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Chương 1 thầy quang 1 PDF
Chương 1 thầy quang 1 PDF
NG HC CHT IM
I. Khi nim m u:
1. Chuyn ng: chuyn ng ca mt vt l s chuyn di v tr ca vt
trong khng gian theo thi gian
2. H qui chiu: vt hay h vt c quy c ng yn khi nghin cu chuyn
ng ca cc vt khc gi l HQC.
3. Cht im: l vt m kch thc rt nh so vi khong cch v kch thc
ca cc vt khc trong bi ton kho st.
Mt tp hp cht im gi l h cht im. Vt rn l mt h cht im
trong khong cch gia cc cht im ca h khng thay i.
II. V tr cht im:
1. Vec t v tr: xc nh v tr cht im, ngi ta gn vo HQC mt h ta
.
r r (t )
Pt ny biu din v tr cht im theo thi gian gi l pt chuyn ng ca cht
im
x x(t )
y y (t )
z z (t )
3. Qu o v PT qu o:
Qu o l ng cht im vch ra trong khng gian khi chuyn ng.
PT m t ng cong qu o gi l phng trnh qu o:
f (x, y, z) = C
III. Vn tc:
Xt cht im chuyn ng trn ng cong (C), gi s trong khong thi
gian t cht im i c qung ng s, vn tc trung bnh k hiu:
s
vtb
t
Vn tc tc thi:
s ds
v lim t 0
t dt
v > 0 cht im chuyn ng theo chiu dng qu o
v < 0 cht im chuyn ng theo chiu ngc li
c trng y c phng, chiu v nhanh chm ca chuyn ng
ngi ta a ra mt i lng vecto gi l vecto vn tc.
ds
v
dt
Vecto vn tc ti M l vecto v c phng tip tuyn vi qu o ti M, c
chiu theo chiu chuyn ng v c ln bng tr tuyt i ca v
d s d r dx dy
dz
v
i
j k vx i v y j vz k
dr dr dt
dt
dt
v vx2 v y2 vz2
IV. Gia tc:
Gi s sau khong thi gian t, vn tc thay i mt lng l
bnh l:
v
atb
t
Gia tc tc thi:
a lim t 0
v d v
t dt
, gia tc trung
Trong h ta Descartes:
dv y
dvx
dvz
a
i
j
k
dt
dt
dt
2
2
2
d x d y
d z
2 i 2 j 2 k
dt
dt
dt
ax i a y j az k
a a a a
2
x
2
y
2
z
a at an
dv
at
dt
v2
an
R
a a a
2
t
2
n
Mt s trng hp c bit:
- a n 0 vecto vn tc khng thay i phng, cht im chuyn ng thng
- a t 0 vecto vn tc khng thay i ln, cht im chuyn ng cong u
- a 0 vecto vn tc khng thay i phng, chiu v ln cht im
chuyn ng thng u.
VI. Mt s chuyn ng n gin ca cht im
1. Chuyn ng thng: Qu o l ng thng: a n 0 a a t
a) Chuyn ng thng u: at = 0 v = const
s
ds
v ds vdt s vt vo
dt
so
0
dv
a at
dv adt v at v0 (1)
dt
v0
0
s
ds
1 2
v
ds (at v0 )dt s at v0t s0 (2)
dt
2
s0
0
Kh t trong (1) v (2) ta c: v2 v02 2a(s s0 )
2) Chuyn ng trn: trong chuyn ng trn, ta cn dng vn tc gc v gia
tc gc c trng cho chuyn ng.
a. Vn tc gc: Gi thit qu o l ng trn tm O, bn knh R. Trong
khong thi gian t, cht im i c qung ng s ng vi gc quay
. Vn tc gc trung bnh l:
R
s
tb
O
t
Vn tc gc:
d
lim t 0
dt
Ta c
ds
d
v
R
R
dt
dt
v R
v
an
R 2
R
tb
t
t
dt
R
Gia tc gc : lim t 0
R
at
Vecto gia tc gc c:
at
- Phng nm trn trc ca qu o trn
- Cng chiu vi vecto vn tc gc khi chuyn ng nhanh dn, ngc chiu
vi vecto vn tc gc khi chuyn ng chm dn
- C gi tr bng
dv d ( R )
d
at
R
R
dt
dt
dt
t 0
1 2
t 0 t 0
2
2
2
0 2 ( 0 )
dv
a const, a
d v adt v at v0
dt
0
v0
r
dr
1 2
v
d r vdt r at v0t r0
dt
2
0
r0
1 2
a g r gt v0t r0
2
1 2
r0 0 r gt v0t (3)
2
Hnh chiu ca (3) ln hai trc Ox v Oy l
1 2
y 2 gt (v0 sin ) t (6)
hmax
v0
O
x
cao cc i ca vin n:
v gt v0
Ti cao cc i th:
v0 sin
v y 0 gt v0 sin 0 t
g
2
hmax
2 g
2g
g
Tm xa ca vin n:
g
g
g
Vy tm xa cc i khi = 450
dt
dt
dt
r0
v v ' V
d v d v ' dV
dt
dt
dt
a a' A
v, v ' l vn tc i vi K v K , a, a '
A l gia tc ca K i vi K
y
X
l gia tc i vi K v K
VIII. Th nguyn
Mun nh ngha tt c cc n v vt l ngi ta ch cn chn trc mt s
n v gi l n v c bn- cc n v khc suy ra t n v c bn gi l n
v dn xut.
H n v c bn (h SI)
- di: met (m)
- Khi lng: kilogam (kg)
- Thi gian: giy (s)
Th nguyn ca mt i lng l quy lut nu ln s ph thuc ca n v o
i lng vo cc n v c bn.
thetich do dai
do di L
thoi gian T
khoi luong M
Vy:
van toc LT
2
gia toc LT
Trc nghim:
1. Xc nh Q ca cht im, bit PT chuyn ng: x = 4e2t ; y = 5e-2t ; z = 0
a) ng sin b) hyperbol c) ellipe
d) ng trn
2. Mt cht im chuyn ng trong mp xOy theo quy lut x = bsint v y =
b(1 cost). Trong b, l cc hng s dng. C ca cht im l:
a) Trn u b) thng u c) trn nhanh dn u d) trn chm dn u
3. Cht im chuyn ng dc theo chiu dng ca trc Ox, vi vn tc ph
thuc ta x theo quy lut: v b x . Lc t =0, cht im gc ta . Xc
nh vn tc ca cht im theo thi gian t:
a) v bt
b 2t
b) v
4
b 2t
c) v
2
b 2t 2
d )v
4
4. Chuyn ng ca cht im ca cu 3 l:
a) C u
b) C nhanh dn u
c) C chm dn u d) C c gia tc bin i theo thi gian
a) v i (3 3 4) j b) v (1 3 3)i 2 j c) v 5i (4 3 3) j d ) v 4i 8 j
6. t chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u, ln lt i qua A, B vi vn tc vA =
1m/s; vB = 9m/s. Vn tc trung bnh ca t trn qung ng AB l
a) 5m/s
b) 4m/s
c) 6m/s d) cha s liu tnh
7. T cao 20m so vi mt t, ngi ta nm thng ng mt vt A vi vn
tc v0 , ng thi th ri t do vt B. B qua sc cn KK. Tnh v0 vt A ri
xung t chm hn 1s so vi B. Ly g =10m/s2
a) 8,3 m/s
b) 9 m/s
c) 10 m/s
d) 5m/s
8. Cht im C thng vi vn tc bin i theo quy lut v = v0 kt2 vi v0 , k
l cc hng s dng. Xc nh qung ng cht im i k t lc t = 0
n khi dng li v0
2v0 v0
v0 v0
4v0 v0
a ) s v0
b) s
c) s
d)s
b) vtb
c) vtb
vtb
a) an 0
b) an g
c) an
gt
g t v
2 2
2
0
d ) an
gv0
g t v
2 2
2
0
a) 2(m / s 2 )
b) 4s / R (m / s 2 )
c)1/ s (m / s 2 )
d )8(m / s 2 )
v(cm / s)
30
7,5
1 2,5
20
5 6,5
t (s)
s
R
l:
R
R
a ) v v0 e
b) v v0e
c ) v v0 ln
d ) v v0 ln
R
a)
v0
R
2
b) 1 e
v0
R 2
c) e
v0
2 R
d)
v0