Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PDP
PDP
REFRESHER SEM IV
LET US SUMMARIZE WHAT WE HAVE DONE
TILL NOW!
LET US IMPLIMENT THE KNOWLEDGE
GAINED!!
LET US MAKE OURSELVES BETTER!!!
SUGGESTIONs FOR ANY EXAMINATION
Write the option a, b, c, d against that answer in objectives DO NOT write,
for example in case of articles, an but rather option a, b, c or d.
Write at least 2 full pages with proper bullet points and subheadings in
descriptive (5/6 marks) questions.
Never fool around by writing multiple or confusing answers you will never
get good grades.
PREPOSITIONs
PLEASE GO THROUGH EXAMPLES OF TIME, PLACE OR POSITION, MOTION
OR MOVEMENT for each of the following:Aboard About above across after against along amid among anti around as at
before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond but by concerning
considering despite down during except
Excepting excluding following for from in inside into like minus near of off on onto
opposite outside
Over past per plus regarding round save since than through to toward towards
under underneath unlike
Until up upon versus via with within without
ADJECTIVEs
PLEASE NOTE THAT AT TIMES WE HAVE TO USE more/less, most/least or
iest with words to deem them as adjectives.
For example more sugary, less salty, friendliest.
Thecategoriesinthefollowingtablecanbedescribedasfollows:
I.
II.
Determinersarticlesandotherlimiters.SeeDeterminers
Observationpostdeterminersandlimiteradjectives(e.g.,arealhero,aperfect
idiot)andadjectivessubjecttosubjectivemeasure(e.g.,beautiful,interesting)
III.
SizeandShapeadjectivessubjecttoobjectivemeasure(e.g.,wealthy,large,
round)
IV.
Ageadjectivesdenotingage(e.g.,young,old,new,ancient)
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Coloradjectivesdenotingcolor(e.g.,red,black,pale)
Origindenominaladjectivesdenotingsourceofnoun(e.g.,French,American,
Canadian)
Materialdenominaladjectivesdenotingwhatsomethingismadeof(e.g.,woolen,
metallic,wooden)
Qualifierfinallimiter,oftenregardedaspartofthenoun(e.g.,rockingchair,
huntingcabin,passengercar,bookcover)
THETABLEISONLYFORYOURINFORMATION!!!!
Physical Description
Size
Shape
Age
beautiful
old
An
expensive
antiqu
e
Four
gorgeous
Her
Our
big
Materi Qualifie
al
r
Noun
Colo
r
Italian
longstemme
d
red
short
black
old
Origin
touring
car
silver
mirror
silk
roses
hair
English
sheepdo
g
Those
That
square
dilapidated little
enormo
us
Several
Some
wooden hat
delicious
hunting
young
America
n
boxes
cabin
basketba
players
ll
Thai
food
To Describe Taste
Bitter Lemon-flavored
Spicy BlandMinty Sweet Delicious
Fruity Salty Tasty
Gingery
Sour Yummy
Pickled
Tangy
To Describe Touch
Auricular Fluffy
Sharp Boiling
Freezing
Silky Breezy Fuzzy Slick Bumpy
Greasy
Slimy
Chilly Hard Slippery Cold
Hot
Smooth Cool
Icy
Soft Cuddly Loose
Solid Damaged Melted
Steady Damp
Painful
Sticky Dirty Plastic
Tender Dry Prickly
Tight Dusty Rough Uneven Filthy
Shaggy
Warm Flaky Shaky Wet
To Describe Sound
Blaring
Melodic
Screeching Deafening
Moaning
Shrill Faint
Muffled
Silent
Hoarse
Mute Soft High-pitched Noisy Squealing Hissing Purring
Squeaking Hushed Quiet Thundering Husky Raspy Voiceless Loud
Resonant
Whispering
To Describe Color
Azure Gray Pinkish BlackGreen Purple Blue Indigo Red Bright Lavender
Rosy
Brown Light Scarlet Crimson
Magenta
Silver Dark Multicolored Turquoise
Drab Mustard
Violet Dull Orange
White Gold Pink Yellow
To Describe Size
Abundant
Jumbo Puny Big-boned
Large Scrawny Chubby
Fat
Long Small Giant Majestic
Tall Gigantic Mammoth
Great Massive
Thin Huge Miniature
Tiny Immense
To Describe Shape
Little Short
Teeny
Petite Vast
Blobby
Distorted
Skinny Circular
Crooked
Hollow
Triangular
Deep Oval Wide
Rotund Broad
GlobularSquare
Steep Curved
Flat
Round Chubby
Fluffy
Low
To Describe Time
Annual
Futuristic
Rapid Brief Historical
Regular Daily
Irregular
Short
Early Late Slow Eternal Long Speed Fast Modern
Speedy First Old
Swift
Fleet Old-fashioned
Waiting Future
Quick Young
To Describe an Amount
All
Heavy One Ample Hundreds
Bountiful Light Profuse Considerable
Sizable Countless Many Some
Substantial Every Multiple
Full
Numerous Very
Paltry Astronomical
Large Plentiful
Limited
Several Copious
Little
Each Measly Sparse Enough
Mere
Teeming FewMyriad
Ten
To Describe an Emotion
Abrasive
Embarrassed
Grumpy Abrupt
Energetic
Kind Afraid
Enraged
Lazy
Agreeable Enthusiastic Lively Aggressive Envious
Lonely Amiable
Evil
Lucky
Amused
Excited
Mad Angry Exhausted Manic Annoyed
Exuberant
Mysterious
Ashamed
Fair Nervous Bad Faithful
Obedient Bitter
Fantastic
Obnoxious Bewildered Fierce
Outrageous Boring Fine Panicky Brave
Foolish
Perfect Callous
Frantic
Persuasive
Calm Friendly
Pleasant Calming Frightened Proud Charming
Funny Quirky
Cheerful
Furious
Relieved Combative
Gentle
Repulsive
Comfortable Glib Rundown
Defeated
Glorious
Sad Confused
Good Scary Cooperative Grateful
Selfish
Courageous Grieving
Silly Cowardly
Gusty Splendid Crabby
Gutless
Successful
Creepy
HappyTedious Cross
Healthy
Tense Cruel Heinous
Terrible Dangerous Helpful Thankful Defeated
Helpless
Thoughtful
Defiant
Hilarious
Thoughtless
Delightful
Homeless
Tired Depressed Hungry
Troubled Determined
Hurt Upset
Disgusted
Immoral
Weak Disturbed
Indignant
Weary Eager Irate
Wicked
Elated Itchy Worried Embarrassed
Jealous
Zany Enchanting Jolly
Zealous To Describe a
Person or Personality
(Pick at least 4 For Your Personality from here or elsewhere but, please go
through the meanings of the ones you pick )
Aggressive Famous
Restless Agoraphobic
Fearless
Rich Ambidextrous
Fertile Righteous Ambitious
Fragile
Ritzy Amoral
Frank
Romantic Angelic Functional Rustic
BrainyGabbyRuthless Breathless
Generous
Sassy Busy Gifted Secretive
Calm Helpful Sedate Capable Hesitant
Shy Careless Innocent
Sleepy
Cautious
Inquisitive Somber
Cheerful
Insane
Stingy Clever
Jaunty Stupid Common Juicy Super
Complete
Macho
Swanky
Concerned Manly Tame Crazy Modern
Tawdry Curious
MushyTerrific Dead
Naughty Testy Deep
Odd Uninterested Delightful Old
Vague Determined
Open Verdant Different Outstanding Vivacious Diligent Perky Wacky
Energetic
Poor Wandering Erratic
Powerful
Wild Evil
Puzzled
Womanly Exuberant
Real Wrong
To Describe Appearance
Ablaze
Distinct
Quirky Adorable
Drab Ruddy Alluring
Dull Shiny
Attractive
Elegant
Skinny
Average
Embarrassed
Sloppy Awkward
Fancy Smiling Balanced Fat
Sparkling
Beautiful
Filthy Spotless Blonde
Glamorous Strange Bloody
Gleaming
Tacky Blushing Glossy
Tall Bright
Graceful
Thin Clean Grotesque
Ugly Clear Handsome Unattractive Cloudy Homely
Unbecoming
Clumsy
Interior
Uncovered Colorful Lovely Unsightly Confident
Magnificent Unusual Cracked Murky Watery Crooked
Old-fashioned
Weird Crushed
Plain Wild Curly PoisedWiry Cute
Pretty Wooden
Debonair
Puffy Worried Dirty
Quaint
Zaftig
To Describe Situations
Accidental Doubtful
Main Achievable
Elementary Minor Advantageous
Finger-printed
Nasty Alcoholic
Groundless Nutritious Animated
Hard Obsolete Aquatic Harmful Optimal Aromatic High Organic Aspiring
Honest
Premium Bad
Horrible Quizzical
Bawdy
Illegal Rainy Biographical Illegible
Redundant Bizarre Imperfect
Remarkable
Broken
Impossible Simple Careful
Internal
Tangible Credible
Inventive
Tricky
Creepy
Jazzy Wholesale Cumbersome Juvenile
Worse Disastrous Legal
Wry
Dismissive Logical
X-rated
SIMPLE
Simple Present Tense.
Simple Past Tense.
Simple Future Tense.
CONTINUOUS
Present Continuous Tense.
Past Continuous Tense.
Future Continuous Tense.
PERFECT
Present Perfect Tense.
Present
Tense
a) Almost all sentences that make use of one of the following words or phrases take this tense: usually,
generally, regularly, often, daily, everyday, (morning, evening), now-a-day, seldom, rarely, always,
nearly,
frequently,
hardly
ever,
scarcely
ever,
once
a
week etc.
b) Do not use Future Tense after the following adverbs of time and some expressions, but Simple Present
Tense can be used to express the Future action: if, unless, until, till, as, as soon as, when, shile, after,
before,
as
long
as etc.
When
he
arrives,
the
band
will
play
the
National
Anthem.
What
shall
I
do
if
it
rains?
Until
you
learn
to
obey
you
will
not
know
how
to
command.
Unless
you
work
hard,
you
will
not
succeed.
c) It
is
used
to
The
Sun
Health
Salt
Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
2.
describe
Universal
rises
dissolves
Simple
I watch television
I wathed television
Watched is the past simple.
every
yesterday
Truth
and
the
in
is
in
Proverbs.
East.
wealth.
water.
Past
evening.
evening.
Noun / Subject
I / We / You / They / He / She / It / Antony
Tense
(Present
(Past
Simple)
Simple)
a) The following are the adverbs of time showing this tense: yesterday, last year, a few minutes ago,
in 1982, once etc.
Last week I bought a pen.
Yesterday my father came.
Kamal met his friend a few days ago.
Anna died in 1969.
b) Simple Past Tense is used in Conditional Sentences:
If I met your father, I would tell the news.
If he had money, he would help me.
If she worked hard, she would come off with flying colours.
c) Past Tense can be used after the following expressions: as if, as through, it is time, wish, would
rather, would sooner etc.
Kamal talks as if he knew all things.
John behaved as though he owned the house.
I wish I knew. (Im sorry that I do not know)
I would rather he went.
3. Simple Future Tense
a) The words showing the future tense are: tomorrow, next week (year, month), later, soon,
shortly, in a little time, in this years to come etc.
Subject
Auxiliary Verb
Present Verb
I / We
shall
go
will
go
Auxiliary Verb
Person
am
going
He / She / It
is
going
We / You / They
are
going
Plural
a) The following are the important adverbs of time showing Present Continuous Tense: now, always, at
present, at this moment, all the time, continuously, continually etc.
She is always talking in the class.
Im reading a novel at present.
They are going to church now.
5. Past Continuous tense
Now
it
is
Oclock
Kapil
is
at
He
home.
is watching television.
At
Oclock
He was at
he wasnt at
the
home.
sports
club.
He was
playing tennis.
3.30
He began playing
4.00
4.15
He was playing
4.30
He stopped playing
a) This tense is used to express an action that was going on when another action happened.
Adverbs of time while, when
Subject
Auxiliary Verb
Person
was
going
He / She / It
was
going
We / You / They
were
going
Plural
Auxiliary Verb
Person
I / We
shall be
going
First Person
will be
going
Auxiliary Verb
have
gone
has
gone
a) It is used to describe an action which was completed in the very recent past just a while ago.
George has just gone out.
I have finished my supper.
b) The following adverbs of time take the Present Perfect Tense: already, just now, ever, never, today,
recently, so far, up to now, upto the moment, yet, lately, during the last week, during the last
few days, this morning year, month, for a long time since monday, since 1947 etc.
I have never seen anyone like her.
He hasnt eaten anything since Monday.
I have posted a letter this morning.
Sheela has been ill since last Friday.
8. Past Perfect Tense
Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too but they didnt see each other. Paul went
home
When
at
Sarah
10:30
arrived
and
at
the
Sarah
party.
arrived
Paul
at
wasnt
11
there.
Oclock
He had
So:
gone home.
Auxiliary
Verb
had
Past Participle
Verb
gone
Subject
Auxiliary Verb
I / We
shall have
finished
will have
finished
Auxiliary Verb
have been
finishing
has been
finishing
Subject
I / We / You / They / any Plural / He / She / It / any
Singular
had been
Present Participle
Verb
working
Auxiliary Verb
I / We
going
First Person
going
By next December we shall have been living here for five years.
When she gets her degree, she will have been studying at London.
Articles
THE SHORT LIST OF RULES: Common Use of Articles
"a/an" usually indicates an item in general or a typical item.
Example:A man and a boy are on a bus.
Person
"the" usually indicates one or more items that are specific or unique.
Example:The sun and the planets remain a mystery.
"a/an" is used for the first mention of an item, followed by "the" for the second
mention of the item.
Example: They took a train to Reno. The train was very clean and comfortable.
"the" can be used with a first mention of an item only if the item is familiar to both
the speaker and the listener.
Example: "Honey, where did you park the car?" "In the driveway, dear."
"the" is used with nouns preceded by numbers or superlatives.
Example: The four friends sing folk songs. Really? What is the most popular song
that they sing?
"a" or "an" ?
Use "a" before words that begin with a consonant (or "u" when it is pronounced like
"you"); use "an" before words beginning with a vowel (or with a "silent h").
Examples: " An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." "A historian gave us a history
lesson." "It was an honorable thing to do." "She teaches at a university."
THE LONG LIST OF RULES
DEFINITE ARTICLE - THE
Articles in English dont change. They are the same for any gender or number of
people or things: the girl, the man, the children, the cats, the cars
When to use 'the'
1. Use the with something which has already been mentioned so that both the
speaker and listener know what is being talked about
There is an apple and a banana in the fruit bowl.
The apple is red and the banana is yellow,
2. Use the when both the speaker and listener know what is being talked about,
even if it has not been mentioned before.
Where's the bathroom?
It's just down the hall.
3. Use the in sentences or clauses where we identify a specific person or object:
The woman who painted this picture is famous.
Which shirt did you choose? The blue one.
My car is the one parked in front.
4. Use the to refer to things that are unique:
the sun, the moon, the world
Adverbsarewordsthatmodify
averb(Hedroveslowly.Howdidhedrive?)
anadjective(Hedroveaveryfastcar.Howfastwashiscar?)
anotheradverb(Shemovedquiteslowlydowntheaisle.Howslowlydidshe
move?)
Emphasizers:
o Ireallydon'tbelievehim.
o Heliterallywreckedhismother'scar.
o Shesimplyignoredme.
o They'regoingtobelate,forsure.
Amplifiers:
o Theteachercompletelyrejectedherproposal.
o Iabsolutelyrefusetoattendanymorefacultymeetings.
o Theyheartilyendorsedthenewrestaurant.
o Isowantedtogowiththem.
o Weknowthiscitywell.
Downtoners:
o Ikindoflikethiscollege.
o Joesortoffeltbetrayedbyhissister.
o Hismothermildlydisapprovedhisactions.
o Wecanimproveonthistosomeextent.
o Thebossalmostquitafterthat.
o Theschoolwasallbutruinedbythestorm.
ADVERBS
Adverbs are traditionally defined as words that describe verbs.
Adverbs answer any of the following questions about verbs:
how? when? where?
why?
The following examples illustrate adverbs modifying verbs:
He easily lifted the barbell.
How did he lift the barbell?
Easily is an adverb.
We will use the lamp tomorrow.
When will we use it?
Tomorrow functions as an adverb.
She did hide the keys nearby.
Where did she hide the key?
Nearby is an adverb.
Adverbs are the most moveable of all parts of speech; therefore, it is sometimes
difficult to identify an adverb on the basis of its position in a sentence.
For example, the adverb slowly will fit into three places in the sentence
climbed the ladder:
He
Most adverbs end in -ly. In fact, most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to
adjectives:
Like adjectives of more than one syllable, adverbs usually become comparative and
superlative by using more and most.
Examples:
Flat adverbs
Adjectives that do not change form (add -ly) to become adverbs are called "flat
adverbs."
Typical flat adverbs are early, late, hard, fast, long, high, low, deep, near.
To determine whether these words are functioning as adjectives or adverbs, one
must determine
1) what the word is describing (noun or verb)
2) what question the word is answering
Early describes the noun train and answers the question "which one?"
Early as adverb:
Early describes the verb arrived and answers the question "when?"
Hard as adjective:
Hard describes the noun pass and answers the question "what kind?"
Hard as adverb:
Hard describes the verb threw and answers the question "how?"
THETABLEISONLYFORYOURINFORMATION!!!!
Manner
Place
Beth
swims
enthusiastically
in the
pool
Dad
walks
impatiently
Tashonda
naps
Frequency
Time
Purpose
before
dawn
to keep in shape.
before
supper
to get a
newspaper.
in her
room
before
lunch.
every morning
every morning
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory
method is employed.
Corrected Version
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the
laboratory method.
The FAULTY version gives the impression that the writer is undecided or timid; he
seems unable or afraid to choose one form of expression and hold to it. The
CORRECTED version shows that the writer has at least made his choice and abided
by it.
By this principle, an article or a preposition applying to all the members of a series
must either be used only before the first term or else be repeated before each term.
Faulty Parallelism
Corrected Version
Faulty Parallelism
winter
Corrected Version
Correlative expressions (both, and; not, but; not only, but also; either, or; first,
second, third; and the like) should be followed by the same grammatical
construction. Many violations of this rule can be corrected by rearranging the
sentence.
Faulty Parallelism
It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.
A time not for words, but action.
Either you must grant his request or incur his ill will.
My objections are, first, the injustice of the measure; second, that it is
unconstitutional.
Corrected Version
The ceremony was both long and tedious.
A time not for words, but for action
You must either grant his request or incur his ill will.
My objections are, first, that the measure is unjust; second, that it is
unconstitutional.
When making comparisons, the things you compare should be couched in
parallel structures whenever that is possible and appropriate.
Faulty Parallelism
My income is smaller than my wife.
Corrected Version
My income is smaller than my wife's.
PLEASE FIND SOME USEFUL NOTES ON THE THEORY TOPICS
PRESENTATION SKILLS
5. A good presentation must be planned. The speaker must plan how to begin
the presentation, what to speak in the middle of presentation and how to end
the presentation without losing audience interests at any point of time.
6. Rehearse and practice the presentation. This will help the speaker to be more
confident and self-assured. The more the speaker rehearses the better the
presentation turns to be.
7. The speaker should encourage more questions from the audience. He should
be honest enough to answer those questions. If any biased question is put
forth by the audience, rearticulate it before answering.
8. Summarize the presentation at the end. Give final comments. Leave a
positive impact upon the audience.
9. The speaker must have a presentable appearance while giving a
presentation. The speaker should stand with feet far apart maintaining a
good balance. He must use confident gestures. He must use short and simple
words.
10.Try to gain and maintain audience interest by using positive quotes, humor,
or remarkable fact.
11.The speaker must be affirmative and optimistic before giving presentation.
He should ensure all tools and equipments to be used in presentation are
working well.
12.The speaker must state the objectives of the presentation at beginning of the
presentation.
ETIQUETTES
GENERAL
Say please and thank you to people, whether random people doing something nice
for you or a service person doing something you pay them to do. Be polite and you
will be received well by others and often get better service.
Say "Excuse me" when you need to get by or move past someone and say "Sorry" if
you bump into someone.
Hold the door open for people with baby strollers or the elderly.
Be kind to the environment; don't litter (throw trash on the ground). There are
public garbage cans on most main streets.
Don't spit in public unless you make sure there is no one around you, and do it on
grass if you must do it, not on the sidewalk.
Offer your seat on the bus to people who need it more than you. Simply gesture
with your arm to the seat or say, "Here, please sit down." If you are near your stop
tell them, "I'm getting off soon."
It's okay to eat in public. You can eat when you're walking or waiting for the bus.
You're not supposed to eat on the bus, but some drivers allow it if it's not something
really messy.
Don't be loud on the bus. It's okay to talk and be social, but keep your volume at a
reasonable level. Also be aware, it's okay to sleep on the bus, but most Canadians
don't do it so they may look at you when you do.
Tip. The general rule is 15% for servers or hair stylists. If your experience was
great you can tip more. If it was bad, tip only 10%, and ask to speak to the
manager if the experience/food was really bad. At the coffee shop or bar, you can
just toss some loose change into the jar they usually have for tips. In taxis, just give
a little extra if they provide quick and friendly service, but if they take you to an
airport or such place and help you with bags, be kind.
If you're a guest for a meal and you are full but they keep offering more, simply say,
"It was (really, very, absolutely) delicious, but I'm so stuffed I can't eat another bite.
Thank you though."
If someone drops something near you, pick it up and hand it back to them.
If someone near you sneezes ("a-choo") say, "Bless
CLASSROOM
Be respectful of other students and avoid distracting them and hindering their
opportunity to learn.
Refrain from making comments or remarks while the professor is teaching.
Show your group members the same courtesy that you would give to the professor.
Inform them of group meetings or activities that you will have to leave early or
miss.
In group discussions wait until the appropriate time to speak so as to avoid
interrupting others.
Participate in discussions and activities.
All students should be given the opportunity to participate in a discussion. Avoid
"hogging" the discussion.
When participating in a discussion address an issue from multiple viewpoints.
Avoid projectiles!
Do not use a laptop during class.
Turn off your cellular or digital phone.
PRESSURE HANDLING
From interview perspective this question is of extreme importance. Please do not
write anything beyond the scope of question. This
INTERVIEW