Li cam oan

Em xin cam oan ni dung ca n ny khng phi l bn sao chp ca bt c

n hoc cng trnh c t trc.

LANGTUDONCOI

MC LC

M u...6
Chng 1 : Cc vn ca knh truyn v tuyn.7
1.1 Gii thiu ......................................................................................................7
1.2 Cc vn ca knh truyn v tuyn ..........................................................7
1.2.1 Ti nguyn v tuyn ...............................................................................7
1.2.2 Suy hao knh truyn ..............................................................................7
1.2.3 Cc loi nhiu .........................................................................................8
1.2.4 Fading .....................................................................................................9
1.3 Cc phng php ti u knh truyn ....................................................... 11
1.3.1 K thut phn tp ................................................................................ 11
1.3.2 K thut ghp knh.............................................................................. 12
1.4 Kt lun chng ......................................................................................... 14
Chng 2: K thut OFDM.15
2.1

Gii thiu chng .................................................................................. 15

2.2 S lc v OFDM ....................................................................................... 15

2.2.1 Khi nim v OFDM............................................................................ 15
2.2.2 Tnh cht trc giao ca sng mang ..................................................... 16
2.3 K thut OFDM ......................................................................................... 17
2.3.1 Khi S/P (Serial to Parallel ) v P/S (Parallel to Serial ) .................... 17
2.3.2 Khi m ha v sp xp ....................................................................... 18
2.3.3 Khi chn pilot ..................................................................................... 20
2.3.4 Khi FFT v IFFT ............................................................................... 21
2.3.5 Khi chn bo v .................................................................................. 22
2.3.6 Khi D/A-Up converter v khi A/D- Down converter ...................... 23
2.3.7 Khi c lng knh truyn ............................................................... 23
2.4 Nguyn l hot ng ca my thu v pht OFDM .................................. 23
2.5 u khuyt im ca OFDM ........................................................................ 26
2.5.1 u im ................................................................................................ 26
2.5.2 Nhc im .......................................................................................... 27
2.6 Kt lun chng ......................................................................................... 27

LANGTUDONCOI

MC LC

Chng 3: H Thng MIMO....28

3.1 Gii Thiu chng ..................................................................................... 28
3.2 H thng MIMO ......................................................................................... 28
3.2.1 Cc li trong h thng MIMO........................................................ 28
3.2.2 Dung lng h thng MIMO ............................................................... 30
3.3 M Ha Khng Gian-Thi Gian STC ....................................................... 31
3.3.1 M ha khng gian thi-gian khi STBC ........................................... 31
3.3.2 M ha khng gian-thi gian li STTC .............................................. 36
3.4 M ha khng gian-thi gian lp BLAST ................................................. 37
3.4.1 Kin trc V-BLAST ............................................................................. 37
3.4.2 Gii m tn hiu V-Blast ..................................................................... 38
3.5 Kt lun....................................................................................................... 41
Chng 4: H thng MIMO-OFDM.42
4.1 Gii Thiu ................................................................................................... 42
4.2 H thng MIMO-OFDM ........................................................................... 42
4.2.1 M hnh h thng MIMO-OFDM ....................................................... 42
4.2.2 M hnh h thng MIMO-OFDM Alamouti ....................................... 44
4.2.3 M hnh h thng MIMO-OFDM V-BLAST ..................................... 49
4.3 Kt lun....................................................................................................... 52
Chng 5: M phng..53
5.1 Lu thut ton ....................................................................................... 53
5.2 Kt qu m phng ...................................................................................... 57
5.3 Kt lun...................................................................................................... 64
Chng 6: Kt lun v hng pht trin ti...65
6.1 Kt lun....................................................................................................... 65
6.2 Hng pht trin ca ti ....................................................................... 65
Ti liu tham kho...66
PH LC: Ph lc 1: code OFDM....67
Ph lc 2: Code MIMO-OFDM STBC( Tx=2,Rx=2,3,4) ............................ 69
Ph lc 3: Code MIMO-OFDM VBLAST .................................................. 69

LANGTUDONCOI

CC T VIT TT

Danh sch t vit tt

A/D

Analog to Digital

AWGN

Additive White Gaussian Noise

BER

Bit Error Rate

BLAST

Bell-Laboratories Layered Space-Time Code

BPSK

Binary Phase Shift Keying

BS

Base Station

CDM

Code Division Multiplexing

CP

Cyclic Prefix

D/A

Digital to Analog

DFT

Discrete Fourier Transform

FDM

Frequency Division Multiplexing

FEC

Forward Error Correction

FFT

Fast Fourier Transform

ICI

InterCarrier Interference

IDFT

Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform

IFFT

Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

I.I.D

Independent and Identically Distributed

ISI

InterSymbol Interference

LAN

Local Area Network

LOS

Light Of Sight

LPF

Low Pass Filter

MIMO

Multiple Input Muliple Output

MISO

Multiple Input single Output

ML

Maximum Likelihood

MMSE

Minimum Mean Sqare Error

MS

Mobile Station

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

P/S

Parallel to Serial

LANGTUDONCOI

CC T VIT TT

PAPR

Peak to Average Power Ratio

QAM

Quadrature Amplitute Modulation

QPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RF

Radio Frequency

SIMO

Single Input Multiple Output

SISO

Single Input Single Output

S/P

Serial to Parallel

SC

Single Carrier Communication

STBC

Space-Time Block Code

V-BLAST

Vertical-Bell-Laboratories Layered Space-Time

ZF

Zero-Forcing

LANGTUDONCOI

M U

M u
Trong nhng nm gn y, k thut vin thng ngy cng pht trin v c bit l
thng tin v tuyn ngy cng quan trng i vi cuc sng hin i ngy nay.
Tuy nhin, vic truyn thng tin trong mi trng v tuyn li chu tc ng rt
nhiu t mi trng, cng vi vic hn ch v bng thng v cng sut.
V vy hn ch cc tc ng ca mi trng, cng vi kh nng s dng ti
nguyn v tuyn mt cch c hiu qu. Ngi ta ng dng cc k thut ghp
knh tin tin nh l TDM,FDM,CDM, kt hp vi cc phng php khc nhau
ci thin cht lng ca knh truyn v tuyn nh dng cc m ti u, anten
thng minh, phn tp...
Mt trong nhng kthut tin tin, c hiu qu v c ng dng nhiu trong thc
t l h thng MIMO. Vic s dng cc k thut trong h thng MIMO s ci thin
cht lng ca knh truyn mt cch ng k, v c th nng cao dung lng ca h
thng thng tin lm cho tc truyn dn cao hn.
ng thi, s dng knh truyn c hiu qu hn, ngi ta s dng mt k
thut ghp knh c nhiu u im vt tri l k thut OFDM. Vi cng ngh
OFDM ta c th truyn tn hiu vi tc cao, vic s dng bng thng mt cch
ti u hn, c kh nng chng mt s loi nhiu .
V vy mc ch ca ti l gii thiu v tm hiu v h thng MIMO-OFDM,
Cng vi vic xy dng lu thut ton, m phng v phn tch cc vn c
nu ra trong l thuyt.
Ni dung ca n bao gm 5 chng nh sau:
Chng 1 : Cc vn ca knh truyn v tuyn
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
Chng 3: H thng MIMO
Chng 4 : H thng MIMO-OFDM
Chng 5: M phng v hng pht trin

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 1:CC VN CA KNH TRUYN

Chng 1 : Cc vn ca knh truyn v tuyn

1.1 Gii thiu
y l chng gii thiu v cc nhn t nh hng n mt knh truyn v tuyn
hay gp, cng nh m t mt cch trc quan v n. ng thi a ra cc cch khc
phc n tt hn

1.2 Cc vn ca knh truyn v tuyn

1.2.1 Ti nguyn v tuyn
Knh truyn v tuyn l ti nguyn ca mi quc gia, do n cn s dng mt
cch c hiu qu nht. Ti nguyn v tuyn y c th c hiu l cc di tn s
c cp pht gii hn v c nh cho mt mc ch c th no nh truyn hnh,
pht thanh, thng tin di ng... V vy, s dng ti nguyn v tuyn mt cch c
hiu qu ngi ta a ra cc phng php ghp knh khc nhau nh
TDM,FDM,OFDM,SDM
1.2.2 Suy hao knh truyn
Ti anten pht, cc sng v tuyn s c truyn i theo mi hng. Khi chng ta
dng anten nh hng truyn tn hiu, sng cng c m rng theo dng hnh
cu nhng mt nng lng khi s tp trung vo mt vng no do ta thit
k.V th mt cng sut ca sng gim t l vi bnh phng khong cch. ta c
cng sut tn hiu thu c khi truyn trong khng gian t do:
2

PR = PTGTGR
4R

( 1.1 )

Trong : PT ,PR l cng sut pht,thu c (Watts).

GT l li ca anten pht, GR l li ca anten thu.
l bc sng ca sng mang v tuyn (m).
R l khong cch truyn dn tnh bng mt.
Gi Lpt l h s suy hao do vic truyn dn trong khng gian t do:
PtGtGr
4R 2
=10log10

Pr

Lpt(dB)=10log10

LANGTUDONCOI

( 1.2 )

CHNG 1:CC VN CA KNH TRUYN

Hnh 1.1 Suy hao theo khong cch

1.2.3 Cc loi nhiu
-Nhiu trng Gaussian: Nhiu trng l mt tn hiu ngu nhin c mt phn b
cng sut phng ngha l tn hiu nhiu c cng sut bng nhau trong ton khong
bng thng. Chng ta khng th to ra nhiu trng theo ng l thuyt v theo nh
ngha ca n, nhiu trng c mt ph cng sut phn b trong khong tn v hn
v do vy n cng phi c cng sut v hn. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, chng ta ch
cn to ra nhiu trng trong khong bng tn ca h thng chng ta ang xem xt.
Lu rng nhiu Gaussian l nhiu c phn b bin theo hm Gaussian.

Hnh 1.2 Nhiu trng

-Nhiu lin k t ISI (Inter symbol interference)

Hnh 1.3 Nhiu lin k t

Trong mi trng truyn dn v tuyn, nhiu xuyn k t (ISI) gy bi tn hiu
phn x c thi gian tr khc nhau t cc hng khc nhau t pht n thu l iu
khng th trnh khi. nh hng ny s lm bin dng hon ton mu tn hiu
khin bn thu khng th khi phc li c tn hiu gc ban u.

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 1:CC VN CA KNH TRUYN

OFDM s dng k thut truyn song song nhiu bng tn con nn ko di thi gian
truyn mt k t ln nhiu ln. Ngoi ra, OFDM cn chn thm mt khong bo v
(guard interval - GI), thng ln hn thi gian tr ti a ca knh truyn, gia hai
k t nn nhiu ISI c th b loi b hon ton.
-Nhiu lin knh ICI (Interchannel Interference)
ICI l hin tng ph bin trong cc h thng a sng mang. Trong h thng
OFDM, ICI cn c gi l nhiu giao thoa gia cc sng mang con, l hin tng
nng lng ph ca cc sng mang con chng ln qu mc ln nhau lm ph v
tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con. ICI xy ra do tnh chn lc tn s ca knh
pha inh, nguyn nhn chnh l hin tng dch Doppler do tnh di ng ca my
thu. C th hn ch ICI bng cch chn khong bo v mt cch tun hon, dng
b cn bng knh c h tr bi hoa tiu (PSAM).

Hnh 1.4 Nhiu ICI trong OFDM

1.2.4 Fading
Tn hiu c pht i qua knh truyn v tuyn, b cn tr bi cc to nh, ni non,
cy ci b phn x, tn x, nhiu x cc hin tng ny c gi chung l
fading. V kt qu l my thu, ta thu c rt nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca tn
hiu pht. iu ny nh hng n cht lng ca h thng thng tin v tuyn.
Hin tng fading trong mt h thng thng tin hay gp c th c phn thnh cc
loi sau : Fading phng(flat fading), fading chn lc tn s(selective fading), fading
nhanh (fast fading), fading chm(slow fading).
+Fading phng xy ra khi bng thng ca knh truyn ln hn bng tn ca tn hiu
. Do cc h thng tc thp c rng bng tn tn hiu hp (hp hn rng
knh truyn) nn chu nh hng ca flat fading. nh hng ca flat fading tc

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 1:CC VN CA KNH TRUYN

ng ln ton b di tn tn hiu truyn trn knh l nh nhau, do vic tnh ton

d tr fading (fading margin) d dng hn .
+Fading la chn tn s xy ra khi bng tn ca tn hiu ln hn bng thng ca
knh truyn. Do h thng tc va v ln c rng bng tn hiu ln (ln
hn rng knh) s chu nhiu tc ng ca selective fading. Tc hi ln nht ca
loi fading ny l gy nhiu ln k t -ISI. Selective fading tc ng ln cc tn s
khc nhau (trong cng bng tn ca tn hiu) l khc nhau, do vic d tr nh
flat fading l khng th. Do khc phc n, ngi ta s dng mt s bin php
nh Phn tp, s dng mch san bng thch nghi, thng l cc ATDE (Adaptive
Time Domain Equalizer), ZF (Zero Forcing) v s dng m sa li gim BER .
+Fading nhanh (fast fading) hay cn gi l hiu ng Doppler, nguyn nhn l c s
chuyn ng tng i gia my thu v my pht dn n tn s thu c s b
dch tn i delta_f so vi tn s pht tng ng. Mc dch tn s thay i
theo vn tc tng i (v) gia my pht v thu (ti cng 1 t/s pht). Do hin
tng ny gi l fading nhanh.
+Fading chm (slow fading): Do nh hng ca cc vt cn tr trn ng truyn.
VD: ta nh cao tng, ngn ni, ilm cho bin tn hiu suy gim, do cn
gi l hiu ng bng rm (Shadowing). Tuy nhin, hin tng ny ch xy ra trn
mt khong cch ln, nn tc bin i chm. Hay s khng n nh cng tn
hiu nh hng n hiu ng cho chn gi l suy hao chm. V vy hiu ng ny
gi l Fading chm (slow fading).

Hnh 1.5 Hin tng fading

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 1:CC VN CA KNH TRUYN

1.3 Cc phng php ti u knh truyn

1.3.1 K thut phn tp
Trong thng tin v tuyn, k thut phn tp c s dng rng ri ci thin cht
lng ca knh truyn m khng yu cu tng cng sut pht hoc tng bng tn
cn thit. tng c bn ca phn tp l nu ni thu nhn hai hay nhiu bn sao
ca tn hiu mt cch c lp th nhng mu ny b suy gim cng c lp vi nhau.
iu ny c ngha l khi mt ng tn hiu c th b suy gim th ng tn hiu
khc c th khng b suy gim. V vy, s kt hp hp l ca cc bn sao khc nhau
s lm gim nh hng ca fading v ci thin cht lng ca ng truyn.
- Phn tp khng gian
Phn tp khng gian s dng nhiu anten c sp xp trong khng gian ti pha
pht hoc pha thu. Trong phn tp khng gian, cc phin bn ca tn hiu pht
c truyn n ni thu trn cc anten khc nhau trong min khng gian.

Hnh1.6 Cc phng php phn tp

Ty thuc vo vic s dng nhiu anten m ngi ta chia phn tp khng gian
thnh 3 loi: phn tp anten pht ( h thng MISO), phn tp anten thu ( h thng
SIMO), phn tp anten pht v thu (h thng MIMO). Trong phn tp anten thu,
nhiu anten c s dng ni thu nhn cc phin bn ca tn hiu pht mt
cch c lp. Cc phin bn ca tn hiu pht c kt hp mt cch hon ho
tng SNR ca tn hiu thu v lm gim bt fading a ng. Trong h thng thc
t, t c BER ca h thng theo yu cu, ta c kt hp hai hay nhiu h thng
phn tp c mt h thng phn tp tt hn nh phn tp theo khng gian thi
gian(STC), phn tp theo khng gian tn s (SFC)...

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 1:CC VN CA KNH TRUYN

-Phn tp tn s
Phn tp theo tn s l kthut thu hoc pht tn hiu trn hai knh (hoc nhiu hn
hai knh)tn s sng v tuyn. Tc l cng mt tn hiu c pht trn hai tn s
khc nhau n anten thu, th tn hiu no tt hn th ly tn hiu . Cc h thng v
tuyn s dng kthut phn tp tn s s ci thin cht lng tt hn, nhng vic s
dng ph tn khng t c hiu qu cao.

Hnh 1.7 Phn tp theo tn s

- Phn tp thi gian
Kthut phn tp theo thi gian l k thut thu pht tn hiu trn hai khe hay khe
thi gian khc nhau. Tc l cc tn hiu ging nhau c truyn trn cc khe thi
gian, nh vy u thu s nhn c tn hiu trn cc khe thi gian. T my thu
s so snh kt qu v chn gi tr tt nht. H thng thng tin nu s dng k thut
phn tp thi gian s ci thin cht lng h thng, tuy nhin vic truyn nh vy s
gy lng ph khe thi gian lm gim tc truyn.

Hnh 1.8 Phn tp theo thi gian

1.3.2 K thut ghp knh
-Ghp knh theo tn s FDM

K thut FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) ra i u tin, vi tng l

mt bng thng ln s c chia nh thnh nhiu bng thng nh hn khng chng

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 1:CC VN CA KNH TRUYN

ln, gia cc khong tn ny cn c mt khong bo v c th s dng b lc lc

ly khong tn mong mun.

Hnh 1.9 Ghp knh theo tn s FDM

-Ghp knh theo thi gian TDM
K thut TDM ( Time Division Multiplexing) ra i vi hiu sut s dng knh
truyn cao hn. Vi TDM trc tn s c chia thnh nhiu khe thi gian ( time
slot). Mi mt knh d liu s chim gi ton b trc tn s nhng khong thi
gian nht nh . Lung bit tc thp ca mi knh s c ghp li thnh mt
lung bit tc cao duy nht, v a ln knh truyn. TDM c s dng kh ph
bin trong cc h thng thng tin s.

Hnh 1.9 Ghp knh theo thi gian TDM

-Ghp knh theo m CDM
Trong k thut CDM ( Code Division Mutiplexing) tt c cc knh s s dng
ng thi mt bng thng v khong thi gian, bng cch s dng tp m trc giao.
Mi knh s c gn mt m nht nh. D liu ca cc knh trc khi pht i s
c nhn vi mt m tri ph gin ph tn hiu ra ton bng thng, pha thu
d liu s c khi phc bng cch nhn li vi m tri ph tng ng.

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 1:CC VN CA KNH TRUYN

Hnh 1.10 Ghp knh theo t m CDM

-Ghp knh theo tn s trc giao OFDM
OFDM ( Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) l mt k thut ghp knh
ra i kh lu, tng t k thut ghp knh theo tn s FDM, mt bng thng ln s
c chia thnh nhiu bng thng nh hn. Trong FDM gia cc bng thng nh
ny phi c mt khong tn bo v, iu ny dn ti lng ph bng thng v ch do
cc di bo v ny hon ton khng cha ng tin tc. OFDM ra i gii quyt
vn ny, bng cc s dng tp tn s trc giao cc bng thng nh ny c th
chng ln ln nhau , do n s dng hiu qu v tit kim bng thng hn FDM.

Hnh 1.11 Ghp knh theo tn s trc giao OFDM

1.4 Kt lun chng

y l chng gip ta hiu thm v cc vn ca mt knh truyn v tuyn
thng gp l cc loi nhiu, fading, hn ch bng thng...
T gip ta hiu thm cc phng php ghp knh s dng knh truyn c
hiu qu hn, cng vi vic phn tp nng cao cht lng ca knh truyn v
tuyn tt hn. Trong mt phng php ghp knh c hiu qu v ang ngy
cng c s dng rng ri ngy nay l kthut OFDM, cng vi h thng MIMO.
Chng ta s tm hiu r hn v n cc chng sau.

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

Chng 2: K thut OFDM

2.1 Gii thiu chng
y l chng ni v k thut OFDM, chng ny ta s i tm hiu k thut
OFDM l g? Qua cc khi nim c bn v s khi, cng nh cc chc nng ca
n, s gip ta hiu r hn v OFDM.
2.2 S lc v OFDM
2.2.1 Khi nim v OFDM
K thut OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) l phng php iu
ch a sng mang, trong cc sng mang ph trc giao vi nhau, nh vy ph tn
hiu cc sng mang ph cho php chng ln ln nhau m pha thu vn c th khi
phc li tn hiu ban u. K thut iu ch OFDM do R.W Chang pht minh nm
1966 M. Trong nhng thp k va qua, nhiu cng trnh khoa hc v k thut
ny c thc hin khp ni trn th gii

Hnh 2.1: OFDM

K thut ny phn chia di tn thnh rt nhiu di tn con vi cc sng mang khc
nhau, mi sng mang ny c iu ch truyn mt dng d liu tc thp.
Tng cc dng d liu tc thp ny chnh l dng d liu tc cao cn truyn
ti. ng thi cc sng mang c s dng l cc sng mang trc giao vi nhau,
iu ny cho php ph ca chng chng ln nhau m khng b nhiu. V vy vic s
dng bng thng tr nn hiu qu hn.

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

Hnh 2.2 Phn bit FDM v OFDM

2.2.2 Tnh cht trc giao ca sng mang
Tn hiu c gi l trc giao nhau nu chng c lp vi nhau. Trc giao l mt
c tnh cho php nhiu tn hiu mang tin c truyn i trn knh truyn thng
thng m khng c nhiu gia chng.
Tn hiu sng mang l mt sng sine sao cho mi mt sng sine c mt chu k sao
cho bng mt s nguyn ln thi gian cn thit truyn mt k hiu. Nh vy
trong thi gian tn ti symbol, mi sng mang s c mt s nguyn ln chu k khc
nhau, mc d ph tn ca chng chng ln ln nhau nhng chng khng gy nhiu
cho nhau.

Hnh 2.3 Cc sng mang con

Vic gii m tn hiu sng mang da vo vic my thu s dch tn mi sng mang
xung mc DC, tn hiu nhn c ly tch phn trn mt chu k ca symbol
phc hi d liu gc. Nu mi sng mang u dch xung tn s tch phn ca sng
mang ny (trong mt chu k , kt qu tnh tch phn cc sng mang khc s l

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

zero). Tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con cn th hin ch: ti mi nh ca

mt sng mang con bt k trong nhm th cc sng mang con khc bng 0.

f2
f1
f0
Duration TS

1/TS

f0 f1

f2

Hnh 2.4 Ph cc sng trc giao

2.3 K thut OFDM

Hnh 2.5 S khi ca kthut OFDM

2.3.1 Khi S/P (Serial to Parallel ) v P/S (Parallel to Serial )
Khi S/P c nhim v chuyn i lung bt ni tip u vo thnh cc lung bt
song song. Cc lung bt song song ph thuc s sng mang con v phng php
iu ch m c phn b vo cc k hiu mt cch hp l. Tuy nhin trnh hin
tng li chm do nhiu tc ng ngi ta phn b lung tn hiu mt cch ngu
nhin ln cc sng mang.

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

Hnh 2.6 Khi S/P

Khi P/S c nhim v chuyn i lung bt song song thnh lung ni tip.

Hnh 2.7 Khi P/S

2.3.2 Khi m ha v sp xp
- M ha knh
Trong OFDM ngi ta thng s dng m sa li FEC(Forward Error Correction).
Nguyn tc ca FEC l ngi ta gi thm thng tin trng lp vo trong thng ip
gi i, iu cho php ngi nhn c th t kim tra v sa li (nu c) gy ra do
knh truyn. FEC c hai loi chnh: m ha khi v m ha chp. ng thi
trnh hin tng li chm trong OFDM ngi ta cn s dng kthut xen k
IL(interleaving) chuyn cc li chm thnh cc li ngu nhin n gin c th
sa li. Phng php IL thc cht l a lung bit vo theo hng v ly ra theo ct.
- Sp xp v iu ch
+Sp xp
Sau khi c m ha cc lung bit c sp xp thnh cc nhm bt chun b
cho vic iu ch MPSK,MQAM..
Nhm bt

Dng iu ch

An,bn

BPSK

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

QPSK

16QAM

1, 3

64QAM

1, 3 , 5 , 7

Bng 2.1: Dng iu ch

+ iu ch
Trong OFDM ngi ta thng s dng BPSK,QPSK,4QAM,16QAM,64QAM
cho vic iu ch tn hiu.
iu ch BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) iu ch pha nh phn, l k thut
iu ch tn hiu s vi bit 0 tng ng vi tn hiu sng c pha = -90 v bit 1
tng ng sng mang c pha = 90 (hoc ngc li).

Hnh 2.8 iu ch PSK

QPSK (Quadature Phase Shift Keying) l l 1 k thut iu ch tn hiu s, m ha
2 bit thnh 1 symbols.

Hnh 2.9: iu ch QPSK

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ) l kthut iu ch v pha v bin

ca tn hiu. N s dng mt cp sng mang Sine v Cosine vi cng mt thnh
phn tn s truyn ti thng tin v mt t hp bit. Ti pha thu, tn hiu thu c
b tc ng ca nhiu trn ung truyn, khi pha v bin ca tn hiu b
thay i v c biu din trn chm sao s lch khi im tng ng pha pht
mt lng nht nh. My thu s la chn mt im trn chm sao c khong cch
n im thu c trn thc t l nh nht bng mt b so snh.
Da vo vic iu ch cc mc tng ng ta c 4QAM,8QAM,16QAM,64QAM...
S mc iu ch ln th lng tin c chuyn ti cng nhiu, nn vic s dng
bng thng hiu qu hn. Tuy nhin s dng cng nhiu mc th li bit cng cao.

Hnh 2.10: S chm sao QPSK,16QAM,64QAM

2.3.3 Khi chn pilot
Khi chn pilot thc hin chn cc k hiu pilot vo tn hiu trc khi truyn i. Cc
k hiu pilot gip cho my thu bit c tnh trng ca knh truyn, cng vi cc
tham s ca my pht. Nh m my thu c th cn bng v c lng knh
truyn

Hnh 2.11 V tr ph ca sng mang pilot

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

2.3.4 Khi FFT v IFFT

-Nhim v chnh
K thut a sng mang gp rt nhiu kh khn phn cng trong vic thit lp cc
sng mang khc nhau pht i. V khi FFT, IFFT c xem nh l gii thut
hu hiu gii quyt vn ny. pha pht sau tn iu ch, chui d liu c
thit lp mt bin v pha tng ng. iu ny cho thy tn hiu pht ang
min tn s v vy khi IFFT c s dng chuyn tn hiu sang min thi gian
pht i. Thng qua cc chui d liu c gn mt tn s sng mang sao cho
chng trc giao nhau.
-Phng php tin hnh
Chui d liu sau khi ra khi khi Signal Mapper c a vo IFFT
x( n) =

1
N

N 1

X (k ).e

2
kn
N

(2.1)

k =0

Ta thy chng c tnh cht trc giao nhau

b thu s dng FFT chuyn tn hiu t min thi gian qua min thn s tng
ng. Tn hiu c biu din di dng tn s thng qua bin v pha a vo
khi Signal Demapper
Ta c cng thc tng qut bin i IDFT v DFT ca N im :
Bin i IDFT: x(t ) =

1
N

N 1

X (k )W

kn
N

n = 0,1,2,..., N 1

N 1

Bin i DFT: X (k ) = x(n)W Nkn

k = 0,1,2,..., N 1

n=0

Hnh 2.12 B iu ch OFDM

LANGTUDONCOI

(2.2)

k =0

(2.3)

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

2.3.5 Khi chn bo v

Gi thit mt mu tn hiu OFDM c di l TS . Chui bo v hay cn gi tin
t lp CP (Cyclic
Prefix)l mtchui tn hiu c di l TG pha sau sao chp
G
ln phn pha trc ca tn hiu ny. S sao chp ny c tc dng chng li nhiu
ISI gy ra bi hiu ng a ng.

Hnh 2.13 Chn chui bo v

tuyn u tin ta nhn thy mu tn hiu th (k-1) khng chng ln ln mu tn
hiu th k. iu ny l do ta gi s rng tuyn u tin khng c tr truyn dn.
Tuy nhin tuyn 2, mu tn hiu th (k-1) b dch sang mu tn hiu th k mt
khong l Tmax do tr truyn dn. Tng t nh vy mu tn hiu th k b dch
sang tn hiu th (k+1) mt khong cng l Tmax Tn hiu thu c my thu s
l tng ca tn hiu tt c cc tuyn. S dch tn hiu do tr truyn dn trong
cc phng php iu ch thng thng s gy ra nhiu ISI. Tuy nhin trong h
thng OFDM c s dng chui bo v s loi b c nhiu ny. Trong
trng hp TG Tmax ,th phn b chng ln tn hiu gy nhiu ISI ch nm trong
khong ca chui bo v. Khong tn hiu c ch c di Ts khng b chng ln
bi cc mu tn hiu khc. pha thu, chui bo v s b gt b trc khi gi n
b gii iu ch OFDM.
Khong bo v c chn da vo khong thi gian tch cc ca symbol, c th l
1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 thi gian symbol tch cc.

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

2.3.6 Khi D/A-Up converter v khi A/D- Down converter

Chui k hiu ri rc sau khi c chn khong bo v s c a vo b bin i
t s sang tng t x l a ln tn s cao anten pht c th d dng bc x
tn hiu ra ngoi khng gian. pha thu, tn hiu OFDM c thu t anten s c
i tn xung tn hiu tn s thp. V c a vo b bin i tng t sang s
chun b cho vic x l.
2.3.7 Khi c lng knh truyn
c lng knh (Channel estimation) trong h thng OFDM l xc nh hm
truyn t ca cc knh con v thi gian thc hin gii iu ch bn thu khi bn
pht s dng kiu iu ch kt hp (coherent modulation). c lng knh,
phng php ph bin hin nay l dng tn hiu dn ng. Trong phng php
ny, tn hiu pilot bn pht s dng l tnhiu c bn thu bit trc v pha v
bin . Ti bn thu, so snh tn hiu thu c vi tn hiu pilot nguyn thy s cho
bit nh hng ca cc knh truyn dn n tn hiu pht. c lng knh c th
c phn tch trong min thi gian v trong min tn s. Trong min thi gian th
cc p ng xung h(n) ca cc knh con c c lng. Trong min tn s th cc
p ng tn s H(k) ca cc knh con c c lng.

2.4 Nguyn l hot ng ca my thu v pht OFDM

-Ti my pht:
Gi s ban u ta c mt chui bt cn truyn l [b0,b1,b2,b3,bn].
Chui bit ny s c a qua b m ha knh , y n s c chn thm bit to
thnh cc m pht hin v sa li. Sau n s c a qua b xen k
IL(interleaved) trnh hin tng li chm. Lc ny chui bit tr thnh
[s0,s1,s2.sm].tip theo chui bit ny s c a qua b S/P v sp xp thnh cc
nhm tng ng vi cc loi iu ch(M-PSK, M-QAM).
Sau khi qua b iu ch ta c mt chui s phc :

dK,m=(dk,m,0; dk,m,1 ; dk,m,2 ;.. dk,m,Q-1 )

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

Hnh 2.14 Ph cc sng mang con

vi k: s phc th k; m:l s th t khung ca OFDM
Q:s bt trong mt nhm phc v cho vic iu ch Q=log2 M
Sau khi c iu ch cc tn hiu s c chn cc k hiu pilot v c bin i
IFFT to cc sng mang cha cc thng tin ca chui s phc .

Hnh 2.15 V tr cc sng mang

Tip tc h thng s chn CP sng mang con bo v.

Hnh 2.16 Chn CP [1]

Gi s h thng OFDM c N sng mang con nh vy mt biu tng OFDM
tng ng l :

Xk,m=[x0,m ; x1,m; x2,m. xN-Ng-1,m; xN-Ng,m.. xN-1,m]

Nh vy sau khi chn CP ta s c khung OFDM nh sau:

LANGTUDONCOI

[1]

(2.4)

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

Hnh 2.17 Mt khung OFDM

[1]

Vy sau khi bin i IFFT v chn CP ta c th biu din di dng ton hc ca

khung th m ca OFDM nh sau:

[1]

(2.5)

Vi n {-Ng,.,0,N-1} vi Ng l di ca CP.
- Ti my thu :
Ti my pht cc khung OFDM qua khi RF v c truyn trong khng gian t
do. Trong mi trng khng gian t do tn hiu s chu tc ng ca nhiu v nh
hng ca hin tng fading. Ti my thu tn hiu nhn c l :

y m = x m l hl , m + wb ( m / w)

[1] ( 2.6 )

Trong m, l l th t ca khung OFDM v chm tia fading..

h:l h s fading.
Wb l nhiu.
Ti my thu tch CP ta c:

Vi n=0N-1

[1] [6]

( 2.7 )

Zn,m:l nhiu AWGN(additive white gausian).

Cng thc 2.7 c th c vit di dng ma trn nh sau

yn,m=hm,toep[x0 x1...xN-1]T+zn,m

LANGTUDONCOI

[6]

(2.8)

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

Trong hm,toep l ma trn Toeplitz

Sau qua b FFT ta c:

[1] ( 2.9)

Yk,m=Hk,mXk,m+Zk,m
Vi

my thu bng phng php maximum likelihood detection:

^

X k ,m =arg min [Yk,m-Hk,mXk,m]2

[1] ( 2.10 )

Vi Hk,m l h s knh truyn sau khi FFT c c lng ti my thu.

Ngi ta c th khi phc c cc k hiu iu ch (M-PSK,M-QAM),t ta c
th khi phc xen k v khi phc li cc bit ban u.

2.5 u khuyt im ca OFDM

2.5.1 u im

Kh nng chng nhiu ISI, ICI nh s dng tin t lp CP v cc sng mang
ph trc giao vi nhau.

Hiu sut s dng ph cao hn so vi FDM do ph ca cc sng mang ph
c th chng ph ln nhau m vn m bo cht lng tn hiu sau khi tch sng.

C th truyn d liu tc cao nh vic chia bng tn thnh cc bng tn
con

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM

Cc knh con c th coi l cc knh fading phng nn c th dng cc b cn

bng n gin trong sut qu trnh nhn thng tin, gim phc tp ca my thu.

iu ch tn hiu n gin, hiu qu nh s dng thut ton FFT
2.5.2 Nhc im
Bn cnh nhng u im th h thng OFDM cn tn ti nhiu nhc im:

H thng OFDM to ra tn hiu trn nhiu sng mang, di ng ca tn hiu
ln nn cng sut tng i cc i PAPR ln, hn ch hot ng ca b
khuch i cng sut.

D b nh hng ca dch tn v pha hn so vi h thng mt sng mang.

2.6 Kt lun chng

Trong chng ny, gip ta c mt ci nhn khi qut hn v mt h thng
OFDM qua cc khi nim, cng nh cc s khi. T ta c th hiu r hn v
kthut OFDM cng vi vic ng dng ca n vo cc vn thc t.Trong
chng tip theo ta s ni r hn v cc vn tc ng vo h thng OFDM , v
nguyn l ca n.

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

Chng 3: H Thng MIMO

3.1 Gii Thiu chng
K thut MIMO l tn gi chung cho tp hp nhng k thut da trn vic s dng
nhiu anten pha thu v pha pht kt hp vi cc k thut x l tn hiu. K thut
MIMO c th c s dng nng cao hiu nng h thng, bao gm lm tng
dung lng h thng v tng cht lng vng ph cng nh l lm tng kh nng
cung cp dch v, tc d liu ngi dng cao hn. Chng ny s cung cp ci
nhn tng quan v k thut MIMO .

3.2 H thng MIMO

H thng MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) c nh ngha l tuyn thng
tin im-im vi a anten ti pha pht v pha thu. Nhng nghin cu gn y cho
thy h thng MIMO c th tng ng k tc truyn d liu, gim BER m
khng cn tng cng sut hay bng thng ca h thng nh cc m phn tp nh
STBC,STTC, V-BLAST. ..

Hnh 3.1: Hnh trc quan ca mt h thng MIMO

3.2.1 Cc li trong h thng MIMO
H thng MIMO s dng a anten pht v thu c th cung cp 3 li l: li
Beamforming, li ghp knh khng gian v li phn tp khng gian .
li beamforming
Beamforming gip h thng tp trung nng lng bc x theo hng mong mun
gip tng hiu qu cng sut, gim can nhiu v trnh c can nhiu ti t cc
hng khng mong mun, t gip ci thin cht lng knh truyn v tng

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

bao ph ca h thng. c th thc hin Beamforming, khong cch gia cc

anten trong h thng MIMO thng nh hn bc sng (thng thng l / 2 ),
Beamforming thng c thc hin trong mi trng t tn xa. Khi mi trng tn
x mnh h thng MIMO c th cung cp li ghp knh khng gian v li
phn tp .

Hnh 3.2: K thut Beamforming

li ghp knh khng gian (spatial multiplexing)

Hnh 3.3: Ghp knh khng gian gip tng tc truyn

Tn dng cc knh truyn song song c c t nhiu anten ti pha pht v pha
thu trong h thng MIMO, cc tn hiu s c pht c lp v ng thi ti cc
anten, nhm tng dung lng knh truyn m khng cn tng cng sut pht hay
tng bng thng h thng bng thut ton V-Blast (Vertical- Bell Laboratories
Layered Space-Time) .
li phn tp (spatial diversity)

Hnh 3.4: Phn tp khng gian gip ci thin SNR

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

Trong truyn dn v tuyn, mc tn hiu lun thay i, b fadding lin tc theo

khng gian thi gian v tn s, khin cho tn hiu ti ni thu khng n nh, vic
phn tp cung cp cho cc b thu cc bn sao tn hiu ging nhau qua cc knh
truyn fadding khc nhau b thu c th la chn hay kt hp hay kt hp cc bn
sao tn hiu ny gim thiu tc sai bit BER, chng Fadding qua tng tin
cy ca h thng. tng li phn tp, gim BER v chng li fadding, thut
ton STBC ( Space-Time Block Code) v STTC (Space-Time Trellis Code) c p
dng .
3.2.2 Dung lng h thng MIMO

T cc phn trc c th thy r l k thut mimo gip ci thin t s tn hiu

trn nhiu tng ng vi s lng anten thu v pht bng cch p dng cc k
thut ni trn.Trong trng hp tng qut vi Nt an ten pht v Nr anten
thu, t s tn hiu trn tp m c th tng ln tng ng vi Nt xNr , v cho php
tng tc d liu vi gi thit bng thng khng gii hn. Tuy nhin, nu trong
trng hp bng thng b gii hn trong di hot ng th tc d liu s bo
ha khi bng thng khng th tng c na. Ta c biu thc nh l Shanon c
bn v dung lng knh chun ha nh sau:
C
S
= log 2 1 +
BW
N

(3.1)

Bng phng php to bp, t s S/N c th tng tng ng vi Nt x Nr.. Nhn

chung, log 2 ( x + 1) x khi x nh. Tc l vi S/N thp, dung lng knh s tng
theo t s S/N. Vi x ln, log 2 (1 + x) = log 2 ( x) , tc l vi S/N ln th dung
lng knh s tng theo hm logarithm ca S/N. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp
nhiu anten pht v anten thu mt iu kin c th, ta c th to ra NL= min
(Nt, NR) knh song song (cng sut tn hiu c chia ra cho mi knh) vi t s
tn hiu trn tp m gim xung NL ln. Dung lng mi knh c tnh nh
sau:

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

N S
C
= log 2 1 + R
BW
NL N

(3.2)

Khi , dung lng tng i vi mi cu hnh a anten c xc nh nh sau:

N S

NR
C
S
= N L .log 2 1 + R = min{N T , N R }.log 2 1 +
. (3.3)
BW
NL N
min{N T , N R } N

3.3 M Ha Khng Gian-Thi Gian STC

Mi trng v tuyn trong trng hp b cc hin tng a ng v c tn x
mnh khin tn hiu thu c t cc anten hon ton c lp. Thay v tm cch
chng li hin tng a ng, ngi ta s dng m ha khng gian thi gian
ci thin cht lng knh truyn. C 2 loi m ha khng gian-thi gian l:
-M ha khng gian-thi gian khi STBC (Space-Time Block Code)
-M ha khng gian-thi gian li STTC (Space-Time Trellis Code)
3.3.1 M ha khng gian thi-gian khi STBC
STBC thc hin m ha mt khi cc k t u vo thnh mt ma trn u ra vi
cc hng tng ng cc anten pht (khng gian) v ct tng ng th t pht (thi
gian). STBC cho php phn tp y v c li nh ty thuc vo tc m ca
b m, qu trnh gii m n gin, da trn cc b gii m tng quan ti a ML
(Maximun Likelihood).
S Alamouti
Gi s chng ta c mt chui truyn dn s1,s2,s3... Trong truyn tin bnh thng,
my pht chng ta s gi s1 trong cc khe thi gian u tin, s2 trong cc khe thi
gian th hai, s3,s4 ... trong cc khe thi gian tip theo. Tuy nhin, Alamouti cho rng
chng ta nhm cc biu tng vo nhm c hai k t. Trong cc khe thi gian u
tin, gi s1 v s2 t anten u tin v th hai. Trong khe thi gian th hai gi s2 * v
s1 * n anten u tin v th hai. Trong cc khe thi gian tip theo ta m ha tng
t cho n ht. Ch rng mc d chng ta l nhm hai biu tng, chng ta vn
cn c hai khe thi gian gi hai biu tng. Vy vic m ha 2 k t nh trn s
to thnh ma trn truyn nh sau:

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

s1

s2

(3.4)

s 2 * s1 *

Hnh 3.5: S Alamouti 2 anten pht v 1 anten thu

Sau khi truyn cc k t trn hai anten ta nhn c tn hiu tng ng trong hai
khe thi gian l:

]ss12

r1 r 2 = h11 h12 .

s 2 *

+ [n1

s1*

n 2]

Tc l:

r1= h11 s1+h12 s2 +n1

(3.5)

r2= -h11 s2*+h12 s1* +n2

Trong : h11,h12 l h s knh truyn ca 2 anten truyn n anten nhn.
n1,n2 l nhiu trng i vi knh truyn.
Sau khi c lng c cc h s knh truyn tng ng, ta c th c lng c
s1, s2 nh sau:
~

s1 = h*11 r1+h12 r2*=(h112+h122)s1+h*11n1+h12 n2*

[4] (3.6)

s 2 = h*12 r1+h11 r2*=( h112+ h122 )s2 - h11 n2*+ h*12 n1

Ta c th tm c cc gi tr s1 v s2 bi vic p dng qui tc maximum likelihood

cho cc k t s1 v s2 ring l.
S Alamouti m rmg

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

S Alamouti c th c m rng s dng 2 anten pht v N anten thu.Trong

trng hp ny tn hiu thu c c dng sau

s1 s 2 * (1)
r (2) = h
h
+ n
n (2)
1
11 12 s 2 s1* 1
1
s1 s 2 * (1)
r (1) r (2) = h
h
+ n
n (2)
2
2
21 22 s 2 s1 * 2
2
..................................................................................
s1 s 2 * (1)
r (1) r (2) = h
h
+ n
nn (2)
n
n
n1 n2 s 2 s1 * n

r (1)
1

(3.7)

Hnh 3.6: S Alamouti 2 anten pht v N anten thu

Ta c phng trnh nhn tn hiu ti cc anten nh sau:

[4] (3.8)
Vy ta c lng c cc k t nh sau:

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

[4] (3.9)
Thit k trc giao (orthogonal design)
Thit k trc giao c Tarokh a ra nm 1996, lm cho vic truyn tn hiu trn
nhiu anten khng cn hn ch phn tp hai anten nh phng php ca alamouti,
m cht lng knh truyn tng ln theo s anten thu pht.
Mt s v d v thit k trc giao:
-Vi s anten pht l Nt=3
+Tc truyn l rate=1/2 tc l truyn 4 k t s1,s2,s3,s4 trn 8 khe thi gian.
Ta c ma trn truyn tng ng l:

[2] [4] (3.10)

Ta c th tim c cc k t truyn nh b c lng ML bng cch thay

s1,s2,s3,s4 bng cc k hiu trn chm sao iu ch MPSK

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

[4] (3.11)
+Tc truyn l rate=3/4 tc l truyn 3 k t s1,s2,s3 trong 4 khe thi gian.Ta c
ma trn truyn nh sau:

[2][4] (3.12)
Tng t ta c th c lng cc k t truyn bng b ML nh sau:

[4]

(3.13)

-Vi anten pht l Nt=4

+Tc rate=1/2 ta c ma trn truyn l:

[4] (3.14)
Ta c th tm c cc k t truyn bng b c lng ML nh sau:

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

[4]

(3.15)

+vi tc rate=3/4 ta c ma trn truyn l:

[4] (3.16)
Ta c th tm c cc k t truyn bng b c lng ML nh sau:

[4]

(3.17)

3.3.2 M ha khng gian-thi gian li STTC

STTC cho php phn tp y v li m cao, STTC l loi m chp c m
rng cho trng hp MIMO. Cu trc m chp t bit ph hp vi truyn thng v
tr v v tinh, do ch s dng b m ha n gin nhng t c hiu qu cao nh
vo phng php gii m phc tp .

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

Nu nh STBC x l c lp tng khi k t u vo to ra mt chui cc vevtor

m c lp, th STTC x l tng chui k t u vo to ra tng chui vector
m ph thuc vo trng thi m trc ca b m ha.
STTC cung cp li m tt hn nhiu STBC li m ca STTC tng ln khi
tng s trng thi ca li m. Tuy nhin phc tp ca STBC thp hn nhiu
phc tp ca STTC, do STBC c m ho v gii m n gin nh vo cc gii
thut x l tuyn tnh, nn STBC ph hp vi cc ng dng thc t trong h thng
MIMO hn STTC.

3.4 M ha khng gian-thi gian lp BLAST

3.4.1 Kin trc V-BLAST
VBLAST c th tng dung lng ca h thng ng k nh vo chiu khng gian
do h thng MIMO cung cp. V-BLAST s dng NT anten pht v NR anten thu vi
NT NR . pha pht, cc bit ca chui d liu gc s c sp xp thnh cc
symbol v chia thnh NT lung d liu con. Cc lung d liu con ny s c iu
ch theo cng mt chm sao v pht ng thi trn NT anten. pha thu, mi anten
s thu tn hiu t NT anten pht, cc tn hiu thu c t NR anten s c x l
bng gii thut VBLAST nh Zero-Forcing hay MMSE tr li d liu ban u .

Hnh 3.7: H thng V-BLAST

Knh truyn MIMO c m hnh bng knh truyn H.
Gi s, vic ng b symbol b thu l l tng. Ta k hiu vector symbol pht l

x = x1 , x 2 ,..., x NT

] , vector symbol thu s l r = [r , r

T

LANGTUDONCOI

2,

..., rNT

].
T

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

r1 h11
r h
2 = 21


rN R hN R 1

h12
h22

hN R 2

h1NT x1 n1
h2 NT x 2 n2
+

hN R NT x NT n4

(3.18)

(3.19)

r = Hx + n

vi

r biu din tn hiu nhn t NR anten

x biu din tn hiu pht t NT anten
n l vector nhiu AWGN

B x l V-Blast pha thu s s dng phng php kt hp trit tiu tuyn tnh
(linear combinatorial nulling), tch ra tng lung d liu con. Mi lung con khi
n lt gii m s c xem l tn hiu mong mun, cc lung cn li c xem l
nhiu. Vic trit tiu s c thc hin bng cch t hp tuyn tnh nh MMSE
(minimum mean-squared error) hay ZF (zero-forcing).
3.4.2 Gii m tn hiu V-Blast
Vector tn hiu thu symbol th m c biu din nh sau .

r[m]=

Nt

hkxk[m]+n[m]

(3.20)

k =1

vi hi l ct th i ca H, xi[m] l dng d liu truyn ln anten th i, cc dng d

liu ny iu c lp vi nhau.
Ch ch ti dng d liu th i, ta c th vit li nh sau
Nt

r[m]=hixi[m]+ hkxk[m]+n[m]

(3.21)

k i

Biu thc trn cho thy dng d liu th i b xuyn nhiu bi NT-1 dng d liu cn
li. tng loi b cc xuyn nhiu ny l chiu vector thu r[m] ln khng gian
con Vk trc giao vi matrix knh truyn H. Vic chiu vector thu r[m] c thc
hin

bng

cch nhn r[m] vi vector

trit

tiu Wi

trc

giao vi

h1 , , hk 1 , hk 2 , h NT , Wi s trit tiu nhiu xuyn lung t NT-1 dng d liu cn

li v trch ra dng d liu th i.

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

y i = Wi r = w1

y i = w1

w2 w N R

w2 w N R

h11

h21

hN 1
R

r1
r
2


rN R

(3.22)

h1i
h2 i

hN R i

h12
h22

hN R 2

x1
x
2

y i = [0 0 1 0] + w1
xi


x NT
y i = xi + n~i

h1 N T x1 n1

h2 NT x 2 n2
+

hN R N T x NT n N R

w2 w N R

n1
n
2

n N R

(3.23)

Lung d liu i sau khi c tch ra s cho qua b gii m ML hoc MSE tm k
hiu tng ng, sau n s c tr ra khi lung d liu thu ban u v tip tc
nhn vi Wk tng ng tm cc lung tn hiu tng ng. Qu trnh lp li cho
n khi thu c ton b d liu.

Hnh 3.8: B thu vblast

Vector trng s
Vector trng s Wi dng trit tiu gii m phi tho tnh cht sau

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

0
Wi ( H ) j =
1

ji

(3.24)

j=i

Vi Wi l vector trng s gii m lung d liu th i.

(H)j l c th j ca ma trn knh truyn.
[7]

Trong gii m ZF th W=H+ =HH(H HH)-1

Vi MMSE th W= HH(I/SNR+ H HH)-1

w1,1

W= ...
w1, j

... wi ,1

... ... =[W1 W2 ... Wn]

... wi , j

(7)

(3.25)

Wn =[wi,1 .... wi,j]

Lung th i s c gii m theo biu thc sau
(3.26)

y i = Wi r

Sau khi gii m, lung i s c loi tr ra khi vector thu r, vector thu r lc ny c
ch cn l t hp tuyn tnh ca NT i lung d liu con, v vy cc lung tip theo
s c gii m chnh xc hn. Do vic gii m cc lung d liu theo cc th t
khc nhau s cho t l sai bit BER khc nhau, v vy c c BER nh nht , ta
cn phi tm ra th t ti u v gii m cc lung con theo th t ny.
Th t ti u

Th t gii m ti u s c tm ra da trn cc tnh ton vector trng s v ma

trn knh truyn.
Vector trng s tho mn Wi chnh l hng th i ca ma trn H i+1 , H i 1 l k hiu
ca ma trn knh c c bng cch b i cc ct 1,2,,i-1 trong ma trn knh
truyn H, H+ l k hiu ca ma trn gi nghch o Moore-Penrose.
Gi s symbol th i trong vector thu s c gii m u tin .
yi=Wi ri= Wi (Hx+n)= Wi H x+ Wi n

LANGTUDONCOI

[7]

CHNG 3:H THNG MIMO

y i = [0

x1
x
2

0 ]
xi

x N T

+ w1

w2

wNR

n1
n
2

n N R

(3.27)

y i = xi + n~i

n~i = w1 n1 + + w2 n 2 + wN R n N R

v i

Ta nhn thy vector trng s tuy trit tiu xuyn nhiu gia cc lung nhng li c
tc dng khuych i nhiu nn.
Symbol u tin c gii m s l symbol th i sao cho nhiu n~i c phng sai
nh nht, do cc nhiu n1 , n 2 , , n N l c lp tuyn tnh nn ta tm Wi sao cho
R

Wi

= w1 + w2 + + w N R

nh nht .

3.5 Kt lun
Trong chng ny, gip ta c ci nhn su sc hn v k thut MIMO. T , ta c
th bit c cc phng php k thut khc nhau c ng dng trong h thng
MIMO. Nh ta bit chng mt, nh hng ca mi trng truyn v hn ch
v bng thng, lm cho cht lng cng nh tc ca ng truyn khng cao.
Nh ta c th thy c nhng u im vt tri ca k thut ny, l ci
thin cht lng v tc ng truyn mt cch ng k.
V vy k thut MIMO nn c tm hiu v nghin cu, cng nh ci tin tt hn.

LANGTUDONCOI

CHNG 4: H THNG MIMO-OFDM

Chng 4: H thng MIMO-OFDM

4.1 Gii Thiu
Cc h thng thng tin khng dy lun c nghin cu nhm ci thin cht lng
dung lng cng nh kh nng chng li hin tng a ng. i vi cc h thng
thng tin thng cht lng tn hiu c th ci thin bng cch tng cng sut, dung
truyn lng h thng c th tng khi tng bng thng. Tuy nhin cng sut cng ch
c th tng ti mt mc gii hn no v cng sut pht cng tng th h thng cng
gy nhiu cho cc h thng thng tin xung quanh, bng thng h thng ca h thng
cng khng th tng mi ln v vic phn b bng thng c nh chun sn.
H thng MIMO c th tng dung lng knh truyn, s dng bng thng rt hiu qu
nh ghp knh khng gian (V-BLAST), ci thin cht lng ca h thng ng k nh
vo phn tp ti pha pht v pha thu (STBC, STTC) m khng cn tng cng sut
pht cng nh tng bng thng ca h thng. K thut OFDM l mt phng thc
truyn dn tc cao vi cu trc n gin nhng c th chng fading chn lc tn s,
bng cch chia lung d liu tc cao thnh N lung d liu tc thp truyn qua N
knh truyn con s dng tp tn s trc giao. Knh truyn chu fading chn lc tn s
c chia thnh N knh truyn con c bng thng nh hn, khi N ln cc knh
truyn con chu fading phng. OFDM cn loi b c hiu ng ISI khi s dng
khong bo v ln. Ngoi ra vic s dng k thut OFDM cn gim phc tp
ca b Equalizer ng k bng cch cho php cn bng tn hiu trong min tn s. T
nhng u im ni bt ca h thng MIMO v k thut OFDM, vic kt hp h thng
MIMO v k thut OFDM l mt gii php ha hn cho h thng thng tin khng dy
bng rng tng lai..

4.2 H thng MIMO-OFDM

4.2.1 M hnh h thng MIMO-OFDM
Cu trc my thu v pht ca h thng MIMO-OFDM bao gm h MIMO NT anten
pht v NR anten thukt hp vi k thut OFDM s dng Nc sng mang ph .

LANGTUDONCOI

42

CHNG 4: H THNG MIMO-OFDM

Hnh 4.1 M hnh h thng MIMO-OFDM

Tn hiu thu c t anten thu th i, ti sng mang ph th k ca symbol OFDM c
th biu din nh sau:

y1(k)=h11x1(k)+ h12x2(k)+.......+ h1NtxNt(k)+n1(k)

y2(k)=h21x1(k)+ h22x2(k)+.......+ h1NtxNt(k)+n2(k)

(4.1)

..................................................................................
yNr(k)=hNr1x1(k)+ hNr2x2(k)+.......+ hNrNtxNt(k)+nNr(k)
Vi

xj (k) l symbol pht trn sng mang th k trong symbol OFDM

ni(k) l nhiu Gauss ti anten thu th i

hij l h s knh truyn t anten pht th j ti anten thu th i.
Knh truyn h thng MIMO-OFDM c th m t thng qua ma trn H nh sau

h11
h
21
H=
...

hNr1

h12
h22
...
hNr 2

...
...

h1 Nt
h2 Nt
... ...

... hNrNt

(4.2)

Trong ma trn knh truyn H c c lng ti my thu.

LANGTUDONCOI

43

CHNG 4: H THNG MIMO-OFDM

4.2.2 M hnh h thng MIMO-OFDM Alamouti

Hnh 4.2: M hnh h thng MIMO-OFDM Alamouti

Ti my pht:Tn hiu cn truyn s c a qua b m ha knh m ha thnh
cc m pht hin v sa li , kt hp vi b xen r IL(interleaved) trnh hin tng
li chm.
Tip tc chui bt trn s a qua bchuyn i S/P v sp xp to thnh cc nhm
bit phc v cho iu ch M-PSK hoc M-QAM tr thnh cc chui s phc:
Ci=[c0,I ; c1,I ; c2,i.. cQ-1,i]
Vi Q:s bt ca mt nhm phc v cho iu ch Q=log2 M.
i:l s k t phc th i ca iu ch M-PSK hoc M-QAM.
c phn b trn mt phng phc nh sau:

Hnh 4.3 S chm sao

LANGTUDONCOI

44

CHNG 4: H THNG MIMO-OFDM

Chui k t iu ch s c chuyn i t ni tip thnh 2N k t song song tng

ng vi N sng mang con nh sau:
Dn,m=[d0,m; d1,m; d2,m; d 2N-1,m;]
Trong m:l k t th m ca OFDM.

Hnh 4.4: iu ch my pht

Sau ta cho chui k t c iu ch Dk vo b m ha STC.
B m ha STC lm vic nh sau:
N s tch chui Dk k t OFDM thnh nhm c 2 k t ln lt l D1,D2 sau qua
b m ha STC to ra cc k t s1,s2,-s2*,s1* .

Hnh 4.5: M ha STC

khe thi gian th nht, n pht k t s1, s2 trn anten 1v anten 2, khe thi gian
tip theo n pht -s2*,s1* trn anten 1v anten 2.
M t ton hc

LANGTUDONCOI

45

CHNG 4: H THNG MIMO-OFDM

Xm,J,n(t) = x0 , x1, x2 ....xN 1

Trong m:l s block th m ca OFDM (1 block tng ng vi 2 k t OFDM)
n:l s k t th n c iu ch trn sng mang con n
J l s th t anten pht J=1,2
T l khe thi gian tng ng t=1,2
Xt trong block th k vi 2 k t OFDM l

S1,n= [s1,0,s1,1,s1,2s1,N-1.]
S2,n= [s2,0,s2,1,s2,2s2,N-1.]
Ta c tn hiu sau khi qua b STC l

X1,n(1)= [s1,0,s1,1,s1,2s1,N-1.]
X2,n(1)= [s2,0,s2,1,s2,2s2,N-1.]

(4.3)

X1,n(2)=- X2,n(1) *=[-s2,0* ,-s2,1*... -s2,N-1*]

X2,n(2)= X1,n(1)*= [s1,0*,s1,1*... s1,N-1*]
Sau Xm c bin i IFFT iu ch sng mang v chn CP vo ng thi
c truyn i trn 2 anten nh phn tch trn

[1]

( 4.4 )

Vi n {-Ng,.,0,N-1} vi Ng l di ca CP
J=1,2 tng ng vi anten1,2
t=1,2 tng ng vi khe thi gian 1.2

LANGTUDONCOI

46

CHNG 4: H THNG MIMO-OFDM

Hnh 4.6: Truyn tn hiu c m ha trn anten

Ti my thu:
Tn hiu c truyn i qua knh truyn v tuyn s chu tc dng ca nhiu
AWGN(additive white gausian) v fading

r1,m(1)= (h11,m x1,m(1) + h12,m x2,m(1) +n1,m(1))

r1,m(2)= (h11,m x1,m(2) + h12,m x2,m(2) +n1,m(2))

[1] (4.5)

r2,m(1)= (h21,m x1,m(1) + h22,m x2,m(1) +n2,m(1))

r2,m(2)= (h21,m x1,m(2) + h22,m x2,m(2) +n2,m(2))
Trong rJ,m(t) ,xJ,m(t),nj,m(t) la tn hiu nhn c, tn hiu truyn, v nhiu tc ng ti
anten th J (J=1,2) trong khe thi gian t (t=1,2) tng ng ca k t OFDM th m.
hj,k,m l h s knh truyn t cc anten pht n cc anten thu tng ng ca k t
OFDM th m ,n khng thay i trn 2 khe thi gian.
y n gin ta xt trong mt k t OFDM vi mi trng fading phng
Ti my thu tch CP ta c
L 1

yn,m = xn,m[1]hl ,n,m[1] + xn,m[2]hl ,n,m[2] + zn,m

l =0

LANGTUDONCOI

47

CHNG 4: H THNG MIMO-OFDM

r1(1)=
r1(2)=
r2(1)=
r2(2)=

L 1

N 1

l =0

n =0

L 1

N 1

l =0

n =0

L 1

N 1

l =0

n =0

L 1

N 1

l =0

n =0

(h11,l x1,n-l(1) + h12,m,l x2,n-l(1) +n1(1))

(4.6)

(h11,l x1,n-l(2) + h12,m,l x2,n-l(2) +n1(2))

(h21,l x1,n-l(1) + h22,m,l x2,n-l(1) +n2(1))
(h21,l x1,n-l(2) + h22,m x2,n-l(2) +n2(2))

Trong : n=0N-1 tng ng vi cc sng mang con.

l : chm tia fading th l .

Sau qua b FFT ta c

( 4.7 )
RJ(t)=HJ,1 X1(t) + HJ,2 X2(t) + ZJ
Vi

Sau khi tch CP v bin i FFT tch sng mang, tn hiu s dc a n b gii
m STC. y b gii m s tin hnh gii m trn 2 khe thi gian c lng cc
k t truyn.
[4]

LANGTUDONCOI

(4.8)

48

CHNG 4: H THNG MIMO-OFDM

my thu bng phng php maximum likelihood detection (ML) ngi ta c th

khi phc li cc k t phc M-PSK hoc M-QAM v sau gii m, ta tm c cc
bit tin cn thit.

[1]

(4.9)

Vi s1,s2 l cc s phc trong mt phng phc c thay ln lt vo tm c gi

tr gn vi n. M hnh h thng trn c th s dng vi Nr anten thu.
4.2.3 M hnh h thng MIMO-OFDM V-BLAST

Hnh 4.7 My pht MIMO-OFDM VBLAST

H thng MIMO-OFDM V-BLAST c p dng nhm tng ti a dung lng knh
truyn. Tn hiu u vo s c a qua b iu ch iu ch M-psk hoc MQAM, sau n i qua b MIMO coder. B MIMO coder trong trng hp ny ch l
mt b S/P chia lung d liu ln thnh NT lung d liu nh(tng ng vi NT
anten pht, NT lung ny c a vo NT b pht OFDM. Tng lung d liu s c

LANGTUDONCOI

49

CHNG 4: H THNG MIMO-OFDM

bin i ni tip sang song song v chn pilot thnh NC vector xk, vi k = 1,2,NC
tng ng vi Nc sng mang con, tng vector xk s c a qua b bin i IFFT.
Xk=ifft(xk)
Sau tng vector xj s c chn khong bo v v cho qua b bin i D/A v cc
b lc nhm to NT tn hiu min thi gian s j (t ) pht trn NT anten .

Hnh 4.8: My thu MIMO-OFDM VBLAST

Ti pha thu, tn hiu nhn c s c sau khi loi b cao tn s a n b thu
OFDM. Ti y n loi b khong bo v CP khi symbol OFDM, vector thu c dng
sau

y(k)1=h11X(k)1+h12X(k)2 +....+ h1Nt X(k)Nt+n1

y(k)2=h21X(k)1+h22X(k)2 +....+ h2Nt X(k)Nt+n2

(4.10)

.........................................................
y(k)Nr=hNr1X(k)1+hNr2X(k)2 +....+ hNrNt X(k)Nt+nNr
Vi hij l ma trn knh truyn t anten pht th i ti anten thu th j
nj l vector nhiu ti anten thu th j
Sau tn hiu c a qua b FFT, vector thu s c biu thc sau:

Y(k)1=H11x(k)1+H12x(k)2 +....+ H1Nt x(k)Nt+N1

Y(k)2=H21x(k)1+H22x(k)2 +....+ H2Nt x(k)Nt+N2

(4.11)

.........................................................
Y(k)Nr=HNr1x(k)1+HNr2x(k)2 +....+ HNrNt x(k)Nt+NNr

LANGTUDONCOI

50

CHNG 4: H THNG MIMO-OFDM

Trong Y(k)j=fft(y(k)j), Hij=fft(hij), Nj=fft(nj)

H thng MIMO-OFDM V-BLAST tng ng vi h gm Nc h thng MIMO
VBLAST bng hp .
Sau khi qua b FFT tn hiu s c a qua b thu Vblast, n gii m vector thu ti
~

sng mang th k (Y(k)1 Y(k)2 ...Y(k)Nr ) c lng cc vector pht ( x ( k )1 x ( k ) 2 .... x ( k ) Nt )

thng qua gii thut Zero-forcing hay MMSE.

~
Y1 (k )

~
X 1 (k )

~
Y2 (k )

~
X 2 (k )

~
Y3 (k )

~
X 3 (k )

~
YNT (k )

~
X NT (k )

Hnh 4.9 :B thu VBLAST

B thu VBLAST lm vic nh sau:
Ban u h s knh truyn H c c lng thng qua b c lng, n c biu
din di dng ma trn nh sau:

h11
h
H= 21
...

hNr1

h12
h22
...
hNr 2

...
...

h1 Nt
h2 Nt
... ...

... hNrNt

(4.12)

Sau b thu VBLAST s tnh trng s ZF l W=H+ =HH(H HH)-1 hoc W=HH(N0I+H
HH)-1 Vi MMSE .

[7]

Nh trnh by chng trc khi nhn trng s Wp vi vector thu ta c th c

lng c gi tr ti lung p nh sau:

LANGTUDONCOI

51

CHNG 4: H THNG MIMO-OFDM

x ( k ) p =Wpy=WpHx+Wpn

[7]

(4.13)

Tuy nhin n s khuch i nhiu nn Wpn. V vy c th c lng c gi tr tt

hn ta s c lng Wp b nht trc tin. Nh vy b thu VBLAST s tin hnh tm
gi tr Wp b nht bng cch so snh cc hng ca ma trn W nh sau:
2

Wp=arg min( Wi ) trong i: l cc hng ca ma trn W.

Khi c c gi tr Wp n s nhn vi vector nhn c lng lung d liu th k :
~

x ( k ) p =Wpy=[0 0 ...1...0][x1 x2... xp... xNt]T+Wn

~

x ( k ) p =xp+Wpn

(4.14)

S dng chm sao iu ch thng qua gii thut ML ta tm c x(k)p mong mun.
Tip theo b thu VBLAST s loi b xk ra khi vector thu: y=y-x(k)pHp
V n c lp li cc cng vic trn cho n khi tm c ht d liu ca cc lung.

4.3 Kt lun
y l chng trnh by khi qut v k thut MIMO-OFDM. cc chng trc, ta
bit c nhng u im vt tri ca hai k thut MIMO v OFDM, v vy s kt
hp hai k thut ni trn s cho ta c nhng u im vt tri. K thut MIMOOFDM va ci thin c cht lng ca h thng, va lm tng dung lng ca h
thng. Do n c tnh linh hot cao, ty thuc vo mc ch ca ngi s dng hoc
dich v c th m n c th lm tng dung lng hay cht lng ca mt h thng m
khng cn phi thay i hay iu chnh thit b. V vy k thut MIMO-OFDM ha
hn l k thut tin tin c nghin cu, v ng dng vo thc t ngy cng nhiu

LANGTUDONCOI

52

CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

Chng 5: Lu thut ton v m phng

5.1 Lu thut ton
-Thut ton m phng MIMO-OFDM
Bt u
Nhp cc thng s sau: di FFT, diCP,
di khung OFDM, chm tia fading(L), s mc iu
ch(M), cc thng s SNR,ii=0
ii=ii+1
To cc bit tin theo ma trn (fft_len,framelen).
V iu ch M-PSK hoc M-QAM

Gi CT MIMO Code
Bin i IFFT
Cng khong bo v CP v bin i P/S
To h s knh truyn h v nhiu
Gi chng trnh nhn tn hiu
So snh tn hiu c lng vi bit tin tnh
E(ii)=BER
S

ii=length(SNR_l)

V th E theo SNR_l
Kt thc

Hnh 5.1: Lu h thng MIMO-OFDM

LANGTUDONCOI

53

CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

Bt u CT
nhn tn hiu

Tnh tng chp v cng nhiu c tn hiu nhn

c
Bin i S/P
Tch CP v thc hin FFT tn hiu nhn
Tnh FFT p ng knh H
Gi CT MIMO

Kt thc

Hnh 5.2: Lu chng trnh con nhn tn hiu

LANGTUDONCOI

54

CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

-i vi m phng OFDM th khng c khi MIMO code v khi MIMO decode

-M hnh h thng MIMO-OFDM VBLAST th khi MIMO code thc cht l khi
S/P chia lung tn hiu
Bt u CT
MIMO Decode
Lung L=0
L=L+1

Tnh W= W=H+ =HH(H HH)-1

i=0
i =i+1
Tch hng p ca ma trn W
i=length(ct)
S

Wp= Arg min (W(i))

c lng lung p :x(L)=Wp*y

Y=y-H*x

L=Nt

Kt thc
Hnh 5.3: Lu CT con MIMO decode h MIMO-OFDM VBLAST

LANGTUDONCOI

55

CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

-M hnh MIMO-OFDM theo ALAMOUTI c s khi sau :

Bt u CT
MIMO Code

K=0
K=k+1
Tch Block tin hnh m ha
1Block=2 k t OFDM , 1 frame= k.Block
M ha: s1,s2->-conj(s2),conj(s1)
To Block mi v gn gi tr m ha
(pht trn anten 2)
S
K=frame/2

Kt thc

Hnh 5.4: Lu CT con MIMO code ca h MIMO-OFDM ALAMOUTI

LANGTUDONCOI

56

CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

Bt u CT
MIMO Decode
K=0
K=k+1
Tch Block tin hnh gii m
Gii m:
s1e(k)=S_r1(k,1).*conj(H11)+conj(S_r1(k,2).*H12
+ S_r2(k,1).*conj(H21) +conj(S_r2(k,2).*H22
S2e(k) = S_r1(k,1).*conj(H12) -conj(S_r1(k,2)
.*H11 +S_r2(k,1).*conj(H22)-conj(S_r2(k,2).*H21
S
K=frame/2

Kt thc

Hnh 5.5: Lu CT con MIMO decode ca h MIMO-OFDM ALAMOUTI

5.2 Kt qu m phng
-Ta m phng k thut OFDM vi s sng mang l fft_len = 64, khong bo v thm
vo l cp_len = 16. y di CP khng c qu b hay qu ln, nu qu b th
khng cn u im chng li nhiu xuyn k t ca OFDM, cn qu ln s lm tng
di k t OFDM lm gim tc truyn. tnh BER n nh hn ta cho truyn li
nhiu ln v ly trung bnh, y ta lp li 20 ln.

LANGTUDONCOI

57

CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

Knh truyn c m phng y l knh fading nhiu tia vi s chm tia L=5 v
chu tc dng ca nhiu trng.
KY THUAT OFDM

10

OFDM co CP
OFDM khong co CP

-1

BER

10

-2

10

-3

10

8
10
Eb/No (dB)

12

14

16

18

Hnh 5.6: K thut OFDM vi CP

- hnh 5.1 ta tht k thut OFDM khi khng c khong bo v th t l bt li s cao
hn khi c khong bo v. Do khng c khong bo v s khng th chng li c
nhiu xuyn knh, nn t l bit li s tng.

Hnh 5.7: K thut OFDM vi cc kiu iu ch

LANGTUDONCOI

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CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

-Quan st kt qu m phng hnh 5.2, nu s mc iu ch tng ln th s bit li s

tng cng nhiu. Nh vy tng tc ng truyn bng cch tng s mc iu ch
th cht lng ca ng truyn s gim tng ng. trn hnh, ta thy iu ch
QAM, c cht lng tt hn iu ch QPSK, do iu ch OAM va iu ch bin
va diu ch pha nn vic c lng tn hiu bng phng php ML t sai hn.
SO SANH BER GIUA SISO-SIMO-MISO-MIMO

10

SISO
SIMO(1Tx,2Rx)
MISO(2Tx,1Rx)
MISO(3Tx,1Rx)
MIMO(2Tx,2Rx)

-1

10

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

10
12
Eb/No (dB)

14

16

18

20

Hnh 5.8: Cc h thng v tuyn

-Quan st hnh 5.3, ta thy t l bit li ca h thng SIMO(dng MMRC ), MISO,
MIMO(s dng m ha STBC) cho cht lng tt hn truyn vi h thng SISO.
Nu cc h thng MISO, MIMO khng s dng cc kthut ti u trn, t l bit li
cng khng c ci thin v hnh thc truyn thc cht l vic chia cng sut pht
trn mi anten. H thng MISO(2Tx,1Rx) c BER cao hn so vi SIMO l do cng
sut pht trn mi anten=1/2 so vi h thng SIMO, nu cng sut pht nh nhau th h
thng MISO s cho cht lng tt hn. Hin nay h thng SIMO ngy cng t c s
dng hn. V vic thit k nhiu anten trn my thu lm cng knh thit b cng nh
tnh thm m ,m cht lng th h thng MISO c th p ng c, ng thi vi
vic ra i ca MIMO cng vi nhng u im ca n thay th dn h thng SIMO.

LANGTUDONCOI

59

CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

SO SANH BER HE THONG MIMO

10

MIMO(2Tx,2Rx)
MIMO(2Tx,4Rx)
MIMO(3Tx,4Rx)
MIMO(4Tx,4Rx)

-1

10

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

10
12
Eb/No (dB)

14

16

18

20

Hnh 5.9: H thng MIMO

-Hnh 5.4 cho thy h thng MIMO s dng nhiu anten s cho cht lng tt hn
nhiu so vi h thng MIMO s dng t anten. Vi s lng anten ln th cht lng s
tng, tuy nhin thit b s cng knh hn, v vy i hi vic thit k phi tt hn.
SO SANH BER CUA HE THONG MIMO-OFDM

10

MIMO-OFDM(2Tx,2Rx)
MIMO-OFDM(2Tx,3Rx)
MIMO-OFDM(2Tx,4Rx)
OFDM

-1

BER

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

10
12
Eb/No (dB)

14

16

18

20

Hnh 5.10: H thng MIMO-OFDM

LANGTUDONCOI

60

CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

- cc chng trc ta thy rng k thut OFDM, cng vi h thng MIMO c

nhng u im ring ca n v s kt hp hai k thut ni trn s em li nhiu li ch
vt tri hn c. Hnh 5.5 cho ta thy r c kthut OFDM khi khng s dng h
thng MIMO s cho t l bit li kh cao. V vy k thut MIMO-OFDM l mt la
chn ti u cho knh truyn c cht lng cao.
DUNG LUONG HE THONG MIMO
25
nt
nt
nt
nt
nt

Capacity bits/s/Hz

20

=
=
=
=
=

1
2
3
2
4

,
,
,
,
,

nr
nr
nr
nr
nr

=
=
=
=
=

1
2
2
3
4

15

10

0
-10

-5

5
SNR in dB

10

15

20

Hnh 5.11: Dung lng h thng

-Nh gii thiu phn l thuyt h thng MIMO khng ch ci thin cht lng
knh truyn, m c th lm tng dung lng h thng. Bng thc t m phng hnh
5.6 ta thy c dung lng h thng tng ln theo s lng anten pht tng.

LANGTUDONCOI

61

CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

Hnh 5.12: H thng MIMO-VBLAST

-Mt trong nhng k thut n gin, lm tng dung lng ca h thng MIMO l k
thut VBLAST c gii thiu phn l thuyt. hnh 5.7, ta tin hnh m phng
k thut vbalst vi cc loi iu ch khc nhau v cc gii thut thu khc nhau, t ta
c th thy c ci no ti u hn. T th ta thy khi tng s mc iu ch th BER
s tng theo, ng thi khi s dng gii thut MMSE s tt hn ZF. Tuy nhin BER
ca gii thut MMSE v ZF c SNR ln th t l bit li tin ti gn bng nhau.
HE THONG MIMO VBLAST(2Tx,2Rx)

10

VBLAST-QPSK(2Tx-2Rx)
VBLAST-QPSK(3Tx-3Rx)
VBLAST-QPSK(4Tx-4Rx)

BER

10

-1

10

-2

10

8
SNR [dB]

10

12

14

16

Hnh 5.13: H thng MIMO-VBLAST a anten

LANGTUDONCOI

62

CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

-Qu trnh m phng hnh 5.8 cho ta thy c, khi s dng nhiu anten tng dung
lng ca h thng th cht lng ng truyn cng s gim theo tng ng.
BER HE THONG VBLAST-OFDM

10

BER

VBLAST-OFDM(2Tx,2Rx)
VBLAST-OFDM(3Tx,3Rx)
VBLAST-OFDM(4Tx,4Rx)

-1

10

-2

10

6
8
Eb/No (dB)

10

12

14

Hnh 5.14: H thng MIMO-OFDM VBLAST

-Vi k thut OFDM, ta c th lm tng tc ng truyn bng cch truyn d liu
trn cc bng tn con trc giao vi nhau. Trong khi , k thut VBLAST ca h thng
MIMO c th lm tng tc bng cch chia lung d liu thnh cc lung con v
c truyn trn cc anten khc nhau. V vy, s kt hp gia h thng MIMO vi
OFDM s lm tng tc ng truyn ng k. Tuy nhin hnh 5.9, ta thy c
vic tng tc ca h thng MIMO-OFDM VBLAST bng cch tng s lng anten
s lm BER tng theo.

LANGTUDONCOI

63

CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

B E R V B L A S T -O F D M & O F D M
V B L A S T -O F D M (2 T x , 2 R x )
O F D M -1 6 P S K

BER

10

10

-2

10
12
14
E b / N o (d B )
B E R V B L A S T -O F D M & O F D M

16

18

20

V B L A S T -O F D M (3 T x , 3 R x )
O F D M -6 4 P S K

BER

10

10

-2

10
12
E b / N o (d B )

14

16

18

20

Hnh 5.15: H thng MIMO-OFDM VBLAST & OFDM

-Nh cc chng trc, ta bit rng tc ca OFDM c th c ci thin bng
cch tng s lng sng mang trc giao hoc tng s mc iu ch. Tuy nhin, do vic
hn ch ca bng thng cho nn s lng sng mang b hn ch, cn iu ch qu
nhiu mc th cht lng s gim ng k, nh hnh 5.2 ta thy iu ch BPSK c BER
bng vi iu ch 16PSK khi c SNR ln hn 10dB. Qu trnh m phng hnh 5.10
cho thy rng h thng MIMO-OFDM VBLAST c cht lng tt hn hn so vi
OFDM c k thut iu ch M mc c tc thp hn. th ta thy khi tc tng
ln th BER ca kthut OFDM vi M mc s cng cao hn so vi k thut OFDM
VBLAST. Nn k thut OFDM vi iu ch s mc va phi kt hp vi MIMOVBLAST s l s la chn tt cho truyn thng tc cao.

5.3 Kt lun
Da trn nhng l lun trnh by trong phn l thuyt, chng ny ta tin hnh
xy dng lu , m phng v phn tich. Cc kt qu m phng cho thy tng i
ph hp vi phn l thuyt trnh by trc .

LANGTUDONCOI

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CHNG 5: LU THUT TON V M PHNG

Chng 6: Kt lun v hng pht trin ti

6.1 Kt lun
Vi nhng ni dung trnh by trong cc chng cho ta thy mt ci nhn khi
qut v k thut OFDM cng vi h thng MIMO, cng nh i su vo phn tch mt
s k thut trong h thng MIMO-OFDM. T gip ta thy c nhng u v
nhc im ca chng trong h thng thng tin hin nay. V nhng u im vt tri
ca mnh th s kt hp gia OFDM v h thng MIMO s c ng dng ngy cng
nhiu hn trong thc t hin ti v tng lai.

6.2 Hng pht trin ca ti

y l ti kh rng v ang c ng dng v nghin cu rng ri hin nay. Trong
phm vi n tt nghip, khi kin thc v kinh nghim cha c , cho nn n ca
em ch mang tnh cht tm hiu tng quan, cng nh m phng da theo l thuyt
a ra ch cha i su vo nghin cu v pht trin rng. Do thi gian b hn ch nn
n cn thiu phn c lng knh truyn cho h thng MIMO-OFDM.
Trong tng lai nu khng b hn ch v mt thi gian, ng thi c tham gia vo
nghin cu vn ny. Em s i su vo tm hiu cng nh nghin cu rng hn, cng
nh c gng ng dng k thut MIMO-OFDM vo cc h thng truyn thng thc t
nhiu hn nh truyn hnh nt cao, Wimax, di ng 4G,
ng thi em s tm hiu s kt hp gia h thng MIMO vi cng ngh CDMA trong
thng tin di ng 3G hay GSM ang c s dng nhiu Vit Nam hin nay, ci
thin cht lng vi tc ca n tt hn.

LANGTUDONCOI

65

PH LC

Ti liu tham kho

[1]

Nguyn L Hng,

"Gio trnh thng tin di ng,

i hc Bch Khoa

Nng.
[2]

Vahid Tarokh, Member, IEEE, Hamid Jafarkhani, and A. R. Calderbank,

Fellow,IEEE SpaceTime Block Codes from Orthogonal Designs,IEEE
Transactions on information theory, vol.45, no.5, July 1999 .

[3]

Siavash M.Alamouti, A simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless

Communications ,IEEE Journalon select areas in communicatins, vol. 16 ,no.
8, october 1998.

[4]

Luis Miguel Cortes-Pena,

"MIMO Space-Time Block Coding (STBC),

ECE6604: Personal & Mobile communications; Presented to DR.Gordon

Stuber, April 2009.
[5]

Hamid Jafarkhani Space time coding :Theory and University of California,

Irvine.

[6]

Zhongshan Wu, MIMO-OFDM communication systems: Channel estimation

and wireless location . B.S., Northeastern University, China, 1996,M.S.,
Louisiana State University, US, 2001.

[7]

E. R. de Lima, K.Iguchi, F.Angarita,M.J. Canet, J.Valls, V.Almenar and

S. J. Flores MIMO-OFDM Decoding: From Theory to Practice,
Department of Communications Technical University of Valencia, Spain
Laboratory of Microelectronics - Technical School of the University of So
Paulo, Brazil

LANGTUDONCOI

66

PH LC

PH LC
Ph lc 1: code OFDM
clc;
%--------------- thiet lap cac thong so---------------nt = 1;
nr = 1;
fft_len = 64; % do dai FFt
cp_len = 16; % do dai cp
L = 5; % channel
framelen = 30; % kich co frame
M=8;
%M=4;% dieu che MPSK
%--------------- SNR db----------SNR_loop = [0:2:20];
%--------------- truyen ki tu -------------------E = [];
for i = 1:length(SNR_loop)
SNR = SNR_loop(i);
No = 10^(-SNR/10);
packet = 20;
error = 0;
for i = 1:packet
%---------------- cac ki tu Mpsk ---------------------x =randint(fft_len,framelen,M);
S =pskmod(x,M);
%----------------bien doi IFFT---------------------S_t1 =ifft(S); % truyen tren TX

LANGTUDONCOI

67

PH LC

%---------------- cong CP & bien doi s/p---------------------S_t_cp1 = [ S_t1( end-cp_len+1 : end ,:); S_t1 ];
s_tx1 = reshape( S_t_cp1, 1, framelen*(fft_len + cp_len) ); % P/S
%---------------- he so kenh truyen voi l chum tia fading-----------------------h = 1/sqrt(2)*randn(1,L+1);
%------------ truyen du lieu trong kenh multipath --------%------------ Trn Trung Hong --------s_rx_1 = 0;
for l = 1:L+1
s_rx_1 = s_rx_1 + h(l)*[zeros(1,l-1) s_tx1 zeros(1,L-l+1)];
end
%------------- cong nhieu ---------------------------------n1 = (No/2)*randn( 1, length(s_rx_1) );
s_rx_1 = s_rx_1 + n1;
%--------------- nhan tin hieu -------------------------S_r1 = [];
for k = 1:framelen
S_r1 = [ S_r1 s_rx_1( (fft_len + cp_len)*(k-1)+1:(fft_len + cp_len)*k ).' ];
% sreial->parallel
%--------------- tch CP -------------------------S_r_cp1 = S_r1( cp_len + 1:end,: ); % -cp
%--------------- bien doi fft -------------------------S_r_f1 = fft(S_r_cp1);
end
%-------------- fft thong so h da duoc uoc luong------------h_f = fft([h zeros(1,fft_len-(L+1))].');

LANGTUDONCOI

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PH LC

%-------------- giai ma stbc ------------------------------S1_est = [];

for p = 1:fft_len
H = [h_f(p)];
r_p = [S_r_f1(p, :)];
S_est1(p,1:framelen) = S_r_f1(p,1:framelen).*conj(h_f(p));
end
%-------------- dem bit loi -------------------------------x_e=pskdemod(S_est1,M);
[num1 cat1]=symerr(x,x_e);
error=error+num1;
end
E = [E,error/(2*packet*fft_len*framelen)] ;
end
%--------------------ve do thi BER----------semilogy(SNR,E,'m*-','LineWidth',2);
Ph lc 2: Code MIMO-OFDM STBC( Tx=2,Rx=2,3,4)
%--------------- thiet lap cac thong so---------------clear all;

%--------------- thiet lap cac thong so---------------nt = 2;

nr = 2;
fft_len = 64; % do dai FFt
cp_len = 16; % do dai cp
L = 5; % channel

LANGTUDONCOI

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PH LC

framelen = 30; % kich co frame

%--------------- SNR db----------SNR_loop = [0:1:20];
%--------------- truyen ki tu -------------------E = [];
for i = 1:length(SNR_loop)
SNR = SNR_loop(i);
NPW = 10^(-SNR/10);
packet = 30;
error = 0;
for i = 1:packet
%---------------- cac ki tu qpsk ---------------------S_Usr1 = 1/sqrt(2)*( sign(randn(fft_len, framelen)) + j*sign(randn(fft_len,
framelen)) );
%---------------- ma hoa stbc ---------------------S1(:,1:2:framelen) = S_Usr1(:,1:2:framelen);
S1(:,2:2:framelen) =-conj(S_Usr1(:,2:2:framelen));
S2(:,1:2:framelen) = S_Usr1(:,2:2:framelen);
S2(:,2:2:framelen) = conj(S_Usr1(:,1:2:framelen));
%s1=[x11 -x12* x13 -x14*....x1n -x1n+1*

& s2=[x12 x11* x14

x13*....x1,n+1 x1,n*
%

x21 -x22* x23 -x24*....x2n -x1n+1*

&

x22 x21* x24 x23*....x2,n+1

x1,n*

LANGTUDONCOI

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PH LC

% ....................................
%

&

....................................

xm1 -xm2* xm3 -xm4*....xm,n -xm,n+1*]

&

xm2 xm1* xm4

xm3*....xm,n+1 xm,n*]
% trong do n=framelen,m=fft_len
%---------------- bien doi ifft ---------------------S_t1 =ifft(S1); % truyen tren TX 1
S_t2 = ifft(S2); % truyen tren TX 2
%---------------- cong CP & bien doi s/p---------------------S_t_cp1 = [ S_t1( end-cp_len+1 : end ,:); S_t1 ];
S_t_cp2 = [ S_t2( end-cp_len+1 : end ,:); S_t2 ];
s_tx1 = sqrt( fft_len/(fft_len+cp_len) )*reshape( S_t_cp1, 1, framelen*(fft_len +
cp_len) ); % parallel to serial
s_tx2 = sqrt( fft_len/(fft_len+cp_len) )*reshape( S_t_cp2, 1, framelen*(fft_len +
cp_len) );
%---------------- he so kenh truyen voi l chum tia fading-----------------------h11 = 1/sqrt(2*nt*(L+1))*randn(1,L+1);
h12 = 1/sqrt(2*nt*(L+1))*randn(1,L+1);
h21 = 1/sqrt(2*nt*(L+1))*randn(1,L+1);
h22 = 1/sqrt(2*nt*(L+1))*randn(1,L+1);
%------------ truyen du lieu trong kenh multipath --------s_rx_1 = 0;
s_rx_2 = 0;
for l = 1:L+1
s_rx_1 = s_rx_1 + h11(l)*[zeros(1,l-1) s_tx1 zeros(1,L-l+1)] +
h12(l)*[zeros(1,l-1) s_tx2 zeros(1,L-l+1)];

LANGTUDONCOI

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PH LC

s_rx_2 = s_rx_2 + h21(l)*[zeros(1,l-1) s_tx1 zeros(1,L-l+1)] +

h22(l)*[zeros(1,l-1) s_tx2 zeros(1,L-l+1)];
end
%------------- cong nhieu ---------------------------------n1 = (NPW/2)*randn( 1, length(s_rx_1) );
n2 = (NPW/2)*randn( 1, length(s_rx_2) );
s_rx_1 = s_rx_1 + n1;
s_rx_2 = s_rx_2 + n2;
%--------------- nhan tin hieu -------------------------S_r1 = [];
S_r2 = [];
for k = 1:framelen
S_r1 = [ S_r1 s_rx_1( (fft_len + cp_len)*(k-1)+1:(fft_len + cp_len)*k ).' ]; %
sreial->parallel
%--------------- tch CP -------------------------S_r_cp1 = S_r1( cp_len + 1:end,: ); % -cp
%--------------- bien doi fft -------------------------S_r_f1 = fft(S_r_cp1);
%------------ Trn Trung Hong --------S_r2 = [ S_r2 s_rx_2( (fft_len + cp_len)*(k-1)+1:(fft_len + cp_len)*k ).' ]; %
sreial->parallel
S_r_cp2 = S_r2( cp_len + 1:end,: );
S_r_f2 = fft(S_r_cp2);
end

LANGTUDONCOI

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PH LC

%-------------- fft thong so h da duoc uoc luong------------h_f11 = sqrt(fft_len)*fft([h11 zeros(1,fft_len-(L+1))].');

h_f12 = sqrt(fft_len)*fft([h12 zeros(1,fft_len-(L+1))].');
h_f21 = sqrt(fft_len)*fft([h21 zeros(1,fft_len-(L+1))].');
h_f22 = sqrt(fft_len)*fft([h22 zeros(1,fft_len-(L+1))].');
%-------------- giai ma stbc ------------------------------S1_est = [];
for p = 1:fft_len
H = [h_f11(p) h_f12(p); h_f21(p) h_f22(p)];
r_p = [S_r_f1(p, :); S_r_f2(p, :)];
%------------ Trn Trung Hong --------S_est1(p,1:2:framelen) =
S_r_f1(p,1:2:framelen).*conj(h_f11(p))+conj(S_r_f1(p,2:2:framelen)).*h_f12(p)+S_r_
f2(p,1:2:framelen).*conj(h_f21(p))+conj(S_r_f2(p,2:2:framelen)).*h_f22(p);
S_est1(p,2:2:framelen) = S_r_f1(p,1:2:framelen).*conj(h_f12(p))conj(S_r_f1(p,2:2:framelen)).*h_f11(p)+S_r_f2(p,1:2:framelen).*conj(h_f22(p))conj(S_r_f2(p,2:2:framelen)).*h_f21(p);
S1_est = [S1_est; S_est1(p, : )]; % uoc luong ki hieu thu
end
%-------------- dem bit loi -------------------------------bit_true = reshape(S_Usr1 , 1, framelen*fft_len);

LANGTUDONCOI

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PH LC

real_true = sign(real(bit_true));
imag_true = sign(imag(bit_true));
bit_est = reshape( S1_est , 1, framelen*fft_len);
real_est = sign(real(bit_est));
imag_est = sign(imag(bit_est));
%------------ Trn Trung Hong --------error = error + sum( abs(real_true - real_est)/2 ) + sum( abs(imag_true imag_est)/2 );
end
E = [E,error/(2*packet*fft_len*framelen)] ;
end
hold on
semilogy(SNR_loop,E,'rs-','LineWidth',2);
Ph lc 3: Code MIMO-OFDM VBLAST (Tx=2,Rx=2, vi s anten ln hn c
code tng t)
clear all;
%--------------- cac thong so ban dau---------------nt = 2;
nr = 2;
fft_len = 64; %do dai FFt
cp_len = 16; %do dai cp
L = 5; % so chum tia fading
framelen = 30; % frame size
%thong so cho wait bar

LANGTUDONCOI

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PH LC

h = waitbar(0,'Please wait...');
wb=6.25;
SNR_loop = [0:2:20];
%----------------------------------E = [];
for i = 1:length(SNR_loop)
SNR = SNR_loop(i);
No = 10^(-SNR/10);
packet = 50;
error = 0;
for i = 1:packet %lap lai de tinh BER trung binh-%---------------- dieu che QPSK---------------------S1 = ( sign(randn(fft_len, framelen)) + j*sign(randn(fft_len, framelen)) ); %
frequency-domain symbols of TX 1
%------------ Trn Trung Hong --------S2 = ( sign(randn(fft_len, framelen)) + j*sign(randn(fft_len, framelen)) ); %
frequency-domain symbols of TX 2
% --------------bien doi IFFT---------------------------S_t1 = ifft(S1); % TX 1
S_t2 = ifft(S2); % TX 2
S_t_cp1 = [ S_t1( end-cp_len+1 : end ,:); S_t1 ]; % + cp
S_t_cp2 = [ S_t2( end-cp_len+1 : end ,:); S_t2 ];
s_tx1 = reshape( S_t_cp1, 1, framelen*(fft_len + cp_len) ); % P/S
s_tx2 = reshape( S_t_cp2, 1, framelen*(fft_len + cp_len) );
%---------------- he so kenh truyen nhieu tia-----------------------h11 = 1/sqrt(2*nt*(L+1))*randn(1,L+1);
h12 = 1/sqrt(2*nt*(L+1))*randn(1,L+1);

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PH LC

h21 = 1/sqrt(2*nt*(L+1))*randn(1,L+1);
h22 = 1/sqrt(2*nt*(L+1))*randn(1,L+1);
%------------ truyen tin hieu qua kenh--------s_rx_1 = 0;
s_rx_2 = 0;
for l = 1:L+1
s_rx_1 = s_rx_1 + h11(l)*[zeros(1,l-1) s_tx1 zeros(1,L-l+1)] +
h12(l)*[zeros(1,l-1) s_tx2 zeros(1,L-l+1)];
s_rx_2 = s_rx_2 + h21(l)*[zeros(1,l-1) s_tx1 zeros(1,L-l+1)] +
h22(l)*[zeros(1,l-1) s_tx2 zeros(1,L-l+1)];
end
%-------------cong nhieu trang ---------------------------------n1 = (No/2)*randn( 1, length(s_rx_1) );
n2 = (No/2)*randn( 1, length(s_rx_2) );
s_rx_1 = s_rx_1 + n1;
s_rx_2 = s_rx_2 + n2;
%--------------- nhan tin hieu -------------------------S_r1 = [];
S_r2 = [];
for k = 1:framelen
S_r1 = [ S_r1 s_rx_1( (fft_len + cp_len)*(k-1)+1:(fft_len + cp_len)*k ).' ]; %S/P
S_r_cp1 = S_r1( cp_len + 1:end,: ); % -cp
S_r_f1 = fft(S_r_cp1); % thuc hien FFT
S_r2 = [ S_r2 s_rx_2( (fft_len + cp_len)*(k-1)+1:(fft_len + cp_len)*k ).' ]; % S/P
S_r_cp2 = S_r2( cp_len + 1:end,: );
S_r_f2 = fft(S_r_cp2);
end

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PH LC

%-------------- ap ung tan so cua kenh------------h_f11 = fft([h11 zeros(1,fft_len-(L+1))]).';

h_f12 = fft([h12 zeros(1,fft_len-(L+1))]).';
%------------ Trn Trung Hong --------h_f21 = fft([h21 zeros(1,fft_len-(L+1))]).';
h_f22 = fft([h22 zeros(1,fft_len-(L+1))]).';
%-------------- thu tin hieu VBLAST------------------------------S1_est = [];
S2_est = [];
for p = 1:fft_len
H = [h_f11(p) h_f12(p); h_f21(p) h_f22(p)];
r_p = [S_r_f1(p, :); S_r_f2(p, :)];
%------------ Trn Trung Hong --------[S_est_p] = VBLAST(H'*H, H , H'*r_p, r_p, nt, framelen, No);
S1_est = [S1_est; S_est_p(1, :)]; % TX 1
S2_est = [S2_est; S_est_p(2, :)]; % TX 2
end
%-------------- dem loi-------------------------------bit_true = reshape([S1 S2], 1, nt*framelen*fft_len);
real_true = sign(real(bit_true));
imag_true = sign(imag(bit_true));
bit_est = reshape([S1_est S2_est], 1, nt*framelen*fft_len);
real_est = sign(real(bit_est));
imag_est = sign(imag(bit_est));
error = error + sum( abs(real_true - real_est)/2 ) + sum( abs(imag_true imag_est)/2 );
end

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PH LC

E = [E error/(4*packet*fft_len*framelen)] ;
waitbar(wb/100);
wb=wb+6.25;%increment wait bar
end %end of SNR loop
close(h);%terminate wait bar
semilogy(SNR_loop,E,'gs-','LineWidth',2);
-Code chng trnh con VBLAST
function [decide_bits] = VBLAST(F,H,in_match,in, P,Ns,NPW);
decide_bits=zeros(P,Ns);
dec_table=(1:1:P).'; % a index table helps make decision in tx_order
for k=1:P
G=inv(F*F' + NPW*F)*F;
[ordered_norm,index]=sort(diag(G'*G));
soft_symbol=G(:,index(1))'*in_match;
decide = 1/sqrt(2)*(sign(real(soft_symbol)) + j*sign(imag(soft_symbol)));
decide_bits(dec_table(index(1)),:) = decide;
in=in-H(:,index(1))*decide_bits(dec_table(index(1)),:);
dec_table(index(1))=[];
H(:,index(1))=[];
in_match=H'*in;
F=H'*H;
end

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PH LC

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