Vn hnh h thng x l nc thi: Nhng vn thng gp v cch khc

phc

Trong vn hnh h thng x l nc thi, cc cng ty c he thong xu ly nuoc

thaithng s gp cc vn nh bn ni, bn to thnh bt v vng cng
ty mi trng Sch l cng ty x l nc thi c nhiu nm kinh nghim
trong vic x l cc vn ny. Nay xin tng hp v cung cp li cho cc bn
cng theo di v x l vn ca mnh.
Nu bn gp kh khn, xin hy lin h vi cng ty chng ti qua nhn vin t vn
trc tip hoc lin h qua thng tin di :

I. THNG S VN HNH
I.1 Vn hnh h thng x l hiu kh
Trc khi tin hnh vn hnh ton b h thng, cn tin hnh cc thao tc: khi
ng k thut, khi ng h thng sinh hc.
* Khi ng k thut:
Kim tra h thng in cung cp cho ton b h thng. Kim tra ha cht cn cung
cp v mc nc trong cc b.
Kim tra k thut ton b h thng (vn hnh cc bm, sc kh, cc van, chng
trnh). ng thi, thc hin vic th bng nc sch trc khi vn hnh h thng
trn nc thi thc t.

* Khi ng h thng sinh hc:

Thng thng, khi ng h thng sinh hc th cn phi c sn lng sinh khi
trong cc h thng x l. Sinh khi c th pht trin t pht thng qua vic cp
nc thi lin tc vo b phn ng. tit kim thi gian, cy vo b phn ng
sinh khi ly t nh my x l nc thi ang hot ng hoc sinh khi vi sinh
chuyn bit.
Cc sinh khi thng thng c nui cy t cc h thng x l bn hot tnh
ang hot ng, hoc ngun sinh khi c th c ly t cc ngun khc. Khi
s i hi thi mt nhiu thi gian hn. Hm lng sinh khi sau khi cy nm
trong khong 2g/l.
Khi ng vi ti sinh khi tht thp khng vt qu gi tr thit k (0,15kg
BOD/kg.ngy). Nu cht lng nc sau x l tt (BOD, COD, v Nit), tng ti
trng. Tng ti cn m bo hm lng sinh khi thch hp.
Cc thng s cn xem xt:
COD; BOD; MLSS; MLVSS; N (N-NH3; N-NO2; N-NO3; N kiejdahl), P
(ortho P, Poly P)
Th tch sinh khi: th tch bn lng sau 30 pht (V Th nghim = 1lt)
Ch s th tch sinh khi: SVI (ml/g) = th tch sinh khi lng/ hm lng sinh
khi.
Hotline t vn : 0974.285.153

Ti trng hu c:

Vi COD: OLR = COD (kg/m3) x Q (m3/ngy)/ V b (m3)

Vi BOD: OLR = BOD (kg/m3) x Q (m3/ngy)/ V b (m3)

Ti sinh khi:

F/M = {COD (kg/m3) x Q (m3/ngy)}/ {V b (m3)x MLSS (kg/m3)}

Ti trng b mt: l lng nc chy vo b lng trong mt gi trn mt

mt vung b mt lng
Vs (m3/m2.h) = Lu lng (m3/h)/din tch b mt lng (m2)

Thi gian lu trung bnh ca sinh khi: l tui ca sinh khi

MCRT (ngy) = MLSS (kg/m3) x th tch ton b (m3)/ sinh khi ly ra hng ngy
(kg/ngy)
* Trong qu trnh vn hnh cn quan tm:
Nm vng v cng ngh
Theo di, phn tch nh k, quan st tnh bin ng ca nc thi, cc yu t bt
thng
Ghi chp, lu gi thng tin chnh xc, d truy tm
cc ti liu tra cu
I.1.1

Cc thng s kim tra trong qu trnh vn hnh

Lu lng: quyt nh kh nng chu ti ca h thng v ti lng b mt ca b

lng. Cn m bo lu lng n nh trc khi vo cng trnh sinh hc.

F/M : thch hp khong 0,2 0,6. Hn ch tnh trng pH gim, bn ni, lng km.
Nu F/M thp: l do Vi khun co cu trc c bit nm, F/M cao: DO thp, qu
ti, bn en, lng km, c mi tanh, hiu qu x l thp.
pH: Thch hp l 6,5 8,5. pH cao do qu trnh chuyn ho N thnh N-NH3 tt,
kh nng m cao. pH thp: Qu trnh nitrat ho, hm lng HCO3- thp. Cn tng
cng ho cht tng kim. Cch khc phc s dao ng pH ny l cn cung cp
dinh dng, hm lng hu c, hn ch qu trnh phn hy ni bo, s dng
ho cht tng kim
BOD/COD > 0,5 => Thch hp cho phn hy sinh hc
Kim tra thng xuyn BOD v COD trnh hin tng thiu ti hoc qu ti
Cht dinh dng: N, P m bo t l BOD:N:P = 100:5:1, nu thiu, phi b sung
ngun t bn ngoi. Nc thi sinh hot, khng cn thit b sung N, P
Cc cht c : Kim loi nng, du m, hm lng Cl, sunfat, N-NH3 cao
I.1.2

Kim sot qu trnh x l Ti lng hu c

Ti lng hu c cao: DO thp; bn sng nu, lng km, to bt

Ti lng hu c thp: DO cao, bn lng nhanh, nn tt, bn xp, nu. Xut hin
lp m v vng ni trn b mt
Ti lng b mt: cao s nh hng n qu trnh lng. Sinh khi tri ra ngoi
Ti lng b mt thch hp : 0,3 1 m3/m2/h
Bn lng km:

Ni trn mt: Qu trnh kh nitrat, sinh ra N2, thiu dinh dng xut hin vi khun
filamentous, hoc d dinhh dng, bn cht ni trn b mt
Sinh khi pht trin tn mn: do ti lng hu c cao hoc thp, d oxy, nhim
c
Sinh khi ng kt: Thiu oxy, thiu dinh dng, cht hu c d phn hy sinh
hc
Oxy ho tan:
Ph thuc vo ti lng hu c v hm lng sinh khi. DO thch hp: 1-2
mgO2/l. Thiu oxy s lm gim hiu qu x l, xut hin vi khun hnh que, nm,
gim kh nng lng v c ch qu trnh nitrat ho.
BOD sau x l cao do: Qu ti, Thiu oxy, pH thay i, nhim c, xo trn km
N sau x l cn cao do: Cng ngh cha n nh, C s hin din cc hp cht N
kh phn hy, Sinh khi bn trong b cao, Nhim c, cht vi khun
N-NH3 cao do: pH khng thch hp (<6,5 hoc > 8,5), Tui bn thp < 10 ngy,
DO thp < 2 mgO2/l, Ti N cao, Hin din cht c, Vn hnh cha n nh, nhit
thp
N-NO3; N-NO2 cao do: pH khng thch hp (<6,5 hoc > 8,5), Ti N cao, Hin
din cht c, Vn hnh cha n nh, nhit thp, D oxy (b ym kh), Thiu
cht hu c.
P: yu cu ortho photphat : 1-2 mg/l, Thiu phi b sung.

c Thm : Vn hnh h thng x l nc thi: Nhng vn thng gp

v cch khc phc

I.1.3

Quan st vn hnh

S thay i mu biu hin hot ng ca h thng x l

Cht rn l lng dng r, mn cng gy mu
Mu ca chnh nc thi nguyn thy
Cm quan: Mi, mu, bt. H thng hot ng tt thng khng gy mi. Trong
qu trnh sc kh -> bt trng, nh; nu c qu nhiu bt trng l do: Sinh khi
ang trong giai on thch nghi hay hi phc, Qu ti, Thiu oxy, thiu dng cht,
Nhit bin i, Hm lng cht hot ng b mt cao, Hin diin cc cht c.
I.1.4

Ngng hot ng

C nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau quyt nh dng hot ng ca nh my x l

nc thi. Kt qu:
Qun th sinh vt b i, thiu thc n, phn hy ni bo
Sinh khi cht tri thot ra ngoi lm gia tng lng cn l lng trong nc
sch.
Oxy vn cn phi cung cp trnh iu kin k kh v cc vn v mi, tuy
nhin cn phi gim n mc thp nht.
I.1.5

Gii quyt s c

Nu c th, hy c gng tch tr cng nhiu cng tt nc thi trong b iu ha

hoc b cha.

 Gim lng nc thi vo n 20 30% mc bnh thng.

Gim lng oxi cung cp xung mc thp nht c th (DO khong 1 2mg/l).

Duy tr qu trnh vn hnh bnh thng lu n mc c th.

Duy tr b sung cht dinh dng nu c th.

Nu cn thit, phi b sung ngun Carbon t ngoi vo (nh acetate,

methanole) trnh cho sinh khi b thi ra v ly ra cng nhiu cng tt.
I.1.6

Nhng s c thng gp Hng hc v bm:

Hng ngy kim tra bm c y nc ln hay khng. Khi my bm hot ng

nhng khng ln nc cn kim tra ln lt cc nguyn nhn sau:
Ngun cung cp in c bnh thng khng.
Cnh bm c b chn bi cc vt l khng.
Khi bm c ting ku l cng cn ngng bm lp tc v tm ra nguyn nhn
khc phc s c trn. Cn sa cha bm theo tng trng hp c th.
Trang b hai bm va d phng, va hot ng lun phin v bm ng thi
khi cn bm vi lu lng ln hn cng sut ca bm.
Sc kh:

 Oxy tt nhin l nguyn t quan trng nht trong qua trnh sinh khi hot tnh.
Nu ngun cung cp oxy b ct hoc ngay c khi cung cp hn ch, sinh khi s tr
nn sm mu, ta mi kh chu v cht lng nc sau x l s b suy gim
Cn phi gim ngay lu lng cp nc thi vo hoc ngng hn (nu my sc
kh hng hn).
Sau nhng thi k di khng oxy, sinh khi phi c sc kh mnh m
khng np nc thi mi. Sau , lu lng cp nc thi c th c tng ln
tng bc mt.
Cc vn v oxy cn phi c gii quyt trit cng sm cng tt.
Cc vn v ng m van:
Cc van cp nc thi vo khng m/ng:
Cc van thi sinh khi d khng m/ng:
Cc van thi sinh khi c dng loi b sinh khi d t cc b sinh khi hot
tnh. Trong trng hp h hng, sinh khi d khng c ly ra v hm lng
MLSS s tng ln. Ni chung, iu ny c th d dng chp nhn trong vi ngy.
Sau mt chu k lu hn,hm lng MLSS cao s lm cho qu trnh tch sinh khi
nc tr nn kh hn.
Cc s c v dinh dng:
Cc cht dinh dng trong nc thi bao gm N v P. Trong : Hm lng Nit
trong nc thi u vo c coi l nu tng Nit (bao gm Nit Kjedalhl,
Nit Amoni, Nit Nitrit, Nit Nitrat) trong nc x l l 1 2mg/l. Nu
cao hn, ngha l hm lng Nit trong nc thi d tha th cn chm dt vic
b sung Nit t ngoi (nu c).

Cc s c v sinh khi:
Sinh khi ni ln mt nc: Kim tra ti lng hu c, cc cht c ch
Sinh khi pht trin tn mn: Thay i ti lng hu c, DO. Kim tra cc cht
c p dng bin php tin x l hoc gim ti hu c
Sinh khi to thnh hn hp c: Tng ti trong, oxy, n nh pH thch hp, b
sung cht dinh dng.

I.2 Vn hnh h thng lc sinh hc nh git

Vn hnh h thng lc sinh hc nh git yu cu cn phi theo di thng xuyn,
kim sot cc qu trnh th mu v kim tra, ng thi tnh ton kim sot cc qu
trnh. [15]

c Thm : Tng hp cc cng ngh x l nc thi mi nht

I.2.1

Theo di vn hnh

Lp mng: ngi vn hnh phi kim tra dy ca lp mng m bo n

mng v ng b hoc dy v nng (cho bit cht hu c qu nng). ng thi,
vic vn hnh cn quan tm n mu sc ca lp mng. Lp mng mu xanh l
bnh thng, mu xanh en hoc mu en cho bit cht hu c qu ti, nhng mu
khc c th cho bit nng nc thi cng nghip hoc cc cht ha hc thm
vo h thng. Cn kim tra s tng trng b mt ph ca lp mng m bo n
vn hot ng tt (mng v trong m); nu s tng trng dy v ti cho thy cht
hu c qu ti.

 Lu lng: s phn phi lu lng dng thi phi c kim tra m bo

vn
hnh ng b. Ngoi ra cng cn quan tm n s thot nc ca h thng.

B phn phi: cn phi ng b v phng. B phn phi phi c kim tra

trnh s r r.

Lp m: kim tra m bo vn hnh ng b.

I.2.2

Kim sot cc qu trnh th mu v kim tra

bo m s hot ng hiu qu ca h thng lc sinh hc nh git, mu th v

thi gian l rt quan trng.

Lc dng vo: kim tra cc thng s: DO, pH, nhit , cc cht rn c th

lng, BOD, cht rn l lng v cc kim loi.

Lu lng ti tun hon: cc thng s cn kim tra: DO, pH, tc dng
chy, v nhit .

Lc dng ra: kim tra DO, pH v bnh.

Qu trnh thi: kim tra DO, pH, cc cht rn c th lng, BOD v cc cht
rn l lng.
I.2.3
* H:

Cc vn thng gp trong qu trnh vn hnh v cch khc phc

Triu chng:

Hnh thnh cc ao hoc vng nc nh trn b mt ca lp m.

Gim kh nng loi b BOD v TSS.

Xut hin mi kh chu do iu kin k kh trong lp m.

Lp m c lu lng kh ngho. Nguyn nhn:

Ti lng thy lc khng m bo lp m sch bng phng.

Dng thi tun hon khng cung cp cho s pha long.

Lp m khng ng b, hoc ng b nhng qu nh.

S phn hy lp m do thi tit.

Cc vt liu vn (l, que, ) hoc cc sinh vt sng cn tr cc ch trng.

Khc phc:

Loi b tt c cc vt liu bi k trn ra khi vt liu m.

Gia tng dng tun hon tng kh nng pha long trong h thng.

S dng dng nc c p sut cao thay i v lm y din tch h.

Lm kh lp vt liu m. Khi dng chy ngng i qua lp m, lp mng s

kh v lng ra. Khi dng chy bt u li, lp mng lng ra s theo dng chy
ra ngoi lp m. Thi gian kh s ph thuc vo dy ca lp mng v yu cu
chuyn ha, thng thng t vi gi n vi ngy.
* Mi:

Thng thng, mi pht sinh thng cho bit hot ng ca h thng c vn .

Nguyn nhn:

Tha lng cht hu c do cht lng lc dng ra km, hot ng x l s

cp km v kim sot qu trnh x l bn hat tnh khng tt l nguyn nhn hy

nn hin tng BOD cao trong dng ti tun hon.

Thng kh km

Thit b lc b qu ti. Khc phc:

Tnh ton hot ng ca qu trnh x l s cp

Tnh ton v iu chnh kim sot qu trnh x l bn hat tnh lm gim

lng BOD.

Tng tc ti tun hon tng DO trong dng chy vo h thng.

Duy tr iu kin thng kh dng vo h thng.

Thm khong 1 2mg.l chlorine d trong mi gi khi lu lng dng chy

thp.
* High Clarifier Effluent SS v BOD:
Triu chng:
Dng ra t qu trnh lc nh git c nng cc cht rn l lng kh cao.
Nguyn nhn:

Dng ti tun hon kh cao, do ti lng thy lc ca b lng.

Mng ngn ca b lng b n mn hoc b ph hng.

Thit b thu gom bn b hng hay b trc trc.

Tc rt bn khng thch hp.

Ti lng cc cht rn tha. Khc phc:

Kim tra ti lng thy lc v iu chnh lu lng ti tun hon nu ti

lng thy lc qu cao.

iu chnh dng chy m bo cn bng vi s phn b.

Kim tra thit b loi b bn. Sa cha cc thit b b h hng.

Kim tra chiu su lp bn v nng cc cht trong bn, iu chnh tc

loi b bn v/hoc thng xuyn duy tr iu kin hiu kh trong b lng.

Xc nh nhit trong b lng nhiu thi im khc nhau.

* Filter flies:
Triu chng:
Lc nh git v din tch xung quanh l mi trng thch hp cho mt lng
ln cc sinh vt rt nh bay c sinh sng.
Nguyn nhn:

Ti tun hon khng hiu qu

iu kin kh v m gin on

Thi tit m. Khc phc:

Tng tc ti tun hon duy tr ti trng thy lc ti thiu l 0,07 m3/

m2.ngy.

Lm sch cc b mt thnh b lc v loi b c di, bi cy, quanh b lc.

Duy tr liu lng tc cht trong b lc vi nng chlorine thp (< 1mg/l).

iu ny s gip ph hy cc u trng.

Lm kh lp m lc trong vi gi.

Lm ngp nc b lc trong 24 gi.

* Freezing:
Nguyn nhn:

Ti tun hon lm gia tng hoc gim nhit cc git nc.

Gi thnh hnh gy nn s mt nhit.

i khi cc tc cht thm vo nc thi qu nhiu v qu lu cng gy hin

tng ng lnh.
Khc phc:

Gim s tun hon ti mc c th hn ch nh hng ca s lnh.

Vn hnh 2 b lc song song lm gim s mt nhit.

Ph lp m gim s mt nhit.

I.3.

Vn hnh h thng bn hot tnh:

Chun b lng bn hot tnh cn thit v cho khi ng cc cng trnh sinh hc
(aerotank, mng oxy ha) theo trnh t nh sau:
Trc tin cho mt phn nc thi vi nng BODtp khong 200250mg/l
chy qua cng trnh. Nu nc thi cng nghip c nng cao th pha long bng
nc sn xut hoc nc sng. Bn lng ti b lng t 2 c tun hon lin tc
v aerotank.
Bn hot tnh s gia tng theo thi gian. Theo s gia tng ca bn c s xut
hin ca nitrat v nitrit, tng dn lng nc cn x l hoc gim pha long.
C th s dng bn c sn t b aerotank bt k hoc bn hot tnh phi 60oC,
hoc mng sinh hc tri ra t b lc sinh hc hoc bn ao h. Bn hot tnh c th
thu t bn sng hoc ao h khng nhim bn du m hay du khong. Trc khi
cho vo b aerotank, bn sng hoc ao h phi c loi s b cc tp khong
nng (si ct). Vi mc ch ny, bn c trn vi nc, ri sau thi gian lng
ngn(36 pht) c vo b aerotank. Ti bn c thi kh, khng cn nc
thi. Sau khi chun b bn xong, cho nc thi vo b aerotank, ban u vi lng
nh, sau theo mc tch ly bn, tng dn cho n khi t lu lng thit k.
Trong bn hot tnh hot ng tt, ngoi cc bng tp trung cc ng vt vi sinh
cn gp mt lng khng ln tho trng (trng lng), trng xon, giun.
Khi iu kin lm vic n nh b ph v, trong bn pht trin cc vi khun dng
ch (sphacrotilus, cladothrix) thc vt nhnh (zooglea ramigeras, cc nm nc).

Cc dng thc vt ny lm cho bn ni, bn ny kh lng trong b lng t 2 v b

cun tri theo nc ra vi lng ng k.
Nguyn nhn ca s ni bn l b aerotank qu ti, c lng ln cacbon trong
nc thi, khng cp oxy, pH nc trong aerotank thp. khng ch s ni
bn cn phi gim ti trng b aerotank. Thm ch tm thi ngng khng cho nc
thi vo, hoc tng lng oxy ha tan trong b aerotank, nng pH dng vo n
8,59,5 trong khong thi gian no .
Nu nc thi nng cao thi ra tng t bt thng th phi yu cu lnh o
nh my chnh n nguyn tc cng ngh hoc thay i ch thi nc bng
cch lp t b iu chnh hoc b cha d tr.
Khi vn hnh nhiu b lng 2 cn phi phn b ng u lu lng nc thi v
bn hot tnh gia chng cng nh tch bn hot tnh ra khi cc b lng.
Vic tch bn hot tnh hon ton c th tin hnh lin tc v khng cho hnh thnh
lp bn nm trong b lng. Vic tch bn khng ng thi gian s lm bn v lm
gim cht lng nc x l, ngoi ra cn lm ni bn lng.
Nguyn nhn li cun bn t b lng 2 c th do nng bn cao hn gii hn i
vi ti trng cho.
i khi cn c trng hp kh bo m tch bn t b lng ng. V vy trong cc
b lng ny cn co bn t y phu mt cch h thng (hoc vi ln trong ngy),
kh khn ny cng c th gii quyt bng cch tng th tch bn tun hon.
Nu trong trm x l c vi b lng t 2 v khng c dng c o bn tun hon,
tch ra t mi phu th trn mi b lng cn c dng c kim tra su ca bn,
cc dng c ny c th l:
Thit b bm dng (ng thng nhau) c t cc mc tng ng kim
sot mc bn cao nht v thp nht trong b.

 T bo quang.
Nu khng c dng c o th mc bn xc nh bng cch ly mu cc su
khc nhau. S xut hin trn b mt b lng 2 cc bt kh v cm bn hot tnh l
do thi gian lu ca bn trong b lng qu lu, khng ch hin tng ny nn
tng th tch bn ly ra.
S c mt ca du m, sn phm du m, cht bo trong b aerotank lm cho bn
ni v li cun bn t b lng 2. Trng hp ny cn phi tng cng hiu qu ca
thit b tch du s b v nu c th ngng khng tip nhn nc thi cha du
m, cc sn phm du m.

c Thm : Tng quan v qu trnh sinh hc trong x l nc thi

I.3.1

Cc thng s vn hnh h thng:

vn hnh h thng bn hot tnh, cn ch cc yu t sau:

* kim: kim sot kim trong b hiu kh l cn thit kim sot ton b
qu trnh. kim khng s lm gim hot tnh ca vi sinh vt v cng c th
nh hng n pH.
* DO: Hot ng ca b bn hot tnh l mt qu trnh hiu kh nn n i hi
lng DO phi hin din mi thi im. lng DO ny ph thuc vo BOD dng
vo, tnh cht ca bn hot tnh v yu cu x l.
* pH: pH trong h thng hiu kh thng nm trong khong 6,5 9.
* MLSS, MLVSS, v MLTSS:

* Nng v tc tun hon bn hot tnh: Ngi vn hnh phi duy tr s

tun hon bn hot tnh tip din trong h thng. nu tc ny qu thp, b hiu
kh c th b qu ti thy lc, lm gim thi gian thng kh. Nng tun hon
cng rt quan trng bi v n c th dng xc nh tc tun hon cn thit
gi MLSS cn thit.
* Tc dng chy bn hot tnh thi: Bi v bn hot tnh c cha ccvi sinh
vt sng tng trng, nn lng bn hot tnh c th tip tc gia tng. Nu bn
hot tnh duy tr trong h thng qu lu, hiu qu ca qu trnh s gim xung. Nu
c qu nhiu bn hot tnh b loi khi h thng, cc cht rn s khng lng ng
nhanh c loi b thit b lng th cp.
* Nhit : Nhit nh hng trc tip n hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
* su lp ph bn: Nu cc cht rn khng b loi b ra khi h thng t thit
b lc vi cng tc chng c a vo, lp ph s gia tng su. su lp
ph bn c th chu nh hng ca nhiu iu kin: nhit , c tnh trong nc
thi,..
I.3.2

Kim sot vn hnh h thng;

* Tc tun hon
Tc tun hon qu cao, kt qu l: S thng kh v lng ng cc b b qu
ti thy lc; thi gian thng kh v lng ng gim,
Tc tun hon qu thp, kt qu l: s tun hon thi, cc cht rn b gi li
trong cc b lng, gim MLSS trong b hiu kh,
* Tc nc thi:
Tc nc thi qu cao, kt qu: gim MLSS, gim mt bn, gia tng SVI,
gim MCRT, tng t l F/M.

 Tc nc thi qu thp, kt qu l: tng MLSS, tng mt bn, gim SVI,

tng MCRT, gim t l F/M.
* Tc thng kh:
Tc thng kh qu cao, kt qu l: nng lng b lng ph, tng ch ph vn
hnh, cc cht rn ni ln, ph v bn hot tnh.
Tc thng kh qu thp, kt qu l: b hiu kh thi, hiu qu km, mt s
nitrat ha.
I.3.3

Cc vn c th xy ra khi vn hnh v cch khc phc:

* Triu chng 1: Lp bn ph b chy ra ngoi theo dng thi, khng cn bn

lng.
Do cht hu c qu ti. Khc phc: gim ti lng hu c.
Do pH thp. Khc phc: thm kim.
Do s tng trng ca nm si (filamentous). Khc phc: thm dinh dng,
thm chlorine hay peroxyde tun hon.
Do thiu ht dinh dng. Khc phc: thm dinh dng.
Do c tnh. Khc phc: xc nh ngun, b sung tin x l.
Do thng kh qu nhiu. Khc phc: gim thng kh trong khong thi gian lu
lng thp.
* Triu chng 2: mt lng ln cc ht rn nh ri khi b lng.
Nguyn nhn: bn c. Khc phc: gim tui bn, gia tng tc dng thi.

 Nguyn nhn: s hn lon qu mc. Khc phc: gim s hn lon (kim sot
thi kh khi lu lng thp).
* Triu chng 3: Mt lng ln cc phn t trong m, nh ri khi b lng.
Do tc tng trng ca bn. Khc phc: tng tui bn.
Do bn hot tnh mi, yu. Khc phc: gim nc thi.
* Triu chng 4: Bn lng tt, nhng li ni ln b mt trong thi gian ngn.
Do s kh nitrat ha. Khc phc: tng tc tun hon, iu chnh tui bn
hn ch s kh nitrat.
Do thng kh qu mc. Khc phc: gim s thng kh.
* Triu chng 5: cc vi sinh vt trong bn hot tnh cht trong thi gian ngn.
Do dng vo cha cc cht c tnh. Khc phc: tch bn hot tnh (nu c th).
Tun hon tt c cc cht rn ang hin din. Ngng cung cp nc thi. Tng tc
tun hon. B sung cc chng trnh tin x l.
* Triu chng 6: b mt ca b hiu kh b bao ph bi lp bt nhn, dy.
Do bn qu gi. Khc phc: gim tui bn. Tng lng nc thi, s dng cc
cht bm kim sot bt.
Do qu nhiu du v cht bo trong h thng. Khc phc: tng cng loi b
cht bo. S dng cc cht bm kim sot bt. B sung cc chng trnh tin x
l.
Do cc vi khun vng bm to bt. Khc phc: loi b cc vi khun ny.

* Triu chng 7: xut hin nhng m bt ln trn b mt b hiu kh.

Do bn hot tnh tr, lng bn t. Khc phc: tng tui bn, gim cung cp
nc thi, s dng cc cht bm kim sot bt.
Do cc cht ty ra. Khc phc: hn ch cc cht hot ng b mt, s dng cc
cht bm kim sot bt.
Bng I.8: Cc vn thng gp khi vn hnh qu trnh bn hot tnh

STT

Vn

Nguyn nhn

Hu qu

Bn pht trin
phn tn (Dispersed
growth )

Cc vi sinh vt khng to
bng m phn tn di dng
nhng c th ring bit hay
nhng cm nh vi ng
knh 10mm-20mm.

Hiu sut b lng

t hai thp, nc
ra khi b b
c.Lng bn
tun hon t.

Bn khng kt dnh c
( pinpoint floc )

Bng bn thng c hnh cu

nn nh, c ng knh 50100mm, nguyn nhn l do c
Ch s th tch bn
s phn chia cc bng bn
SVI thp, nc ra
ln, thiu thc n, vi sinh vt
khi b b c.
phi dng cc polysaccarit
ngoi bo nh ngun C v
nng lng cho qu trnh sng

Bn to khi (bulking )

Cc vi khun dng si pht

trin qu mc trong bn lm
bn nn km v lng km.

SVI caoKh duy

tr nng bn
cn thit trong b
sc kh

Kh nng tch
nc ca bn gim

Bn ni (rising sludge)

Trong b lng t hai din ra

qu trnh kh nitrat ho sinh
ra kh N2, kh N2 di chuyn
ln trn ko theo cc bng bn
hot tnh ln trn mt nc.

Thi gian lu lp bn nh hn 1 gi la hnh thnh lp bt khHnh thnh lp

bn hot tnh trn mt nc.5Bt vng (foaming/scum)Do s hin din ca vi
khun Norcadia spp v Microthrix parvicellaGy mi hi
Lm tng SS, BOD nc thi u ra Lp bt vng s gi li mt lp bn hot
tnh lm nh hng ti thi gian lu bn.6Bn to khi khng phi do vi khun
dng siBn cha qu nhiu polyme ngoi bo lm lp bn xpTng SS, BOD
nc thi u ra, lm long lng bn.
Ngun: Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming Control

Hnh I. 29 Bn ni

Hnh I.30 Bn to thnh bt v vng

Hnh I.31 Bn to thnh khi

Cc bin php kim sot bn kh lng:
1. Kim sot bn dng khi:
Cc yu t lu khi kim sot bn dng khi:
Thnh phn nc thi

Nc thi cha nhiu cc nguyn t dng vt cng gy ra hin tng bn to khi.

i vi nc thi cng nghip, thnh phn Nit v Photpho cn c kim tra
trc khi a vo h thng x l, s thiu ht dinh dng trong nc thi cng
nghip vi hm lng BOD cao s to nn khi bn. S dao ng pH cng l yu
t gy bt li i vi thit k. S khc nhau v ti trng khi vn hnh h thng
hot ng mt m cng gy ra hin tng bn to khi.
Nng oxy cn duy tr ti thiu 2 mg/l.
Thi gian lu bn (SRT): cn c kim tra v tnh ton sao cho nm trong
khong gi tr chp nhn c. Trong nhiu trng hp, cc h thng khuy trn
hon ton vi thi gian lu bn ln v t s F/M nh thng xut hin vi khun
dng si. nhng h thng nh vy, cc vi khun ny hay cnh tranh nhau v thc
n. Nhiu nghin cu trong phng th nghim cng vi cc m hnh hon chnh
a ra nhng hnh dng b phn ng h tr cho bn to bng thay v s pht trin
cc vi khun dng si. Nhng b ny c gi l selector.
Nng dinh dng
Mc d liu lng dinh dng cn ngn chn s pht trin qu mc ca cc vi
khun dng si l duy nht tng h thng, tuy nhin khi khng th xc nh
chnh xc c con s ny th theo Richard nn duy tr:
+

+ Nng N v c (NH4 _N, NO2 _ N, NO3 _N ) ln hn 1mg/l.

+ Nng orthophosphate photpho (PO43-_P) ln hn 0.2mg/l.
pH l mt thng s k thut quan trng ca bn hot tnh nhng li thng
xuyn b l i do gi tr ca n thng ch thay i 2 mc. Vi sinh vt ch b nh
hng khi pH nh 6.0-6.5 v ln hn 8.5. trnh tnh trng pht trin qu mc

ca nm do pH thp, cn trang b cc thit b iu chnh pH, ti thiu cng phi c

thit b nh liu lng vi.
Nhit nh hng n 2 thng s sau :
+ Nhit tng lm gim ho tan ca oxy trong nc
+ Nhit tng lm tng tc ca qu trnh chuyn ho. Qu trnh ny li cn
oxy ho tan nn tc tiu th DO cng tng.
V vy, nhit ch nh hng ch yu n s pht trin ca nhng vi khun dng
si do DO thp nh Sphaerotilus natans v loi 1701. Richard chy m hnh
kho st nh hng ca nhit ln s pht trin cnh tranh gia loi 1701 v mt
loi vi sinh vt to bng. T a ra kt lun rng nhit ln hn hoc bng
28oC, loi 1701 pht trin mnh hn loi to bng ang nghin cu. Nh vy ta c
th rt ra kt lun rng nhit tng th nng DO cn phi tng ngn qu
trnh bn khi gy ra do cc vi khun dng si pht trin trong nc c DO thp.
S dng ho cht:
mt tnh hung khn cp hoc kim tra tt c cc yu t nu trn, Clo v
hydro peroxuyt thng c s dng kim sot hin tng bn khi. Clo l cht
oxy ho lu i nht (c s dng trc Th Chin 2) . Vic s dng chlorine
c Jenkins (ngi M) v cc cng s ca ng ng h. S dng chlorine
khng ch qu trnh bn khi cng c nghin cu kh k Nam Phi. Chu
u, Anh l nc thng dng chlorine nht. Ti c v Trung u, chlorine ch
c dng trong nhng trng hp cp bch. Nguyn nhn l do h s xut hin
cc halogen hu c (organohalogen) trong nc thi sau x l.
Dng Clo:
Chlorine l mt ho cht nguy him i vi c bn hot tnh ln mi trng. V
th, khi dng chlorine, ch cc nhn vin c c o to thao tc, v tuyt

i phi tun th cc quy tc. Jenkins cng khuyn nn o SVI trc khi clo ho.
Ch thm Chlorine khi SVI thc s vt qu mc cho php.
Liu lng clo thng dng cho h thng thp khong 0.002-0.008 kg/kg
MLSS.ngy (theo Jenkins 1993). Clo ho hiu qu cho bn dng khi gy ra bi vi
khun dng si. Clo thng lm nc ra u ra b c. X l bng clo cn lm
xut hin trihalomentan v cc hp cht khc gy hi tim tng cho sc khe con
ngi v mi trng. Hydro peroxut cng c dng kim sot bn khi, liu
lng ca cht ny tu thuc vo khong pht trin ca vi khun dng si.
DngH2O2 :
Mt trong nhng cch thay th vic dng Clo l tc nhn oxy ho, ngi ta dng
H2O2. H2O2 khng tiu dit mnh cc vi khun dng si nm bn ngoi v chng
khng phi l cht oxy ho mnh nh clo. Tuy vy chng vn c th xm nhp vo
cc lp trong ca bn hot tnh v tc ng vo sinh khi ca cc vi sinh vt to
bng.
H2O2 c th dit vi khun dng si ng thi cng gii phng oxy nn thch hp
dng trong trng hp bn khi do DO thp. Tuy nhin nu bn oxy ho H2O2
trc khi ho cht ny kp c phn ng tiu dit vi khun dng si th phng php
ny khng hiu qu.
Dng Ozone:
Nam Phi, van Leeuwen v Pretorius kho st tnh nng kim sot bn khi
ca ozone. Ozone l tc nhn oxy ho mnh hn Clo v H2O2 v c bit l chng
khng to ra bt k cht c no. Trong h thng loi b cht dinh dng bng bn
hot tnh, liu lng Ozone thch hp l 4g/kgMLSS. Dng Ozone c th tng
cng qu trnh nitrat ho v loi b cc cht hu c tr.

2. Kim sot bt vng

Gn bt mt cch h thng nhm loi b v ph hy bn ni trong b sc kh. Cht

dng gn b bt khng tun hon li b lng, v vic ny s dn ti s sinh si
ca cc vi khun gy bt vng. Ngoi ra, cng khng nn tun hon cht ny v b
aeroten.
Dng Clo phun xt ln b mt bt Nocardia.
S hin din ca Nocardia cng nh Nocardia-Microthrix lin quan ti nc thi
cha nhiu cht bo v du m. V vy gim du m trong nc thi cng l mt
bin php ngn nga s pht trin ca cc vi khun gy bt vng ny.
Trong trng hp bt vng gy nn bi Microthrix parvilla, liu lng Clo s dng
phi gp 10-100 ln liu lng cn thit v Microthrix parvilla c kh nng chu
c clo tt hn so vi cc vi khun dng si khc. Tuy nhin, U.K, theo kinh
nghim, ngi ta thy rng liu lng clo khong 3g/kg l kim sot
Microthrix parvilla.
trnh trng hp xu khi s dng clo qu liu, Duchene v Pujol kim tra
kh nng kim sot bt ca cc cht keo t. Khi thm vo cht keo t FeCl3 liu
lng 4g/kg.ngy c th lm gim bt Norcadia trong vng 2 tun. Phn nhm
cng cho kt qu tng t. Khi , Norcadia khng b loi b m dinh cht vo
bng bn. V vy, khi ngng cho cht keo t, Norcadia xut hin tr li trong vng
2 tun. (Jiri Wanner).

3. Kim sot bn ni:

Bn ni c th kim sot bng cc bin php sau
Tng lng bn tun hon thi b t b lng t hai, nhm gim thi gian
lu bn trong b lng.
Gim thi gian lu bn trnh qu trnh nitrat ho. Ni c kh hu m,
rt kh vn hnh thi gian lu bn ngn trnh nitrat ho.

 Nu qu trnh bn hot tnh i hi nitrat ho, th nn s dng m hnh

dng chy nt. Khi , b u tin s l vng ym kh. y, cc vi
khun s c ho trn cng vi cc ion nitrat, ion nitrit t bn tun hon
v BOD trong nc thi. vng ym kh, cc vi khun trong iu kin t
oxy, cng s hin din ca cc ion nitrit v nitrat, BOD s thc y qu
trnh

nitrat
ho

B Aerotank
B Aerotank cng l mt trong nhng phng php x l sinh hc hiu kh. u
im
ca
b
l
rt
d
xy
dng
v
vn
hnh.
B Aerotank c nhiu loi nh b Aerotank truyn thng, b Aerotank nhiu bc,
Tuy nhin b Aerotank truyn thng s dng n gin nht.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca b aerotank
Cng ngh aerotank l cng ngh c s dng nhiu nht v lu i nht bi tnh
hiu
qu
ca
n.
Aerotank l qui trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nhn to, cc cht hu c d b phn
hy sinh hc c vi sinh vt hiu kh s dng nh mt cht dinh dng sinh
trng v pht trin. Qua th sinh khi vi sinh ngy cng gia tng v nng
nhim ca nc thi gim xung. Khng kh trong b Aerotank c tng cng
bng cc thit b cp kh: my sc kh b mt, my thi kh
u im ni bt ca b aerotank

Hiu
sut
x
l
BOD
ln
n
90%

Loi
b
c
Nito
trong
nc
thi

Vn
hnh
n
gin,
an
ton

Thch
hp
vi
nhiu
loi
nc
thi
Thun li khi nng cp cng sut n 20% m khng phi gia tng th tch b.

B Aerotank
B UASB
X l nc thi UASB l qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh, trong nc thi s
c phn phi t di ln v c khng ch vn tc ph hp (v<1m/h). Cu to
ca b UASB thng thng bao gm: h thng phn phi nc y b, tng x l
v h thng tch pha.
Nc thi c phn phi t di ln, qua lp bn k kh , ti y s din ra qu
trnh phn hy cht hu c bi cc vi sinh vt, hiu qu x l ca b c quyt
nh bi tng vi sinh ny.

Cu to b UASB
H thng tch pha pha trn b lm nhim v tch cc pha rn lng v kh, qua
th cc cht kh s bay ln v c thu hi, bn s ri xung y b v nc sau
x l s theo mng lng chy qua cng trnh x l tip theo. Hiu sut ca b
UASB b ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: nhit , pH, cc cht c hi trong nc
thi. Vi nc thi bia, qu trnh ln men Acid xy ra nhanh chng v vy vo b
UASB ch thc hin cng vic ln men methane, m iu kin qu trnh ny xy
ra tt l pH >6 (tt nht l 7.5), nh vy ch cn iu chnh pH l Okie trong khi
, nu cc nc thi khc th vn ny khng d cht no, v b UASB va ln
men acid va len men methane, m khi qu trnh ln men acid xy ra pH gim rt
thp..d dn n hin tng kh chu trong cng ngh UASB Ln men chua. V
y l l do thit thc nht m ti sao s dng UASB trong x l nc thi bia,
ru.
Cng ngh MBBR
X l nc thi bng cng ngh m di ng (MBBR).
Qu trinh x l s dng cc loi vi sinh vt bm dnh, tuy nhin gi th vi sinh
c s dng trong cng ngh ny l gi th m di ng c din tch b mt rt

ln, do chng lun chuyn ng trong b nn tn dng c ti a din tch b

mt ca gi th vi sinh, do mt vinh vt trong cng trnh x l MBBR rt
ln, bn cnh vic gi th chuyn ng lm tng kh nng ha tan xi vo nc,
iu ny khin hiu qu x l theo cng ngh ny cao hn nhiu so vi nhng
cng ngh khc.

B MBBR
u im

Din
tch
cng
trnh
nh.
Hiu qu x l BOD cao, c th t mc A QCVN14:2008/BTNMT.
C th ci tin thnh cng ngh AAO x l trit Nito, Phopho v cc hp
cht
kh
phn
hy
khc.

Qu
trnh
vn
hnh
n
gin.

Chi
ph
vn
hnh
thp.

Chi
ph
bo
dng
thp.

Hm
lng
bn
to
ra
thp.


Khng
pht
sinh
mi
trong
qu
trnh
vn
hnh.
Mt vi sinh vt x l trn mt n v th tch cao hn so vi h thng x l
bng phng php bn hot tnh l lng , v vy ti trng hu c ca b MBBR
cao hn.
Chng loi vi sinh vt x l c trng: Lp mng biofilm pht trin ty thuc
vo loi cht hu c v ti trng hu c trong b x l.
Tit kim din tch xy dng : din tch xy dng MBBR nh hn so vi h
thng x l nc thi hiu kh i vi nc thi th v nc thi cng nghip.

D
dng
vn
hnh.
iu kin ti trng cao: Mt vi sinh vt trong lp mng biofilm rt cao , do
ti trng hu c trong b MBBR rt cao.
Cng ngh AAO
AAO cm t vit tt ca 3 qu trnh: Ym kh ( Anaerobic), Thiu kh ( Anoxic),
Hiu kh (Oxic). Cng ngh AAO l qu trnh x l p qu trnh x l sinh hc lin
tc dng nhiu h vi sinh vt khc nhau: Hiu kh, thiu kh, ym kh x l
nc thi. Qa trnh x l nh vy cho hiu qu x l cao, c bit vi nc thi
c hm lng hu c Nito pht pho cao. Ty vo thnh phn nc thi m th tch
cc vng K kh, thiu kh, Hiu kh khc nhau. AAO c thiu k theo quy trnh
nghim ngt x l nhiu loi nc thi: Nc thi sinh hot, nc thi bnh
vin, nc thi cng nghip sn xut ch bin thc phm, nc thi khu cng
nghip tp trung.

Cng ngh AAO

u im:
Chi ph vn hnh thp, trnh t ng ha cao.
C th di di h thng x l khi nh my chuyn a im.
Khi m rng quy m, tng cng sut ta c th ni, lp thm cc mun hp khi
m khng phi d b thay th .
Cng ngh SBR
SBR ( Sequencing batch reactor ) Cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot bng cng
ngh phn ng sinh hc theo m, c gii thiu l Gii php x l nc thi t
hiu qu cao kt hp vi
Cng ngh x l nc thi SBR gm 2 cm b: cm b Selector v cm b C
tech, B SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) l b x l nc thi bng phng php
sinh hc theo quy trnh phn ng tng m lin tc. y l mt dng ca b
Aerotank. Nc c dn vo b Selector trc sau mi qua b C tech. B
Selector s c sc kh lin tc to iu kin cho qu trnh x l hiu kh din ra.
Nc sau c chuyn sang b C-tech. B SBR hot ng theo mt chu k tun
hon vi 5 pha bao gm: Lm y, sc kh, lng, rt nc v ngh. Mi bc lun
phin s c chn la k lng da trn hiu bit chuyn mn v cc phn ng
sinh hc. H thng SBR yu cu vn hnh theo chu k iu khin qu trnh x
l. Hot ng chu k kim sot ton b cc giai on ca chu k x l. Mi bc
lun phin s c chn la k lng da trn hiu bit chuyn mn v cc phn
ng sinh hc.

Quy trnh ca b SBR

Cc u im ca quy trnh x l ca cng ngh SBR:
Kt
cu
n
gin
v
bn
Hot
ng
d
dng
v
gim
i
hi
sc
Thit
k
chc
C th lp t tng phn v d dng m rng
Hiu
qu
x
l
cht

nhim
Cnh
tranh
gi
ci
t
v
vn
Kh
nng
kh
c
Nit
v
Photpho
n nh v linh hot bi thay i ti trng.

hn.
ngi.
chn.
thm.
cao.
hnh.
cao.

Tnh
linh
ng
trong
qu
trnh
x
l.
Cc iu kin ym kh trong giai on np nc thi v khuy trn s gip thc
hin
qu
trnh
kh
nitrate
v
phn
gii
photpho.
Trong giai on sc kh s thc hin qu trnh nitrate ha v qu trnh hp th
photpho
vo
sinh
khi.
Qu trnh x l photpho trong b SBR ph thuc nhiu vo lng cht hu c u
vo v lng nitrate c trong bn c gi li t chu trnh lm vic trc .
Cc qu trnh nitrate ha, kh nitrate v x l photpho u c lin quan cht ch

n
ti
lng
hu
c
thp
i
vi
h
thng
SBR.
Nu hm lng cht hu c u vo tng i n nh, th ti lng hu c s ph
thuc ln vo hm lng bn trong b phn ng.
Cng ngh MBR
Cng ngh x l nc thi s dng mng lc MBR l cng ngh hin i v c
s dng kh ph bin hin nay v nhng u im vt tri.
Cng ngh MBR l s kt hp ca c phng php sinh hc v l hc. Mi n v
MBR c cu to gm nhiu si rng lin kt vi nhau, mi si rng li cu to
ging nh mt mng lc vi cc l lc rt nh m mt s vi sinh khng c kh
nng xuyn qua. Cc n v MBR ny s lin kt vi nhau thnh nhng module
ln
hn
v
t
vo
cc
b
x
l.
C ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong cng ngh MBR cng tng t nh b bn
hot tnh hiu kh nhng thay v tch bn sinh hc bng cng ngh lng th cng
ngh MBR li tch bng mng. V kch thc l mng MBR rt nh (0.01 ~ 0.2
m) nn bn sinh hc s c gi li trong b, mt vi sinh cao v hiu sut x
l tng. Nc sch s bm ht sang b cha v thot ra ngoi m khng cn qua b
lng, lc v kh trng. My thi kh ngoi cung cp kh cho vi sinh hot ng cn
lm nhim v thi bung cc mng ny hn ch b nght mng.
Quy trnh x l b sinh hc bng mng MBR (Membrane Bio Reactor) c th loi
b cht nhim v vi sinh vt rt trit nn hin nay c xem l cng ngh trin
vng nht x l nc thi.
MBR l k thut mi x l nc thi kt hp qu trnh dng mng vi h thng b
sinh hc th ng bng quy trnh vn hnh SBR sc kh 3 ngn v cng ngh dng
chy gin on. MBR l s ci tin ca quy trnh x l bng bn hot tnh, trong
vic tch cn c thc hin khng cn n b lng bc 2.
Nh s dng mng, cc th cn c gi li trong b lc, gip cho nc sau x l
c th a sang cng on tip theo hoc x b / ti s dng c ngay.

B MBR
u im ca h thng x l nc thi bng mng lc sinh hc
MBR:
iu chnh hot ng sinh hc tt trong quy trnh x l nc thi
Cht lng u ra khng cn vi khun v mm bnh loi b tt c vi sinh vt c
kch
thc
cc
nh
nh:
Coliform,
E-Coli
Kch thc ca h thng x l nc thi bng mng lc sinh hc MBR nh hn
cng
ngh
truyn
thng
H thng x l nc thi tng hiu qu sinh hc 10 30%
Thi gian lu nc ca h thng x l nc thi ngn
Thi gian lu bn trong h thng x l nc thi di
Bn hot tnh tng 2 n 3 ln trong h thng x l nc bng mng MBR
Khng cn b lng th cp v b kh trng, tit kim c din tch h thng x l
nc
thi
D dng kim sot quy trnh iu khin t ng ca h thng

Cng ngh sinh hc tng trng dnh bm

B Bn Hot Tnh Vi Vi Sinh Vt Sinh Trng Dng Dnh Bm: Nguyn l hot
ng ca b ny tng t nh trng hp vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng ch
khc l vi sinh vt pht trin dnh bm trn vt liu tip xc t trong b.
Do c nhiu u im vt tri v hiu qu x l cng nh gim chi ph u t &
vn hnh nn hin nay, vic p dng cng ngh sinh hc tng trng dnh bm
ang c ng dng kh rng ri. Nm 2010, GREE pht trin v nng cp ci
tin thnh cng cng ngh dnh bm AFBR t cng ngh FBR.

nh minh ha
u im
H vi sinh cng sinh em li hiu qu x l tt.
Gim 30% th tch so vi cc cng ngh hin c gip gim din tch h thng,

gim
chi
ph
u
t
ban
u.
H thng sensor gip tit kim 40% in nng tiu th so vi cc h thng khc.
Cng ngh lc sinh hc (Trickling Filter)
B lc sinh hc trong x l nc thi l mt thit b phn ng sinh hc trong
cc vi sinh vt sinh trng c nh trn lp vt liu lc. B lc hin i bao gm
mt lp vt liu d thm nc vi vi sinh vt dnh kt trn . Nc thi i qua lp
vt liu ny s thm hoc nh git trn .
Vt liu lc thng l dm hoc hoc khi vt liu lc c hnh th khc nhau.
Nu vt liu lc l hoc si th kch thc ht dao ng trong khong 0,5 -2,5
m, trung bnh l 1,8 m. B lc vi vt liu l dm thng c dng trn. Nc
thi c phn phi trn lp vt liu lc nh b phn phn phi. B lc vi vt liu
lc l cht do c th c dng trn, vung, hoc nhiu dng khc vi chiu cao
bin i t 4 12 m. Ba loi vt liu bng cht do thng dng l (1) vt liu vi
dng chy thng ng, (2) Vt liu vi dng chy ngang, (3) vt liu a dng.
Cht hu c s b phn hu bi qun th vi sinh vt dnh kt trn lp vt liu lc.
Cc cht hu c c trong nc thi s b hp ph vo mng vi sinh vt dy 0,1
0,2 mm v b phn hu bi vi sinh vt hiu kh. Khi vi sinh vt sinh trng v pht
trin, b dy lp mng tng ln, do , oxy b tiu th trc khi khuch tn ht
chiu dy lp mng sinh vt. Nh vy, mi trng k kh c hnh thnh ngay st
b mt vt liu lc.
Khi chiu dy lp mng tng ln, qu trnh ng ho cht hu c xy ra trc khi
chng tip xc vi vi sinh vt gn b mt vt liu lc. Kt qu l vi sinh vt y
b phn hu ni bo, khng cn kh nng dnh bm ln b mt vt liu lc v b ra
tri.

B lc sinh hc
u im
Tit kim chi ph nhn cng (gim vic trng coi)
Tit kim nng lng (C th s dng cch thng gi t nhin)
3. X L S C
Whether or not you have a gift for being able to spot, identify, and correct
problems easily, careful observation, knowledge of your facility and equipment,
and logical analysis go a long way toward troubleshooting problems. As with any
skill, though, your abilities improve with practice and experience-these go hand in
hand with the operator's job. Troubleshooting is needed at some time or another in
every plant operation. So are math concepts, which is the topic of Chapter 4.
3.2 X l s c: Cc vn lin quan
Hiu sut ca h thng v thit b km c th do mt s yu t sau: thit k khng
y , khng kim sot c lng dng thi b iu ha (thng do nc thi
cng nghip c cht c), thit b b s c bt ng. Tuy nhin, theo cc nghin cu
gn y, hiu sut ca h thng km l do s hot ng, s bo tr km hoc s
qun l h thng km.
Mt s nghin cu cho thy rng, hiu sut km v s vi phm giy php c th
c gim ng k nu ngi qun l nh my c th pht hin c vn c th

pht trin, xc nh v nh gi nhng trng hp c kh nng. V nhanh chng

kim sot v thit lp nhng phng n phng. Trong thi gian ngn, mun
mt h thng vn hnh tt phi ra hng gii quyt v x l trit .
R rng, mt cu hi c t ra, l: x l s c l g? n gin, x l s c l
mt phng php gii quyt vn c h thng. Bc u tin trong x l s c l
xc nh chnh xc s c. Cng vic ny c cc thit b hoc cc n v x l
kim tra thc t.
Nh rng, bc x l u tin, phi m bo rng s c phi tn ti. Thng
thng, theo kinh nghim ca chng ti, khi c gi l vn , mt cuc kho
st cho thy, s c hoc trc trc phn ln l do li iu hnh h thng.
Quay tr li, trc khi x l s c c bt u, mt vn c tn ti-cn phi xc
nh nhng vn , s c khc. Mt khi c bt u, x l s c phi c hon
tt cho n khi vn c hon ton gii quyt. X l s c bao gm xc nh s
tn ti ca s c v phi ngn chn s c quay li. Ngi x l s c khng
nhng phi hiu v thit b hoc nhng n v x l ca h thng (bn mong ch
mt ngi th mc khc phc s c mt b phn ng nguyn t?), m cn phi
hiu mc ch ca x l s c (v mc ch ca h thng x l s c) l xc nh
ng s c mt cch nhanh chng v cch thc xc nh thc t v kinh t nht.
Lu : cng nhn rng, x l s c xc nh ti sao motor in thc t khng
hot ng l mt loi x l yu cu mt vi phng php tip cn c bn. Tuy
nhin, x l s c trong ngnh nc thi cn c mt vi phng php thch hp.
im ng ni l qu trnh x l s c him khi to ra mt cu tr li ng duy
nht.
Qu trnh x l s c ban u bt u vi ngi x l s c (bt k ai c kh
nng), ngi m quan tm n qu trnh v ngha ca vn gy ra s c. Trc
khi x l s c c bt u trong mt thi gian ngn nht, ngi x l s c phi
xc nh mt s th sau:
* Cc b ngt mch c m khng (hay ng)
* Cc cng tc vn hnh c v tr ph hp khng
* i vi bm, tt c cc van ht v x phi c m v nc phi c sn.
* Nhng du hiu b s c ca cc thit b khng r rng, nh thit b b kt, lng
lo, b hng, hoc b chy.
* Bulong phi c lp cht v khp vi nhau, nhng bulong v mt chui cc
bulong phi c sp xp v lp rp mt cch chnh xc.

Lun lun bt u x l s c vi nhng g n gin nht. Nu bn khng tm

c vn s c r rng th c gng bt u tm li nguyn nhn. Nu thit b
ng-ngt mch c m ngay khi bt u, th cn c mt s nghi ng v h thng
in.
Nu thit b hot ng trong thi gian ngn m c s c th c th l do dng
chy qu ti.
X l s c c bit c ngha vi nhng ngi vn hnh h thng x l nc thi
tm ra nhng vn gy nn s c, vi nhng du hiu nh cho thy c vn
, v vi nhng du hiu ca s c thng gp. Ngi vn hnh hc c cch
xc nh nguyn nhn gy nn nn vn cho h thng v thit b. Nhng vn
c th nhn c bng mt thng, nghe c, ngi c hay thm ch l cm
nhn c. X l s c thng c mt trc gic ca nh vn hnh h thng lin
quan n nhng cu hi nh vn l g, ti sao v x l nh th no.
Mt s nh vn hnh h thng c nhng s trng rt c bit trong x l s c v
vi tt c cc thit b cng nh cc n v x l m h gp. Mt cch khc x l
s c nhng rt kh hc l kinh nghim.
u tin, thc s hiu v x l s c, bn phi hiu c mc ch ca x l s
c. c bit, mc ch ch yu ca bt k qu trnh x l no phi c xc nh
chnh xc nguyn nhn gy ra s c. Ngoi mc ch trn, cn c mt s mc ch
khc nh:
* Ngn chn nhng s c tng t c th xy ra
* Ci thin ton b hiu sut ca h thng x l ca nh my
* Gim chi ph vn hnh v bo tr
3.3 NGI X L S C
Ngi x l s c trong mt nh my, ni g p vn v hiu sut x l km hoc
vi phm ch tiu nc thi u ra (giy php) l ngi iu hnh nh my.
Vai tr ca ngi x l s c, ngi vn hnh nh my v nhng thnh vin khc
trong ban qun l cng c th m ng vai tr. c th l nhng nh nghin
cu, nhng chuyn gia gii quyt s c, th c kh, nh lnh o, v nhng chuyn
gia phn tch (xem hnh 3.1).

Cng vic i vi nhng nh nghin cu l phn tch, kim tra, khm ph, tm
kim, nghin cu v tin hnh lm mt s kim tra (xem hnh 3.2)
Trong qu trnh x l s c, nhng nh nghin cu l nhng ngi c vai tr u
tin. Mt trong nhng cu hi tiu chun m chng ti lun hi khi mt nh my
gp s c l chuyn g xy ra?. Ngi x l s c c nhim v quan st
nhng g xy ra vi mt h thng hoc mt thit b. V d, mt thit b kim
sot mt motor in (ngi kim sot s bt u, s kt thc v quan st duy tr
motor) bt ng pht ra nhng ting n bt thng, sau khi pht ra. Bt k ai
ng gn ni xy ra s c, bt k ngi no chng kin s c u c th c
nhng thng tin hu ch v s c , c bit l nhng nh chuyn gia v in ca
nh my. S thc l bt k nhn vin k thut in no, ngi m m hp iu
khin h thng in, ngay lp tc nhn ra nhng b phn bn trong b nng chy s
nhanh chng nhn ra c nguyn nhn ca vn . Nu th in c gi ti sau
(khi khi v mi c gim bt) th mi ngi s bit c chuyn g xy
ra-ci g l nguyn nhn (khi, ting n, nhit , la, s rung ng hay bt k ci
g). Do , ngi th in s hi hng ngi chng kin (nu c ni xy ra s c)
chnh xc nhng g h thy, nghe v quan st c l nhng im quan
trng h tr cho ngi x l s c trong vic xc nh nhng yu t gy nn hoc
nhng s c do chnh n gy nn. Khi xc nh c nguyn nhn th vic x l
s c s tr nn d dng.

Hnh 3.1 Vai tr ca ngi x l s c

Hnh 3.2 Vai tr ca ngi x l s c nh mt chuyn gia kho st

i khi, x l s c khng cn thit. V d nh s c c qu nhiu si thanh
chn rc, nc tng cao. y l nhng s c n gin, thng thng. Ngi iu
hnh mi c th c o to (nn c o to) v gm nhng kin thc c sn
nhn ra vn gy nn s c v c th d dng x l (nn nh rng,
ngi iu hnh khng ch n thun l ngi iu hnh, m cn l ngi x l s
c). Trong trng hp c bit, ngi iu hnh/ngi x l s c s nhn ra du
hiu nhn bit s c ngay lp tc l tc dng chy thp qua thanh chn rc.
V x l s c ny, tc l tng dng chy ln bng cch dng t thanh chn rc
hn, s dng ng p lc cao gip dng chy tng tc . Nu khng khc phc
c s c th t nht phi nhn bit c s c, bit c nguyn nhn v lm bt
c iu g c th khc phc s c . Nu tt c cc bin php khc phc s c
u khng x l c s c th c mt cch n gin l gi cho gim cngi iu hnh nh my c h tr x l s c v gii quyt vn .
Nh ni trong hnh 3.2, cng vic kho st s c ch thuc v mt s b phn
hoc ca ngi c nhim v x l s c. Nh trong s c c qu nhiu si thanh

chn rc, v y l mt s c ht sc n gin nn khng cn mt chuyn gia x l

s c n xc nh nguyn nhn cung nh hng gi quyt.
Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c nhng s c u n gin nh s c trn. Ly v d
s c cht rn l lng c loi b km trong b lng. Vy nguyn nhn l do u?
xc nh c nguyn nhn, ngi vn hnh h thng khng ch tin hnh kho
st, m cn phi phn tch, tm kim v nghin cu v c th phi tin hnh mt s
kim tra th nghim xc nh nhng nguyn nhn c kh nng.
Trong trng hp ny-b lng loi b cht rn l lng km-c th l nhng nguyn
nhn sau:
* Dng chy vo qu ti
* Bn tch t trong b lm gim th tch ca cht rn l lng, khin cho cht rn l
lng trn ra khi b lng
* Dng tun hon qu mnh
* Gi
* Nhit hin ti
Bt k mt hoc nhiu nguyn nhn i vi nhau c th l nguyn nhn gy nn s
c cht rn l lng c loi b km. xc nh chnh xc nguyn nhn nn s
c, ngi vn hnh h thng phi tin hnh phn tch, kim tra, tm kim (s c
xy ra trc phi khng? Nu vy th nguyn nhn l g?), nghin cu v/hoc
tin hnh mt vi th nghim. Nu s c tng t tng xy ra th ngi vn
hnh h thng, v d, c th bit c nguyn nhn tin hnh kim tra.
Trong trng hp ny, ngi iu hnh h thng (ngi x l s c) nn kim tra
hoc theo di dng chy, bm, nng bn, hiu sut dng tun hon, kim tra
mu v dng thi vo, kim tra v theo di hng gi v/hoc c nhit hin ti.
Nu nguyn nhn gy nn s c l do dng thi vo qu ti th ngi iu hnh h
thng kim tra lu lng dng chy v phi s dng tt c cc b, chn dng chy
vo tng thi gian lu, hoc them nhng cht kt bng, keo t vo.
Nu nguyn nhn gy nn s c l do bn tch t trong b th ngi iu hnh h
thng nn kim tra li bm v nng bn. Nn theo di nng bn v t nhiu
bm hn.

Nu nguyn nhn gy nn s c l do dng tun hon qu mnh th ngi iu

hnh h thng nn kim tra cht lng dng tun hon v gim dng tun hon li.
Nu nguyn nhn l do dng thi vo th ngi iu hnh h thng nn ly mu
dng thi vo , tin hnh phn tch/kim tra. Nu pht hin bt k cht gy
nhim trong mu nc thi th cn phi xc nh ngun gc v phi xc nh v
hn ch cht gy nhim .
Nu nguyn nhn l do gi th c th khc phc s c bng cch lp t thm cc
thanh chn gi.
Nu nguyn nhn l do nhit th nn theo di nhit v loi b dng nc
ma.
R rng, t nhng v d trn, khng phi lc no cng dng nhng thit b in t
nhn bit v gii quyt s c. M nhn bit s c cng nh gii quyt s c
th i hi phi c nhiu thi gian, kin nhn, kinh nghim, trc gic nhng quan
trng nht vn l k nng.
gii quyt s c mt cch chnh xc v hiu qu th nn lm theo nhng bc
sau:
(1) t ra nhng cu hi
(2) So snh nhng d liu vn hnh trong qu kh v hin ti
(3) Quan st quy trnh hot ng
(4) Xc nh yu cu d liu b sung
(5) Kim tra h thng vn hnh nhng nh my tng t
(6) Xc minh tnh hp l ca d liu sn c
gii quyt s c, ngi vn hnh h thng nn:
(1) Phn tch d liu
(2) a ra nhng nguyn nhn c th
(3) Xc nh nhng hng khc phc s c
(4) u tin hng gii quyt tt nht
(5) Tin hnh x l s c
(6) S gii hn ca tc nhn vt l v ha hc ti hng khc phc s c ca nh
my
(7) Khuyn khch nhn vin iu hnh vo vic khc phc s c
(8) Vn gii hn v ti chnh cn c xem xt khi tin hnh khc phc s c.

3.4 CC BC TIN HNH X L S C

L do nhng ngi x l s c trong ngnh x l nc thi thng lp ra nhng
bc x l s c l h tr h trong vic x l s c nhanh chng hn. Cc bc
x l nc thi trong cc nh my khc nhau l khng ging nhau, xy dng cc
bc x l s c da trn trc gic v kinh nghim. Tuy nhin, 14 bc c ni
di y c thc hin rt hiu qu (lu : mt vi bc c th c thc hin
nhng thi im nh nhau)
(1) Nhn bit s tn ti ca s c
(2) Kim tra, nh gi ht tt c d liu c
(3) nh gi h thng vn hnh hin ti ca nh my
(4) Quyt nh thng tin cn thit
(5) Thu thp d liu b sung
(6) Kim tra qu trnh vn hnh bng cch tin hnh sa i v quan st kt qu
(7) Xc nh nhng nguyn nhn c th v a ra hng gii quyt ti u
(8) iu chnh li quyt nh
(9) Xy dng nhng phng n gii quyt s c.
(10) u tin nhng phng n thay th (u tin da trn kh nng thnh cng ca
hng gii quyt s c , chi ph)
(11) Xc nh chnh xc hng gii quyt
(12) Xc nh nhng hng gii quyt c th thay th c (bc ny c th c
lp li nhiu ln)
(13) Quan st kt qu ca hng gii quyt c thay th (v d nh quan st cht
lng dng thi ra, hiu sut ca qu trnh x l, s thay i cu kt qu tnh ton
v kim tra s vn hnh ca h thng, chi ph vn hnh)
(14) Trong thi gian hon thnh d n, c th c nhiu gii lu di cho s c (nh
thm cc cht ha hc, ci thin qu trnh bo dng, thay i thit k). Tip tc
theo di kt qu. D liu v hng gii quyt s c v kt qu s c gi li cho
nhng s c trong tng lai c th xy ra.
Chng ti tng nghe mt cu ni a Khi no nghi ng, hy c hng dn.
Ngun thng tin xc thc c th c trong s tay hng dn k thut thit b ca
nhng nh my x l nc thi. Nhng cng ty thit k k thut thng cung cp
s tay vn hnh k thut v Quy trnh vn hnh tiu chun (SOPs); l nhng
ngun thng tin hu ch trong vic x l s c.
i khi, ngay c nhng ngi c kh nng nht cng khng th gii quyt hon
ton s c. Khi trng hp ny xy ra, nn tm kim s h tr t bn ngoi. Nhiu

ngun h tr lun c sn. V d, B y t, S Cht lng Mi trng, cc trng

cao ng v i hc, chuyn gia t vn v nhiu ngun khc.
3.5 AN TON TRONG X L S C
X l s c vi bt k thit b no v/hoc mt s n v x l trong h thng m
khng quan tm n s an ton l khng c (c th nh hng ti tnh mng).
Trc khi lm vic vi bt k thit b hay h thng my mc no, ngi x l s
c phi m bo chc chn rng thit b c kha.
m bo thit b/cc n v x l ca h thng c kha, ngi x l s c
nn tin hnh mt quy trnh kha cc thit b/cc n v x l ca h thng. Nhng
quy trnh kha chung c thc hin mt cch logic nhm m bo s an ton cho
ngi x l s c.
Trc khi bt u cng vic x l s c, ngi x l s c phi lm nhng bc
sau:
(1) Thng bo cho ngi gim st h thng v ngi gim st bo tr h thng
(2) t cc cng tc chnh, van hoc cu giao v v tr tt, ng hoc an ton
(3) Kim tra hoc th nghim chc chn rng cc nt iu khin c xc
nh v v hiu ho.
Lu : Sau khi kha hoc tt ht cc thit b hoc my mc, trc khi bt u x l
s c, hy th m thit b hoc my mc ln. Nu n vn cn hot ng th r
rng l thit b hay my mc cha c kha mt cch hp l.
(4) Cn phi c mt ci van kha sn sng ngt in bt c lc no. Nu thit b
in khng th s dng c van kha th ngi th in hoc ngi c trnh
chuyn mn nn s dng mt ci cu ch (hoc tt hn l ngt kt ni hon ton
cc ng dn ni vi thit b)
(5) Mt ghi ch phi c gn vi cng tc, van, hoc cu giao. Ci th ny phi
c tn, b phn phng ban, v s in thoi ca nhn vin thc hin cng vic.
(6) Khi my mc hoc thit b ph tr c ngun in ring bit khc cung cp
in th nhng my mc hay thit b ny cng c kha v gn th ngn chn
bt k nhng mi nguy him do s hot ng ca thit b hoc do s tip xc vi
mch in chnh gy ra.
(7) Khi thit b hay h thng c ngun nc hoc kh nn, p sut trong ng ng
(hoc tch t li) phi c gim bt. Nu nhng ci van h tr p lc khng c

lp t th nhng thit b ny phi c quay vng cho n khi p sut mt hn

c m hoc c ngng kt kt ni.
(8) Khi cc yu t nh v tr lp t, ma xun, trng lng i ng l nguyn
nhn to nn nhng ngun nng lng tim nng hoc c d tr th nn t thit
b v tr cui cng (hoc gn v tr cui cng) hoc phi c chn ngn chn
s ly chuyn sang vng khc.
Khi cng vic c nhiu ngi, nhng nhn vin thm vo phi gn th v kha khi
bo co cng vic. Khi nhng nh thu bn ngoi c lin quan n.
MLSS trong x l nc thi l g?
MLSS rt quan trng trong vic thit k h thng x l nc thi nm vng c
MLSS l g bn s gip bn rt ngn thi gian thit k.
MLSS l thut ng trong ngnh mi trng, l ch s th tch cht rn l lng c
trong b bn hot tnh.
tnh c MLSS b bn x l hiu kh bao nhiu, bn ly 1 lt nc thi trong
b hiu kh ri lc qua giy lc thu bn c trong nc thi, sy kh nhit
105 C ri em i cn s c hm lng bn hot tnh l lng (MLSS), MLSS
c biu th bng mg/l.
Nng bn ht bng 70% ca MLSS k hiu l X khi tnh ton b Aerotank X
nm khong 800 - 4000 mg/l - trong thit k b Aerotank trn hon chnh thng
chn 3000 mg/l - 3500.
C th gi mlss l SS b sinh hc hiu kh
MLVSS: Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solid
MLSS: Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid
TSS: Total Suspended Solid
TVS: Total Volatile Solid
SS: Suspended Solid
TDS: Total Dissolved Solid
. MI LIN H GIA 2 CNG THC TINH.

* Cng thc tnh F/M theo BOD

F/M = (BOD5 x Q)/(0,8 x MLSS x V) (1) (tham

khohttp://www.ecoworld.com.vn/ViewOtherNews/523/cong-thuc-tinh-ty-le-f-&m.html&lang=vn)

* Cng thc tnh F/M theo COD

F/M = (COD x Q)/(MLSS x V) (2)

Theo l thuyt ta c:

BOD5/COD = 0,5 n 0,75 (thm ch m t s loi nc thi khc, t l

BOD5/COD = 0,3 n 0,4).

Trong thc t, ch s COD (c o trong thi gian khong 2 ting) nn kim sot
h thng m t cch nhanh chng.Ngc li thi gian o BOD th mt thi gian t 3
n 5 ngy. V th khi tnh F/M ngi ta thng chn t l BOD5/COD = 0,8 (Ni
cch khc hai t s BOD5/COD = MLVSS/MLSS xp x bng nhau).

Khi cng thc (1) s nh sau:

F/M = (BOD5 x Q)/(0,8 x MLSS x V) = (0,8 x COD x Q)/(0,8 x MLSS x V)

= (COD x Q)/(MLSS x V).

Kt lu n: Cng thc (1) v (2) ch tng ng vi nhau khi t l BOD/COD =

0.8. Tuy nhin, trn thc t th t l ny khng t c nh vy.

2. KT QUA TINH TON GIA 2 CNG THC V VI DU:

Tm gi tri F/M khi bit cc thng s sau:
Lu lng nc thi vo b Aerotank, Q = 900 m3/day.
COD vo = 1200 mg/L
MLVSS/MLSS = 0,8. MLSS = 2.100 mg/L
Th tch b Aerotank, V = 1.800m3.

Gii php:
* Tnh ton: Trng hp BOD/COD = 0,5
T cng thc 1, ta c
F/M = (BOD5 x Q)/(0,8 x MLSS x V) = (0,5 x 1200 x 900)/(0,8 x 2100 x 1800)=
0,18 (thp)

T cng thc 2, ta c
F/M = (COD x Q)/(MLSS x V) = (1200 x 900)/(2100 x 1800) = 0,29 (cao)

* Tnh ton: Trng hp BOD/COD = 0,8

T cng thc 1, ta c
F/M = (BOD5 x Q)/(0,8 x MLSS x V) = (0,8 x 1200 x 900)/(0,8 x 2100 x 1800)=
0,29

T cng thc 2, ta c

F/M = (COD x Q)/(MLSS x V) = (1200 x 900)/(2100 x 1800) = 0,29

Ghi chu:
MLVSS/MLSS = 0,65 - 0,85 (vui lng tham kho ti
link:http://www.ecoworld.com.vn/ViewOtherNews/562/cong-thuc-tinh-chat-ranlo-lung-trong-hon-hop-de-bay-hoi-%28mlvss%29.html&lang=vn)

BOD5/COD = 0,5 n 0,75 (thm ch m t s loi nc thi khc, t l

BOD5/COD = 0,3 n 0,4)

F/M l t s thc n (BOD) cung cp mi ngy cho khi lng vi sinh v t trong b
Aerotank. V th T s F/M cho h thng s c ngi v n hnh iu chnh cho
n khi tm ra thy m t gi tr m ti v n hnh H thng n nh nht.

Kt lu n: Thc t cng thc tnh ton F/M trn BOD l ph hp.

Tnh ch s th tch bn (SVI) v ng dng ca n

Ch s th tch bn ho c SVI ca m t quy trnh bn hot tnh hay c s dng
o c tnh ca bn lng (tnh bng milliliters trn gram) ca hn hp bn v nc
ho c bn hot tnh.
Ch s SVI l th tch ca cht rn lng hn hp chia cho nng ca cht rn hn
hp
Th tch 1 L ca cht rn hn hp lng trong 30 pht trong m t bnh ng tr c
dung tch 1 L tiu biu c hay dng xc c9i5nh SVI. Th tch cht rn sau
lng (tnh bng milliter) chia cho nng cht rn l lng ca hn hp (tnh bng
g/L) xc nh c SVI (phng trnh I.11). Bi v nh ngha ca SVI yu cu
n v tnh bng millitier trn gram, milligaram phi chuyn i thnh gram.

SVI = [th tch cht rn (ml) lng sau 30phut/nng cht rn l lng ca
hn hp (g/L)] (I.11)
V d tnh SVI
Khi bit:
- SV30 = 350 ml/L
- MLSS = 3.000 mg/L
Tnh: SVI

ng dng ca ch s SVI:
Sau khi c c ch s SVI, da vo gi tr SVI m ta c th "chun on bnh"
ca bn b hiu kh:
SVI < 100: Bn gi; c th trn b mt s c bn nh nh u mi kim; u ra s
b c.
100 < SVI < 250: Bn hot ng tt, lng tt, u ra t c. Tuy nhin thng
thng, SVI t 100 - 120 l tt nht.
SVI > 250: Bn kh lng; u ra c.
Sau khi bit c "bnh" ca bn th vi tng trng hp ring l s c cch x l
ph hp.

Cu hi s 31. kim sot v v n hnh quy trnh bn hot tnh, chung ta

cn c bi n php g?
* Cht thi l bn hot tnh. Bn hot tnh d qu nhiu l do s sn sinh t b
lng th cp phi c loi b, thng l do ng hi lu bn hot tnh. Bn hot
tnh thi (waste activated sludge) (WAS) c x thi b ho c t b lng s cp
ho c l t b nn bn (sludge thickeners). Rt hn hp bn lng trc tip t b
hiu kh ho c t dng thi u ra ca b l m t gii php thay th cho bn thi.
Lng WAS c loi b nh hng n tnh lng ca hn hp bn lng, tiu th
oxy, tc tng trng ca vi sinh v t, lng cht dinh dng, lm bt u xut
hi n ni bt vo v cht lng u ra ca s trng bn (bung bn) (sludge
bulking) v tnh kh thi ca nitrat ha.
Mc ch ca WAS l duy tr m t t l thc n cho vi sinh v t ho c thi gian c
tr ca t bo trung gian ca h thng. Ch nn loi b lng vi sinh tng trng
vt qu t l vi sinh v t b cht.
Bn thi c thc hi n trn c s gin on ho c lin tc. Cc thng s c
dng hng dn kim sot bn hot tnh l t l F/M, thi gian c tr t bo
trung gian (MCRT), MLVSS v tui bn.
* Tc lu lng bn tun hon (RAS). RAS ti m t lu lng dng chy
khng thay i, ph thu c vo tc dng chy u vo ca b v s thay i
MLSS lin tc trong b. Nng MLSS t mc ti a trong sut lu lng
dng chy u vo thp v t mc ti a trong sut lu lng dng chy u
vo t nh.
B lng th cp phi lin tc thay i su tng bn k kh (sludge blanket).
duy tr t l F/M tt, cn nn l p trnh m t chng trnh kim sot duy tr hng
s phn trm ca m t lu lng RAS i vi lu lng u vo RAS. Tuy nhin,
thay i bt k cht lng bn hot tnh s yu cu m t t l dng RAS khc nhau
bi v lm thay i c tnh ca bn hot tnh.
Mi lin quan gia nng ti a RAS (Xr) v SVI c tnh t phng trnh
(6.69); lc nng ti a RAS ta s dng th tch bn lng SV30 = 1.000 mL/L
HRT = V/Q (6.69)
Vi
HRT = thi gian lu thy lc (ngy)
V = th tch b hiu kh (m3)
Q = lu lng nc thi u vo (m3/ngy)

Nng cht rn l lng trong RAS c tnh theo cng thc:

Xr = (SV30 x 1,000 mg/g)/(SVI) = (1,000 mL/L x 1,000 mg/g)/(SVI mL/g)
Xr = 106/SVI (mg/L)
1. QU TRINH THAI BUN HOAT TINH RA KHOI H THNG
(wasting active sludge) (WAS)
Lng bn cn thi b c tch ly t hai ngun: Cht rn l lng trong nc thi
u vo v lng bn c tng thm trong b Aerotank do s sinh trng ca vi
sinh v t. Mi 1 kg BOD c phn hy s sinh ra khong 0,15 kg bn hot tnh.
V v y, lu lng bn hot tnh thi ra ph thu c trc tip vo ti lng cht thi
i vo h thng (Qin, CODin). Nu ti lng cht thi i vo tng th lng bn thi
ra cng tng v ngc li. Lng bn thi ra c biu din qua thi gian x bn
sang b phn hy bn.
Khi Nh v n hnh pht hi n s thay i v ti lng cht thi i vo h thng th
thay i tng ho c gim thi gian x bn cho ph hp. Nhng c gng khng thay
i lng bn thi hn 10% t ngy hm trc so vi ngy hm sau. Nh v n
hnh phi iu khin qu trnh thi bn hot tnh phi sao cho duy tr hm lng
MLSS thch hp trong b Aerotank. Mc ch chnh l duy tr t s F/M v tui bn
n nh to dng ra tt nht.
2. XC INH THI GIAN HI LU BUN T B LNG V B
AEROTANK (B VI SINH) (return active sludge) (RAS)
Hn hp bn hot tnh nc thi x l c chy lin tc sang b lng. b
li bn hot tnh ra khi b Aerotank ny cn phi hi lu bn t b lng quay tr
v b Aerotank m bo nng bn hot tnh MLSS cho vi c x l cht
thi lin tc i vo h thng cng dng vo. Lu lng bn hi lu cng ph
thu c trc tip vo ti lng cht thi i vo b Aerotank. V v y ngi v n hnh
phi thng xuyn theo di ti lng cht thi i vo b Aerotank. V v y ngi
v n hnh phi thng xuyn theo di ti lng cht thi vo h thng (Qin, CODin)
iu chnh thi gian hi lu bn cho ph hp. Mc ch chnh l m bo
MLSS trong b Aerotank duy tr t s F/M n nh.
Ta c: F/M = (Qin x CODin x 0.7)/ (MLSS x Vaerotank) = 0.1 - 0.2
Nh v y gi c gi tr F/M n nh:

1. Khi (Qin x CODin) tng th MLSS cng phi tng nn phi tng thi gian hi lu
bn.
2. Khi (Qin x CODin) gim th MLSS cng phi tng nn phi gim thi gian hi
lu bn.
Ghi chu: Khng bao gi thay i thi gian bm bun hi lu qua 10% so vi ngy
trc .
Ngoi ra c th dng cng thc nhanh tnh ton bn hi lu.
- Lng nc thi: Qv m3/ngy.
- T s bn hi lu (R) = S mL cht rn sau lng 30 pht/ s mL nc trong.
- Lu lng bn hi lu: Qv x R
Ghi chu: Cng thc ny dung tnh toan nhanh v mang tnh cht tham kho.
Lng bun hi lu cn c xac nh da vo t s F/M.
CC S C V BN VI SINH V CCH KHC PHC
Nhm mang li hiu qu cho cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng bn hot
tnh, Cng ty mi trng Ngn Khoa xin trnh by bi vit v cc s c v
cch khc phc cc s c bn hot tnh trong h thng x l sinh hc.?
Nhm mang li hiu qu cho cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng bn hot tnh,
Cng ty mi trng Ngn Khoa xin trnh by bi vit v cc s c v cch khc
phc cc s c bn hot tnh trong h thng x l sinh hc.
1. Bung bn
Nguyn nhn:
- Nhng vi sinh vt si bnh trng khi bng bn, ch s SVI > 100
- DO thp, pH thp( pH < 6) nn c ch vi khun hnh thnh bng bn, to iu
kin thun li cho vi sinh dng si pht trin.
- Cht dinh dng khng cn bng

Cac khc phc:

- iu chnh cn bng cht dinh dng t l BOD so vi cht dinh dng
khng hn 100mg/l BOD : 5mg/l tng Nit : 1mg/l Photpho : 0,5 mg/l st.
- Thm 10- 50 mg/l clo hoc 50-200 mg/l hydrogen peroxide cho n kh SVI
xung di 150
- iu chnh thi gian lu bn
- Tng t l tun hon bn
- Nng DO trong b hiu kh ln hn 1mg/l
- Nng pH n 7
2. Ln bn
- Nguyn nhn: Vic kh nitrate qu mc lm thiu oxy, trong b lng t hai to
ra nhng bng kh nit bm dnh vi nhng bng bn hot tnh v ni ln trn b
mt b lng.
- Cach khc phc:
- Kim tra nng nitrate trong nc thi u vo ca b lng.
+ Tng t l bn tun hon
+ Tng DO trong b hiu kh
+ Gim SRT
3. Bt v vng
Nguyn nhn: Nc thi cha nhiu cht hot ng b mt
Cach khc phc:
- Kim tra h thng tun hon bn
- Tt sc kh b vi sinh hiu kh v my khuy ti b vi sinh thiu kh

- F/M cao
- Bt loi 2: bt c mu trng/nu. b vi sinh lng khuy 45pht ti 1 ting
sau bm nc sau lng.

4. Bn min, lng chm, nc thi sau 30 phut c mu vng

Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng bun mn, lng chm:
Bn vi sinh hot tnh (bn mn) do vi sinh vt thiu thc n (cht hu c). Vi sinh
vt thiu thc n nn bn vi sinh khng pht trin, bn rt mn.
Cach khc phc hin tng bun mn, lng chm:
Tng ti lng (lng thc n) cho vi sinh vt bng cch:
Tng lu lng nc cn x l
B sung thm cc cht hu c t nhin cho vi sinh vt pht trin
5. Bt mu trng, ni bt to c bn trn b mt cc bt ni, bn mu nu
en
Nguyn nhn: Vi sinh vt b cht, lng vi sinh vt ny tit ra cc cht nng, hnh
thnh cc bt kh trn b mt, bn vi sinh hot tnh b cht s bm ln cc bt khi
.
Cac khc phc: Tt sc kh lng 1 ting, tin hnh bm nc thi ra. Bm nc
thi sch vo b Aerotank sc kh 30 pht v lng, tip tc bm ra.

6. Bn vn cc
Nguyn nhn: Bn lu trong b lng qu lu v xy ra hin tng kh nitrat ha.
Kh Nit tch t trong bn v y bn ni ln trn b mt.
Cach khc phc: Tng lng bn tun hon, iu chnh thi gian lu bn.

1. S c ni bt trng
c im: Bt to, ni nhiu tng dn ti y mt b. Khi ngi vn hnh
phi kim tra tnh cht nc thi u vo.
Nguyn nhn: Lng vi sinh hot tnh trong b x l hiu kh qu t (di 10%
tng ng MLSS < 1000mg/lt. Do nng cht hu c trong b x l sinh
hc hiu kh cao (gi tr COD trong b vi sinh hot tnh vt qu kh nng x l
ca vi sinh vt hiu kh rt nhiu ln (COD>1200mg/lt) COD 800 1000 vi sinh
hiu kh b sc)
Khc phc: Nc thi cha nhiu cht hot ng b mt (bt trng ni nh bt
x phng) ta sc kh, khuy u 30 pht 1 ting th bt s gim dn ri ht,

thng th pH ca nc thi cao 8. S c ny cn kim tra tnh cht nc thi u

vo, iu chnh pH gim xung thch hp vi qu trnh x l sinh hc, hoc s
dng ha cht ph bt (hn ch s dng do gi thnh cao). Bn cn b xung thm
lng vi sinh vt trong b bng cch mua thm bn vi sinh
2. S c bt mu trng ni bt to c bn trn b mt cc bt ni, bn mu nu
en
Nguyn nhn: Vi sinh vt b cht, lng vi sinh vt ny tit ra cc cht nng,
hnh thnh cc bt kh trn b mt, bn vi sinh hot tnh b cht s bm ln cc bt
kh .
Cch khc phc: ngay lp tc tin hnh cu lng vi sinh hot tnh cn li trong
b sinh hc hiu kh bng cch: tt sc kh lng 1 ting, tin hnh bm nc thi
ra (c ch vi sinh vt). Tin hnh bm nc thi sch vo b Aerotank sc kh 30
pht v lng, tip tc bm nc ra.
3. S c bn min, bn lng chm, nc thi sau lng 30 phut c mu vng
Nguyn nhn: Bn vi sinh hot tnh b mt hot tnh (bn mn) do vi sinh vt
thiu thc n (cht hu c). Vi sinh vt thiu thc n nn bn vi sinh khng pht
trin, bn rt mn.
Cch khc phc: Tng ti lng (lng thc n) cho vi sinh vt bng cch:
+ Tng lu lng nc cn x l
+ B xung thm cc cht hu c t nhin cho vi sinh vt pht trin hy lin lc vi
chng ti c t vn chi tit v loi cht dinh dng v loi cht sinh dng
b sinh cho vi sinh vt.
4. Hin tng bn ni trong b lng:
c im:bn ti b lng ni ln tng tng hoc ni ln tng cc c mu en
hoc mu nu. Bn ni tri ln theo dng nc u ra v lm mt bn.
Nguyn nhn: Trong nc thi cha nhiu vi sinh vt Nitrosomonat v
Nitrosbacto oxy ha Amoni thnh Nitrat, khi bn vi sinh qua b lng, bn lng
di y b lng. Khi bn lng li vi sinh vt tiu th ht lng DO trong dng
nc thi khi vi sinh vt b thiu kh.
S tiu th lng oxy trong NO3 (kh Nitrat to thnh kh Nito trong bng bn,
lc ny bng bn tr nn nh hn nc v ni ln trn b mt b lng (hin tng
bn ni). Cc yu t dn ti bn b ni trn b mt b lng.
+ Thi gian lu bn lu
+ Nitrat tn ti nhiu trong nc thi sau b Aerotank
+ Lng COD sau x l Aerotank cn.
Cch khc phc:Phng n khc phc tm thi l khng bn nm trong b
lng lu, bng cch tng lng bn tun hon, hn ch cc vng cht (bn khng
c bm v, sau bn, ngi vn hnh hy kim tra tnh cht ca nc thi u
vo, kim tra hiu qu x l Nitrat (kh Nitrat) ti b vi sinh