Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ACD2501 Day 6 Aircraft Structures
ACD2501 Day 6 Aircraft Structures
ACD2501
Aircraft Structures
06
PEMP
ACD2501
Session Overview
Following topics will be covered in this session
Analysis
A l i off aircraft
i
f structure, its
i assemblies,
bli subb
assemblies and the types of loading these are
subjected.
subjected
Methods of analysis of loads on aircraft components
and its distribution on the structure
Behaviour of structural components under the applied
loads
Method to assess the design using different analysis
techniques
q
06
PEMP
ACD2501
06
PEMP
ACD2501
Stress Analysis
06
PEMP
ACD2501
PEMP
ACD2501
06
PEMP
ACD2501
06
PEMP
ACD2501
06
PEMP
ACD2501
Pressure distribution
06
Replaced b
by loads
PEMP
ACD2501
10
PEMP
ACD2501
As W*n = L
06
11
PEMP
ACD2501
06
12
PEMP
ACD2501
V-n Diagram
06
13
PEMP
ACD2501
06
14
PEMP
ACD2501
06
15
PEMP
ACD2501
06
16
PEMP
ACD2501
06
17
PEMP
ACD2501
Bomber
06
18
PEMP
ACD2501
Harrier Jumpjet
06
19
PEMP
ACD2501
Commercial Plane
06
20
PEMP
ACD2501
Structural Components
The basic functions of an aircrafts structure
ttransmit
it andd resist
i t the
th loads
l d
provide an aerodynamic shape
and to protect passengers,
passengers payload,
payload systems,
systems etc.
etc from the
environmental conditions encountered in flight.
Monocoque
q : Thin shells which rely
y entirelyy on their
skins for their capacity to resist loads
06
21
PEMP
ACD2501
Structural Components
Semi-monocoque : thin shell structures where the
outer surface is usually supported by
longitudinal stiffening members
and transverse frames to enable it to resist bending,
bending
compressive and torsion loads without buckling.
06
22
PEMP
ACD2501
Skin
1. Resists the applied torsion and shear forces by
Transmitting aerodynamic forces to the longitudinal and
transverse supporting members
Supports the longitudinal members in resisting the applied
bendingg and axial loads
Supports the transverse members in resisting the hoop, or
circumferential, load when the structure is pressurized.
06
23
PEMP
ACD2501
06
Structural
St
t l integration
i t
ti off the
th wing
i andd fuselage
f l
Keep the wing in its aerodynamic profile
24
PEMP
ACD2501
06
25
PEMP
ACD2501
Spar
1 Resist bending and axial loads
1.
2. Form the wing box for stable torsion resistance
06
26
PEMP
ACD2501
Stiffener or Stringers
1 Resist bending and axial loads along with the skin
1.
2. Divide the skin into small panels and thereby increase its
bucklingg and failingg stresses
3. Act with the skin in resisting axial loads caused by
pressurization.
06
27
PEMP
ACD2501
Simplifications
1.
06
28
PEMP
ACD2501
Aircraft Structures
1. Truss-type Structures
Had struts and wire-braced wings
Occupants sat in open fabric-covered cockpits,
2. Stressed-skin Structures
All oof thee sstructural
uc u loads
o ds aree ccarried
ed by thee sskin..
Thin wood skin Or aluminum-alloy sheets
06
29
PEMP
ACD2501
Structures
Wing Construction Truss-type
06
30
PEMP
ACD2501
Airframe Units
1. Fuselage : Bulkheads, Frames, Stringers
2 Wings
2.
i
: Spars,
S
Ribs
ib stiffeners
iff
3. Tail plane : Stabilizers , Flight control surfaces,
L di gear
Landing
06
31
PEMP
ACD2501
Structural Loads/Stress
Deformation : Nonpermanent Deformation
Deformation disappears when the load is removed.
Permanent Deformation
Wrinkles observed on top of wing and bottom of
horizontal stabilizer.
Stretch marks on the bottom of the wing or top o the
stabilizer. (positive gs)
06
32
PEMP
ACD2501
06
33
PEMP
ACD2501
06
34
PEMP
ACD2501
Fuselage Construction
This is the preferred method of constructing an allg .
aluminum fuselage
A series of frames in the shape of the fuselage cross
sections are held in position on a rigid fixture, or jig.
These are then joined with lightweight longitudinal elements
called stringers.
These are then covered with a skin of sheet aluminum,
aluminum
attached by riveting or by bonding with special adhesives.
The fixture is then removed from the completed fuselage
shell
Most modern large aircraft are built using this technique
06
35
PEMP
ACD2501
Fuselage Construction
06
36
PEMP
ACD2501
Fuselage
06
37
PEMP
ACD2501
B747 Fuselage
06
38
PEMP
ACD2501
06
39
PEMP
ACD2501
Fuselage Construction
Monocoque : Virtually no internal framework
Semi
monocoque : Internal arrangement of formers and
Semi-monocoque
stringers is used to provide additional rigidity and strength to
the skin.
06
40
PEMP
ACD2501
Semi-monocoque
06
41
PEMP
ACD2501
Cantilever
06
42
PEMP
ACD2501
Cantilever Wing
06
43
PEMP
ACD2501
Braced Wing
On ground no
Lift, only weight
06
44
PEMP
ACD2501
06
45
PEMP
ACD2501
Wing Construction
Spar
p : main structural member
of the wing, running at right
angles to the fuselage.
The
Th spar carries
i flight
fli ht loads
l d
and the weight of the wings
whilst on the ground.
Generally there are 2 spars in
most aircraft wings.
Other
O h structurall andd forming
f
i
members are Ribs.
Ribs
S
Spar
06
46
PEMP
ACD2501
Structures
Stressed-skin
S
d ki Wing
Wi Construction
C
i
06
47
PEMP
ACD2501
06
48
PEMP
Undercarriage
ACD2501
06
49
PEMP
Undercarriage
ACD2501
06
50
PEMP
ACD2501
Elements of Structures
Three common structural elements are used:
skins, stiffeners, and beams
06
51
PEMP
ACD2501
Fatigue
Structural fatigue occurs when an element is
subjected to repeated application and removal of
loads
ee.g.
g Wing experiencing unsteady gusts
The number of load cycles a material can tolerate depends
on the stress level
Smaller cross sections, will have higher stresses, easily fail
Structural analyses can identify hot spots where fatigue
will
ill first
fi t occur
06
52
PEMP
ACD2501
Composition of Composites
06
53
PEMP
ACD2501
Types of composites
Composite material include :
F
Fabric
b i glass
l material
t i l usedd to
t repair
i the
th parts
t including
i l di wing
i
trailing & leading edge panel, floor panel & body fairing.
Honey comb material used in floor panel, body fairing &
wing panels and galley partition.
Graphite reinforced plastic or carbon reinforced plastic
(CFRP or CRP) usedd in
i some major
j structurall area (eg:
(
B777 cabin lateral floor beam structure)
06
54
PEMP
ACD2501
06
55
PEMP
ACD2501
Fuselage
&WingLE
fairings
06
Fuselage
skin&aircraft
str ct res
structures
56
PEMP
ACD2501
06
57
PEMP
ACD2501
06
58
PEMP
ACD2501
Materials by weight,
weight are 50% composite,
composite 20% aluminum,
aluminum 15%
titanium, 10% steel, and 5% other.
Aluminum is used on wing and tail leading edges, titanium
used mainly on engines and fasteners
06
59
PEMP
ACD2501
06
60
PEMP
ACD2501
06
61
PEMP
ACD2501
06
62
PEMP
ACD2501
06
63
PEMP
ACD2501
64
PEMP
ACD2501
65
PEMP
ACD2501
06
66
PEMP
ACD2501
06
67
PEMP
ACD2501
Mass estimation
Step 1
Here, suffixes
ffi
TO
O means take-off,
k ff E means Empty
and F means Fuel
Step
St 2 more detailed
d t il d
06
68
PEMP
ACD2501
06
69
PEMP
ACD2501
06
70
PEMP
ACD2501
Thank you !
06
71