Determination of Viscosity

1. Tables
2. Nomographs
3. Theories

Properties of Liquid Water

Determination of viscosity by using nomograph

GAS
X
Y
Butane
7.7
Butylene
9.2
CO
11.0
Clor
9.0
Helium
10.9
.........
.........

14.3
13.7
20.0
19.4
20.5

Temperature
C F
-100

Viscosity
cP
0.1

-100
0
0.05

30

26
100

200

0.03

20

0.02
0.017

16
12

400

800

0.01

4
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

1 cP = 10-3 Pa.s
1000

1800

0.005

VISCOSITY
liquid > gas
M

liquid

liquid

(T=0 C su =1.79cp
T=100 C su =0.28cp )

sv

(valid for higher than 40 atm)

gas

Kinematic Viscosity:

= / (m2/s)

VISCOSITY Of LIQUIDS

( EYRING THEORY)

= (N h/ V) e3.8 T b / T

N : Avagadro number, h : Planck constant

: Molar volume
Tb : Boiling point, V

Viscosities of Liquids

Viscosity

VISCOSITY OF GASES

1/2
(MT)
= 0.00267
2

liquids

: viscosity, cP
M: molecular weight
T: temperature, K
: diameter of the molecul,

gases
n

T
=
0
273
Temperature
0: =Viscosity at 0C

Air
CO2
Butane
Vapor

n
0.65
0.9
0.8
1.0

Determination of viscosity from the critical values

1. Viscosity of pure gases
= r . c
: Viscosity of the gas
r : Reduced viscosity of the gas
c : Critical viscosity of the gas
c
r

from equations
from graphs ( Tr - Pr )

~
c = 61.6 ( M Tc )1/2 ( Vc )-2/3
c = 7.7 M 1/2 Pc 2/3 Tc-1/6

c : critical viscosity [micropoise]

Pc : critical pressure [atm]
Tc : critical temperature [K]
V~c : critical volume [ml/mol]
M : molecular weight [gram/mol]

Tr= 2.5
pr= 10

2. Viscosity of gas mixtures

Pc =

Xi Pci

i=1

Tc =

Xi Tci

i=1

X: mole fraction of gas

c =

Xi ci

i=1

Calculation of viscosity for gases at low density

1. Mean free path theory (for pure gases)

Mean free path:

= 1/ 2 d2 n

mKT

3 3/2

d2

K : Boltzman constant
m : mass of the gas
d : molecular diameter
T : temperature

2. Lennard - Jones Potantiel (for pure gases)

(r) = 4 (/r)12 (/r)6

r : distance between the molecules
: collision diameter
: molecular interaction energy
: potantiel energy

/ K = 0.77 Tc
/ K = 1.15 Tb
/ K = 1.92 Tm

= 0.841 Vc1/3
= 1.166 Vb.liquid1/3
= 1.222 Vm.solid1/3

T K, Amstrong, V cm3/mol

 = 2.6693 x 10-5

: f (KT/)

/K

MT
2

Find from Tables

E1 and E2

[g/cm.s]

Chapman - Enskog Theory (for gas mixtures)

xi i

mix =
i=1

xj ij
j=1

ij =
(1 +( Mi/Mj))-1/2 1+(i /j)1/2(Mj/Mi) 1/4 2
8