable).

,

(crossover cable).

:
(crossover cable).

WAN (Wide Area network)

: , ISDN, Frame Relay

( ) .
()
, .
2
:
PPP
Frame Relay
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control).

WAN

LAN , WAN
IP ,
.
: MAC
.

WAN 2.
..


3:

3.
IP .


, :
IP .
IP
,

.


R1
IP

R2.


R2
IP


PC2

 1, 2, 3

3,
1

2.

 1, 2, 3

IP
:

 1, 2, 3

IP 3
(2. )
.
2


( 1.)

IP
IP
:
TCP, UDP, ICMP IGMP (.
)
,

.

IP

IP

IP

IP
IP




IP

.

IP


IP

:
IP

je

(Broadcast)

IP






IP
.

IP

IP
:

IP

(Silent
discard).

IEEE 802.3

IP IEEE 802.3



1. B ( )
.
,

2.
.
R
:
3. .

.

IP .
IP
.

.





.

( ).

IP .




.


.



.
TCP/IP
-
.

 e D


R1# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

RAM

:


R1# show ip route
<output omitted>
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

(network/next-hop).
next hop IP next-hop .
.


R1# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
<output omitted>
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

.
IP

.

.

.

.
:

().

.

.

 ()
R1# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
<output omitted>
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
S 192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2c

IP
next-hop
.
S
.


R1# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
S 192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2
R 192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/0/0

R1 192.168.4.0/24 R2
.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol).
RIP IP .

:
,

.


.


.

2 :
.

(next hop router).
2:

2 :
.

.

IPv4

3:
3. ( IP
)
3. ( IP
)
( NAT, IP

)

IP .
2. (MAC)

.
TTL
(
)

.

.

:
1. IGP (Interior
Gateway Protocol):

.
IGP :
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
RIP (Routing Information Protocol );


2. EGP (Exterior
Gateway Protocols):

.
EGP BGP (Border Gateway
Protocol).





:
,


:
,

(
).



:

.

:
(Distance vector
protocol),
(Link state protocol),
.

(Distance vector
routing protocols) -

(Distance and vector)

(Link-state routing protocols)

-

.

.

.

.





.
.
RIP .
OSPF (bandwidth)
(Cisco OSPF).




.

.

.
:
.


RIP

(hop count)
R1 R3

OSPF

(bandwidth) .

R1 R2 R3

2 -
. MAC
0A-10

. MAC
00-10

3 - IP
800

X RTA?
IP
( E)
RTA 2.

2 -
. MAC
0A-10

. MAC
00-10

3 - IP
800

X RTA?
X RTA
Y?

IP IP
.

2 -
. MAC
0A-10

. MAC 0010

3 - IP
800

X RTA?
X RTA?
ARP IP
(Default Gateway IP Address)
MAC .

 2 -

3 - IP

RTA?
1. RTA MAC ,
E0, .
2. RTA Type 0x800,
- IP ,
.

 2 -

3.

3 - IP

RTA

RTA (Destination IP)

.
192.168.4.0/24 IP (nexthop-ip address) 192.168.2.2 e1.
, RTA
next-hop-ip address MAC .

2 -

3 - IP

4. RTA (looks up
the next-hop-ip address) 192.168.2.2 ARP .

 2 -

3 - IP

ARP :
RTA ARP request e1.
RTB ARP reply, RTA
ARP () 192.168.2.2.

2 (

).

2 -

3 - IP

RTB
RTB MAC
E0 MAC , .
RTB Type - 0x800, IP
, .

 2 -

3 - IP

RTB Destination IP Address

.
192.168.4.0/24 next-hop-ip address
192.168.3.2 s0.
,
RTB
(next-hop-ip address) MAC .

2 -

3 - IP

-,
( ), RTB I
(HDLC, PPP, .).

broadcast ( ).

2 -

3 - IP

5.
(, PPP) .

 2 -

3 - IP

RTC
1. RTC (serial, PPP) .
2. RTC Type 0x800,
IP ,
.
3. RTC 2. ,
.

 2 -

3 - IP

RTC Destination IP Address

.
RTC Destination IP Address

.

, RTC
IP .

2 -

4.

3 - IP

RTC IP 192.168.4.10
ARP .
ARP , RTC
ARP request e0.
Y ARP reply, RTC
ARP 192.168.4.10.

2 -

5.

3 - IP

()
()
.

Link-State

,
.

: (OSPF Hello packets).

LSP
(link-state packet )
.
(neighbor ID, link type, and bandwidth)

Link-State

(floods) LSP
LSP-
.

LSP
LSP .

Link-State



.
SPF

(Road map).

,

.


http://www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani/