INTRODUCTION TO PROCESSOR BASED EMBEDDED

SYSTEM DESIGN.
EMBEDDED SYSTEM: An embedded system is one that has a dedicated purpose
software embedded in computer hardware.The computer hardware includes

microprocessor

memory

i/o ports

Dynamic periferal integration

Microprocessor : An microprocessor in embedded system is simply a computing device

placed inside a system . A processor embedded into a system that handles all the
computation and logical operation of a computer. The embedded processor also handles
such tasks as storing and retrieving data from memory, and processing data from any inputs
or outputs. Embedded processors often work as part of a computer system, alongside
memory and I/O devices.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING MICROPROCESSOR

1

It must meet the task at hand efficiently and cost efficient.

The amount of memory.

The number of input and output ports

ARM Processor
INTRODUCTION ARM is the industry standard embedded microprocessor architecture

uses RISC core for processing.so it is a family of RISCarchitectures arm .

processor is abbreviated as Advanced RISC processor.It is one of the most licensed and
thus widespread processor cores in the world because of its low power consumption and
high performance.
features
ARM has 32-bit architecture but supports, 16bit or 8 bit data types also.
It has large uniform register file and it is a load store architecture,where data
processing operates on register contents only.due to whichit has fixed and uniform
length instructions
ARM provides the advantage of using a CISC in terms of functionality, along with
the advantage of an RISC in terms of fasterprogram implementation as well as
reduced code lengths.
It has high code density.
Combination of RISC and CISC features ARM supports to a complex addressing
modes based instruction set
Enhancement to basic risc processor, it has control over ALU and Shifter for every
data processing operations to maximize their usage It auto increment and auto
decrement addressing modes to optimize program loops.it loads and stores multiple
instruction to maximize data passage.
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION: The main components of arm processor
are Arithmetic Logic Unit,Booth multiplier,Barrel shifter,Control unit,Register file .

ALU:
The ALU has two 32-bits inputs. The first comes from the register
file while the other comes from the shifter. ALU outputs modify the status
register flags. The V-bit output goes to the V flag as well as the Cout
goes to the C flag. While the most significant bit actually represents the
S flag, the ALU output is NORed to get the Z flag. The entity
representation of the ALU is shown in figure below(aluin1,aluin2,cin,u,alu out,out)

BOOTH MULTIPLIER:
The multiplier has three 32-bit inputs. All the inputs come from
the register file. The multiplier output is only the 32 least significant bitsof the product.
The entity representation of the multiplier The multiplication starts whenever the
start input goes active. The output fin goes high whenfinishing.the figure is given below
(int1,int2,int3,start,accumulator,clk,output,fin).

block diagram
BOOTH ALGORITHM :
The multiplier is implemented using the modified booth
algorithm. multiplier is scanned sequentially from right to left. In this case,however,
three adjacent bits are examined during each step of theprocedure. According to
the value of the three

bits,

accumulated partial product

the multiplicand isadded to or subtracted form the

and

the

lateris then shifted.shows a version of this

algorithm to multiply two 32-bits fractions using the logic circuit .Booth algorithm is
an interesting multiplication algorithm for twos complement numbers. It treats
positive

and

negative

numbers

uniformly.Furthermore, runs of 0s or 1s in the

multiplier are skipper over without any addition or subtraction being performed,
thereby making possible fastermultiplication.

Barrel shifter:
The barrel shifter has a 32-bit input to be shifted. This input is coming from the
register file or it could be immediate data. The shifterhas other control inputs coming
from instruction register. Shift field inthe instruction controls the operation of the
barrel shifter. This field indicates the type of shift to be performed (logical left or
right,arithmetic right or rotate right). The amount by which the register shouldbe shifted
is contained in an immediate field in the instruction or it could be the lower 6 bits of
a register in the register file.

Control unit :For any microprocessor, control unit is the heart of the system. Itis
responsible for the system operation and so the control unit design isthe most important
part in the hole design. Control unit is usually a purecombinational circuit. In our
design, the control unit is implemented bysimple state machine. The processor timing
is also included in the control.Signals from the control unit are connected to every
component in theprocessor to supervise its operation.
Program status register: It contains the processor flags (Z, S, V and C).The modes
bits also exist in the program status register in addition to the interrupt and fast interrupt
disable bits Some special registers: Some registers are used like the instruction
register, memory data read and write register and memory address register Priority
encoder: The encoder is used in the multiple load and storeinstruction to indicate
which register in the register file to be loaded or stored.

TYPES OF ARM PROCESSOR : Some important processors cores of ARM processor

are

ARM Cortex processors

* 1.1 Cortex-A series
*1.2 Cortex-R series
* 1.3 Cortex-M Series

ARM specialist processors

ARM PROCESSOR BASED TEMPERATURE CONTROL:

In ARM processor based automatic temperature control system, the output of the temperature
sensor is fed to the on chip ADC and the output of the ADC is given to the L293D driver IC which
in turn is fedto DC motor fan . this dc fan in controlled based on the temperature.A graphic LCD
is interfaced to the ARM LPC 2378 processor to display the temperature of the IC and the speed
of the fan. A buzzer is also connected to the processor which gives an indication, in case of the
failure of the fan oroverheating .Here dc motor speed is used to maintain the cooling of the
processorThe block diagram is given below,

(ARM PROCESSOR pin diagram and

functional diagram )

FLOW CHART FOR CONTROLLING TEMPERATURE

This flow chart helps us to control the temperature step by step.

ARM CORE PROCESSORS COMPATABULITY :ARM' is architecture is compatible with all
four major platform operating systems: Symbian OS,Palm OS, Windows CE, and Linux.