AT THE GATE OF CHRISTENDOM Modern fein increingy etroencon sci directed aeson to pat= tes of cut teraction: While schol hve one the ity ee ‘work of peseeaton and tolerance to understand sch actos book ‘pve tht bth exclaion snd integration sinensosychrcerized med ‘cal non-Chran sana, compres the pee of ews Min an nom ‘Gamane beeen 100 ad 1300 Hungary» Kingdom on the Boner of Gheeedom "Aconple prt of on-Chvtin st emerges om the ans fe nomi soi ep and eligi poison and role. Eeitence onthe er ‘the nomate weld led tothe Orman of fone slg, salto sey about Hungry descent fom Chrtendom, The ath et 2 ‘asety of writen sd maternal eine, ning Latin hates ands be ‘nial response account by Minn tel and echaeclopal fd, and ‘er on gies mits ther sea of tial Cheon Testy she ‘secede in ategaing cee Earpenn hry ithe say of the mei ‘worl whe chal how the concep of toe soceer pena ahd ‘Sleace, ebay sd ie others aren wed in meal sas own nuns i Assn Lecture in History, Une f Cambri, Flow of Cates Calle odCone Sas Mail Lie ond Tho "Bh See ct ek tt ay nr id tn nay er i a tn eee he seri Cambie Satan Mia Lie nd Tone wimpy GC Cour ing, Per 8, Lube nw ats Goal Er fe Fourth Seto, sh Dr Crt Crear nd Ftesee Read Muka wn) Th wrong we ty ei eo ie oe ae ne i, dfAT THE GATE OF CHRISTENDOM Jews, Masts and ‘Pagans in Medial Hungary, 1000-6109 NORA BEREND, CAMBRIDGE“Te Pc Buling Tampon Soe, Cra, Und adn Cl Sperone nl eater Paced ont ert nie enti term a —= pense a ott oe ‘emi ae iy hoon ie Ce aaa oe x td ote He He Eger conte (W927-1948) “ees gue geonsrin tempor ecm empor defant bane, a atl len serie pmo prea (Soha hove hing wich take plc in ne soul no ‘wand sip sway wh me, rate heer to fe them frver though the poeton of the reten word}CONTENTS st maps Adesaledgenents Lt of bbreitions ‘Medien onthe Boner Medicral Hungery ‘Medieval Hungary on the fonter of Chritendont (Chisiantar nd nom: Chien ews Musi Camas 3) THE LEGAL rostTION OF HUNGARY'S NON-CHRISTIAN "The legal sat of Joe ‘The legal pesiion of Moslims ‘The legal Sas of Cumans ‘The judicial autonomy of non-Christians “The Hungarian log syern ad he non-Chaisians 4 NON-CHRISTIANS IN HUNGARIAN ECONOMY AND Trade Finacial fnesons and ofce-holding, "Mone ening 6Contos Pubic’ oes connected 0 he mine and easuey "Non-Chrstan presence in agiclre Miliary ae 5. CONFLICTS nETWrew rit PAPACY AND TKE KINGS ‘Since iti uitesbuud Ha any who blapheme against Christ ‘howl have power over Chrisns™ Hungary, the Gate of Chritendom: bith of oni ideolosy Polite fsgmentaton and the Camans apa and vy actudes: the ole of non-Christians in ‘Chrian socesy (Christan categorization of non-Christians (Chrian perceptions of nor-Chsans (Chritan insonary ers The Jews . ‘The Masims ‘The Conant Append 1: Hungarian ng the hose of Arp Append 2: Tonys, with Latin and German euioents Append 3: The manure aon of he Syed of Buda (279) Bisigaphy Inde Maps 1 The medial kingdom of Hungary 4 Non-Chrisins i the kingdom of Hungary age 18 »ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “While writing this book, often sated the sinking eeling of Winnic- the-Pook,clibing onto his boney-er Bost: Twas not que sre 3 ‘which of us ws ging to end wp on the top I chank my fi ends nd colleagues who he}ped me to sty fot by thir avice,encourge- tment and spor, My aletonate thanks go to ose H, Yerushalmi fr hissuppore om | the tine I wat writing my disertaon at Columbia University, and Peter B. Golden who har genera hard his radon, and ha cheet- fily encouraged me with an asorment of Turkish proverbs, Chinese ‘wisdoms and Caran jokes Taz gratefl to thor who itrodaced me o is hat an be pati Inn bewilesing forthe unwary eravller: Robert Somerville t canon Iw Jone Laloveky to archaeology, Lucia Tain o numsmases. ‘They abo dew my atention to sever ofthe work I ave wed. Géea ‘Komoréery, eter Linehan, Zigmond Pil Pach andthe series edtor [Rottiond MeKiterck read the entre manuscript at some sage am {gate for thee hendship and comments, which have gest helped Ine along the way. Iam ao indebted to those who discussed various ‘haptew or particular pools with me: Divi Aba, Janos Bk, In Bors, Als Booress, Richard Bulle, Inbelle Cochelin, Olivia ‘Remie Conable, David D'Avey, Tom Head, Gibor Klnicay, Lilo ‘Kouta, Chte Kuder, Jacques Le Gof, ity Nelson, David Nirenberg, Ene Pawo, Agosto Patsvicins Bayan, Evelyne Patan, Ary Remensnyet Je-Claude Schini, Lnl6 Vespers, Pasi Zot | also think the peronnel of the Hungarian National Archives and the ‘Vata Archivo forte help facing my research, Mow of the work of wring tht book was cried out wile Iwas 3 Research Fellow a St Catharines College, Carsridge Tam indebted t9 the Fellows ofthe Colee forgiving me this opportunity, and particn= Inn to Christopher Bayly, Chritopher Clark and John Thompson, isAdkowtedgements historian, whose fendship and support a surpased the mere dicate of cll Tose but not lest, {thank Colombia Universicy the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Cultue and St Catharines College for their Financial support "Ts book i dedicated othe memory of my uncle, Ervin Betkoi, wo ded ina fnced Labour camp long before Twas born. Had he hve, Thope he woul have apaoved of tht Boole May sao stand in place fof dhe tombstone he as ever ha 4oasH asv duo HO JK ror. es GH ABBREVIATIONS Arison Bsrasioe Mai A ‘Ate Orie Academie Sentra Hungarioe ‘Archivio Segeto Vaseano, atian Ci. ‘Wenzel, Gust. ek son aj olninyts (Codex plomatine Amadis ontana). 12 ls. Pest, 1800-74 Ate Unveritas Szgeious de Ana Joa Nominate, Fes, Gyoray, Coder dination Hagen sess ‘cs 11 Vol, Buda, 1820746 [Nagy lineata Code dipomati dos sno amon 2ky de Zht Viton. 120, Py (881931 ‘Dene: Grn sa A. Feder Cops Irs Cano, 2 vole. Leipnge Tachi, 1879-81. Reprint Gre ‘Aladensche Druck- und Vergpatalt, 1959 [Nagy leo le, Hz! Obit (Coder diploma fi pti). 8 woe, Gyr and Budapest, 1865-91 Grits, In A jrtamok nine (The history of the ArCuminy), 4 vole Keeskemét, Seolnok and Bdapes, tlyo-8, Reprint Baap: A Haekunsigee Alaptsny 1982 Kriss, Gyula, ed, Kent Mager Tet Lesion (14 £2) (Dicoonary for early medieval Hungarian history find-foureerth centres). Budapest’ Akademia Kinds, 1904 Kraus, Ftdinan, od. Monuments Bleiae Stross 4 wok. Eotergom, 1874-1934 Monimenta Cermariae Hutaris. Baited by Georges Helaices Pere SSS Srp. 36 vals to dite, Hannover: Hahasche ‘Bachhandlung, 2826~MOL MopH Mazo Reg. Ale. 1V Rey Bow, VUE Reg. Clem. IV Reg Gig ap Greg X Reg Hon, List of sbbeviaions DC Date Chome6 vol Bein: Weidmannche Velnpiuctiundlng, 18771900 SRG Soi Ron Cmananim. 0% Cologne: Bobs, 1932- yp Epil 8 vols. Bes: Weidnannsche Veep ‘chaning 1887-1037 Legs ‘Sin Comins et es Pas pean fr Regn. 11 pane Hannover and Lee, 193995, Magar Ontos Levi Hangin National Archive) Boden Moments Onis Funan Pecan Hite, 27 folate Bate by Bendis Man Reichert a Tova, 1896 Bom wl XV, Rome: Irsucam Hisoscum Prim Paedstoram. Sebesbey Sindor and Armin Fue, Mager Zi Chloe (ona Hungare Juat).18 vob Belper er Szenpetery Ine and vin Bos. Regs cn sts ‘Apohoee ie Spon, Ae Aputhes hjoe ‘Mlk a jaye (4 alee of ‘hoe fom the House of Arpad) 3 0. Bape: ‘Magyar Todomiay Aa 933-97 ‘Bout dela Ronee C.J de Loe, Pde Cenival and 1A. Coulon, edo Le Refit #alcande IV. wo Bibtothtgue des Ecler Frangases dAthEnes ede Rome, and see Pans 189571099 Dinu, ©, Mi Fauon, A Thoma and Fas Ler Raut de Bina VIL 4 sb Bbbooqe ds Teak Fanpaes dates ede Rome. and set Par Bt. Jordin Ee Le Regis de Client IV Biboshue {Ets Boles Panga Aches ode Rome. and St Pan 853-1048 few Lc Les Reiter de Goin 1X 4 vo Bibbotgac des Ecoles Franses aches ede Rome ast Pati, 1890-085 Gairad, and L- Caer eb Les Rete de Gai Sat de ea XXL Biorgue der Eeles Fangs TAtitaeet de Rome. see Pars 18931906" Press Pets of Reta Hoon pp 2 vob Rome, 188-1905 Reg Hon IV eg oe V eg oh XIE eg Martin IV Rag Dic HT Rep Nic Y Ra Ub IV RH TF Lis of abbreviations Pros, M, ed, Ler Regie d'Hoarus IV. Bibliotheque des Ecoles Frangates df Athéner ct de Rome 3nd fer Pais, 1886-8 Berget,E. ed Les Regises owen 1V. 4 vols Bibbothaque des Ecoles Francaise 'Athénes ct de Rome and ser Pais 1884-1931 ‘Molla Ged Jam XXII 16°14) Ltrs communes. 16 sol Pain 1004-1947 Olviee- Martin, Fed Les Repites de Manin IV. Bibliotheque des Ecoles Fangaes Athens et de Rene. 2nd st Pars, 1901-35. Gay J. and §. Chimoncer- Wine, is, Les Regie de [Nook “IIL Bibhotheqoe des “Ecoles Franqsce Athenee de Rome. 204 se. Pars 1898-1938. Langlois, E. ed. Lar Regutes de Nils 1V. 2 vol. Billothgue des Ecole ranges Aine et de Rome and ser Paris. 1886-1905, Geuirudy J. ed, Ler Reiter 'Unaie IV. 4 vole Bibiothdque des Ecoles Prangaies dAthénes et de Rome and set. Pais, 1899-1938 Szcnpétery ne. ed. Sars Renu Haim, 2 vo Budapese MTA, 1917-8 Gysny, Gyan AS ipa’ Magurnsis te ilegza (trical geography of Arpid-age Hungry) 400k, co date Budapest. Akadema Kindo, 1963-98 Theiner, Augusinus Vers Monumena Historie Hhegeram Satom Bima. vl. 1 1216-1932. Rome, 1859 Liber Sears, in A. Friedberg. Corps Iris Canon, 2 vob Lepage Tauchnia, 1679-83. Repeat Graz ‘Aladensache Druck- und Vedanta, 1959 Liber Exes (Decrees Gregor IX), nA. Fedbeng, CCopur lars Canons, vols, Lepnig Trach 187y-81. Repriat Graz’ Alademiiche Druck und Verbgaasalt 1959.INTRODUCTION ‘Twensedh-century events and concern have fostered interest in the teestment of socal and religious minorities inthe past. Ara consequence, ‘edie ea set out to unravel beth what ws peso or con seucted 5 ciference, and how groups egaded a ferns were teste, "These studies have started to evel the complexity of won-Chrisan ‘ostons in the Middle Ages. The analysis ofthe plac of Jews in medi~ ‘al Europe, for example, modied at only de interpretation of Jowsh story abandoning ws achrymore conception’ but ao that of the Ajpamics of sate formation and of developmen within Chistian the- logy and practice in medical socies? The debate about the ole and ‘eneioa of non-Christians in medieval Spanish histor has enriched our ‘undersanding of Spansh calture There hat been bods an efor. ‘ence of catatadier on local intersenon between Chicane and "Yat ab Be i oa a +E wae Pino A Pend Malvina {Ft jo yor Sea Aen Ue hone shes She a ota e Hay tsAt the Gate of Christendom swon-Chritans in repons sch Spin, Sly or Scandinavia and an imu imexe in 2 compute. penpecive ths, compurton ‘Stent aon fs uner Chena nd ude Mai eas idea might imo the ougs of the peneewson of Jews" New ipso: Rive creed new debts well onthe atte of medio SSEchr onthe eher on enc “Tis book compares tbe fate Of the groups Jews, Mains and ‘pop’ Canons medicrl Hangar? Tea ofl io present Pee Sdy ths conubutes to our knowlege out non-Chratan Srcow) ling. in_medienl Eorope, imegating non-western Ecfopean developments int nase ofthe medal wodd second 20 ‘cumin soe of ime wing the posson of eligous minries Sr wa argue in capes, 4 ner soc The face hat Hangar incorporated tree noo-Chrian roups embles ee 1 Teter ane uctment ofthe eisear groups by bot Ly and eles Geal'suoriges win one socio-economic an lel famework Hungary ao unigoc in ha non-Chrisas eed there volun {hy Ehcwhere ints peiodnom-Ciretin gros wee neoporated ithe Chron ean’ ay rele of congue, st were Mihir in [Réconguct Spin o pagans’ n Loni” “ugar anata of Cheaanaton ly since he te tenth cents and poched -precarouy fen teed ~ onthe fonts between ‘Ghukendom andthe psn wl war characterized by 2 dance Sekgwound of oppotnniis sad tcston. On the one hand oar ScSie ated the posses open to, and poe omar, none rims On the eter hand, she motion that Hungary might be (cused om Christendom sedge tothe noma worl gen= {luted appenenson soot Hengeian poles owas non-Chrisias ail Tased ths book seb mn pre the Wain which no0- cao inemcied wit Chr Hocety What eles and shat a rrtr—sSOSsSC Fe cae te Bs Ral conn oe Se ‘occa Ene ‘atrae. ine, omen Cra Seer eek a wan as pew nen ene haat ame clare Pe ae ortaeeeeara ee Epeeaeaearntria at Iron fanctions did non-Christians have? Were they outents and outsider? ‘Were they marginalized or were they integra pars of scien? How were {hey ses and defined by socery around them? Analwing the hitory oF the various non-Christian groups together, chematially. as opposed to Separsting the material iaco chapters on Jews, Muslims and “pagans [iphighs sindarties and difrences between the three groupe and flows more general conclsions to be der concerning the pce of ‘non-Christians in medieval society. The chapters concentrate Om €c0- ‘nomi socal legal and eigiousaspecs oftheir exten, This compos ite approach is a meus of avoiding 4 mono-causl explanation of ‘non-Christian stats Ie ao precludes rlance on preconcesved notions ef what detemined eeedieral iden and reales concerning, ton Cusine, Foreer, these problems laminate mechanisms within ‘Christa scien. nvestigting the polices of ay and ecclesia powers towards non-Clurstan leads us to questions of economic, religious and politcal motivation, which cannot be encapelated by references pet= ong mentality, 010 tlernce ‘Desgnsting the relations berween Chrisans and non-Chisias 2 ‘coexistence’ snot an arempe to refer o some golden age ofharmeni- ctor tlernt interaction It does, howeve, signal tha the story Tell Snot simply ase of penteuion As shall show, non-Christas were ‘ot uniformly excleded other’. Coexistence, ns primary meaning of “ext together fm ome or ples) sem fo met decribe the vale: swe Iesabsumes bth pescefal and host elton, unt the eraica- Son ofthe minorities, citer by assimilation or expulaon, "A bref duction of my choice of chronology i necenary. My att ing pone for the analyst ofthe status of non-Chriaans in Christan polity isthe eleventh cenery, when the Christan kingdom of Hungary, the famework ofthis study, came into being. The fst vo centaies, however provide snc les materi than the thirteenth cencry. Eaiy medieval atusons in Hungary did aot produce many document, ‘herss the thieemh-centery production of privileges, leters and Chronicles was abundant. To cite sciking example: we poses only {esen exun ol charts om the leventh centoy, where the i= tees of royal charters loo che thitteenth century fil amor the ‘olames? Later centuries fer an ven sicher bares of documents. Yet the prolem adarewed in this wady ~ on-Chrisians in a Christian "Se Mak Mey, Te Mg of Wl ie A of Fd ol a a ‘Gt Sn oy nn fase neyo ar P oP ‘Bote scape ERDF Lined ae apt, 8: ge “Sept hn Somme ge pt oop, aot ts ta 3At the Gate of Christendom sociesy~ cannot be observed 0 well during Ltr centuries despite the [Scher gecrel documentation The titech the as centory in which ‘eee groups Jew’: Mastin and 'pugnns) bred in medieval Hungary. itis thetefore hele tobe tested syemascallyin this sad. The stra ture and hie of noa-Chrian groupe in Hungary were eansformes in the fourteenth century the esomome and soca lamework change, Moreover the Angevn sults of Hungany who ame to the done in the en fourteenth censary naugurted policies mach close to western Earopezn model in their weatment of non-Christians. The Meslie community Ssappeared completely: The Curans were integrated ito fou society Tae Jews remained the oaly non-Christian group in Fanguy, with changing sles, Naturally ese wansformations occurced (rere, and not sbruply in #308, But ea synbobc date, 1301, he fxincnon of the Arpid dymay (whose members ruled the kingdom fom its begining) sgl the end ofa peviod. Ths only brie descrip tions ofthe bter developments ae incldd, cierto ndcate how thir= feonth-century tends clined or highlight thitenth-cenury ‘poate. inal,» ew word concerning the limitations imposed bythe nate ofthe primary source ae pertinent. The main methodological problems Se onthe one hand, the sary of documentation and, onthe oth {he more or less ama’ natre ofthe non-Christian groups aralyied in {hissy The more abundant ouput of wien sours nthe tireeth entry sll cannot compare with, for example, the riches of Spans ffchives on Jews and Musime It spouse to alleviate dhs fist problem in wo ways Fito in additonal informasion, tis necesay teh tot only on writen sours, bu deo on the tessmoay of personal and Copostaphicl nates, ingaitc, iconography and archaeological finds "The ner include gravetones and coins in the case of the Jews, finds om the excavation ofthe one Mains vlge in Hungary that has been uncovered fo dt, and information regarding armament, costume and ‘lpi practice hat the excivation of Cuman graves has yielded. Seeamd, tue use of comparatine mera) provides pespectives which reveal ether the uigueness ofthe Hungaran ease, os simlatites to (Givssan interaction with non-Christian elsewhere, None the les, is ‘Empleo achieve» completely blsneed analy; foreach opi there ‘Sth unequal amount of information on the tre groups. Thos Jews wll feature more promienny in ome ofthe capers, Camans in others the sources concerning Muslims re consstenty the mos: agmentary. The Seon problem diets the focus ofthis study. Many aspect ofthe life of| tmedieal non-Christians, indeed their very extenze in Chin coun tre aliaately depended on poiers external o thei comiminiis. eis Iiodction Inoaic that our ow Jnowledge of the non-Christian communities of Inedieval Hengary shold also be 10 dependent om Chrstian sources [Although the native ofthe Latin text i supplemented by information fom the onomastic and materl evidence Ihave described above, and ‘ccasonally by texts produced by non-Christian, the bulk of thesources fees Chriien perspectives. Thi work, cherefore,primanly teats the “yap in which non-Clrisans St ino an economia and cultural fiamework crested by Christian, While i can address Cheatin views, foncepts and fear, the eivalent non-Chritin experience ir almost totaly absent The daly le of Hungary non-Chesean communities s [nrerievaby low apart Hom few sheds of formation, tismos valy tapoired when aamason had aesdy sorted. The history of Chvscan ‘shtions with non-Chriian in medieval Hungary can ony be uncov ¢red hough the cautious inching forward by the dim light of proba fo de neat Hck (ths ete region) of Senic "bn ol The nn et Ne Yo Se Ba 9 806Chapter HUNGARY: A FRONTIER SOCIETY [Non-Chrisian n medieval Hungary ved ina sociey that wa formed byavriety of infuences, many of them the rl of Hungary locason ‘oh the foater of Chriendom. Frotie’ and fonts socket ae con ‘Cepethat have Become exensivel ud in medieval historiography and Incorporate» wide variety of approaches. Conceptal arity requies {cling the tae of defiations and izerpeeions in ode o Bring both the notion of Hontir society andthe place of Hungary as such 3 soiey into sharp focus [Abie cheas ofthe history ofthe ord? uel in dientangling the varied theca tht constateonter tue. Paternity goes to 2 very Canwling igure indeed Pederck Jackson Trner claimed thatthe on {Ge wos both unigue tothe United Stats an closed forever He has pre- [Spiated an avalnache of work on onters in history. Yetno singe spect [Fie Turner thesis concesning American hitry has withstood etal Seat! Fuse the concept ofthe nti was transformed: instead oft "ves i pr ges bbe Me a ton fhe + Poe liu" Ate te Pte! Toth Cera The Fee eres ns Rann un Ans eno mayo apt oe marr a redowre tec hanapay ne d ‘Steines Qe sr ob Dal ret um Sie Ln ha, 9) + TS a wr Ata ty eine egg et fees rows eu ro sy «+ Kisagthe my boos sea Pusch inc, ye A Mi and el. Raia SSORERIUT Riel tay dawg Uneney Ps faa Pes ‘Sime tu Sg Mn uf no ee Win teen i a pn Sy Rtn Beda Blew Soe Ne hs Wie rie ot Ne Hungary: fom soity wlderest to be conquered, dhe ater came t be seen a5 3 contact one, where an interchange of eats was constantly aking place (0 Spprcach widely wed by medherli) This has ben cicized in turn: inuny schol of American history now ange ca only the myth of the ont consis legtinate eld of oy, and thatthe el proceses Should be deeribed by other nase? This apprsch led tothe ieodc= ton ofthe concept ofthe ‘madd ground’ instead of onter,emphe ‘ing relations an common consensus rather than to separate sides” ‘While Aniricanits hive been repudiating the "roar st a8 expan axory concept, it tok on fe of ie wm nthe hitoriograpy of other peviods aad seas” The Turse thesia ster adapts ha perhaps fore pacton historian ofthe Middle Ages than of anyone, apt rom {oe working on Turners own Geld, American history Tal Influence Sesto, Tuner formolte his Fonte yposhess pry in eacton to Imedicvalte who were aguing for 1 continsty of exaizaton beeween fedieral and American socer* James 'W. Thompson applied the ‘Turner hypothess to medieval Geman story as ea 51913) From [Acchibld Lewit arcle on "The Closing of the Mediaeval Fonser {ajo-1350'(19s8) to Robere Borde and Angus MacKay’ Medial ‘ronter Sots (2989) sn beyond, many medieval have exposed the outer neon exglowory concepe”” Turner and 2 sight mode es iad Stee egg emt see’ Soe pe SS iasieel coc ee eee Epo ete as erat ca pet ce od Sag ee wo re Sarah De tea cae tpeae hse + WiC Ca Pom si Lenn: Une of Naa Pra, ‘icc sh buen ee ee i nrg ie Ren nt ry Sony Bp oe Lah et ‘Sys emp te hes op Teste Ale eg, ee Fr row Hak Ret fine Oi Tih, ne Fat min Mn, ew seat Enw a oe oe Aelia a Re Ct A ett fr se S39 eer ‘Sor grt. Ren Sarg co Seca nar Soe Berl Roh coh rea 7At the Gate of Christendom “Tumerianapprosch have especialy nsenced historians ofthe Iberian enim, sach as Charles Joan Bis, Robert I Buras and Angus Back, who have we the concept sa main interpretive too othe evelopment of medieval Therian society "The fonser has betn evoked init original Tererin meaning of| man’ igh agsne nacre with he conelated changes in the isiaions find ebaiour of the fomieramen to explsin agricultural expansion, ‘mona innovations fom the fourth to he twelfth century, arching in Exeemadur, and Cite setlement'* Mos: medievalits add Calta nd reigious dimension tothe theme of fight gaia mata their dcosone of the ‘Foner, and many focas enely on interaction [benween societies. A common point of view in the ltr appreach 9 ‘deny ilitarnacion athe min festare ofthe Gon, of ven of he ‘whole society Studies on Terian fonters with iam, ehe vse of order lone and mitigation on both sides of the ArbByzantine font, or svarie in Ireland and Wales, atest co this aspect of the Ae Teta ort ‘ethernet pnts ore ee aenwieeacrimen eon Sparen ee een ‘toned Aegis noes ca Tx Une Be ee ere ata eerie? Sociee eter emer SE ea eeanr eerie oe See eS ena Secor romped ape Aongh bse swe heen elt Eee Ea eee eee Se eee ree eotens eas ‘Baal S Sata sh cfs one in SS oes Sethe weaertaes SS ae Seo ee a Sone SS ae nee Ss See aie seme oars Saree era * Hungary: a foto saety historiography” The military fonction of rote zones, however, does fot mesh either dat the dynamics within the shoe oF socery were ‘holly or even most deerained by fronser warfie and preperaions {rior that ware in itelF cused the emergence of “font sc {uel Moteove the des that pre-movdern onters were defined in mil= fry term and thar consueson sm border ares served miltary anesion hs conse under ccm, * Resesch on te praca lary {nl of various frontier defence systems sugges that they Gcieued {onitoring and contol, sid thie function Yas Ged to detecang che presence of, rter than sopping the enemy. Thus deep zonal defence Iechunisns exited in Spain, Rome, Byzansum and China’ The ‘Mlopton of crusading heroic ao ofen aociated with medieval Unitary fontien. Whe tue for Sain (bt only fom ehe wel thirteenth centuries) and the nowthern wary, iid not play» role Stay and other frontier aes ‘Mani iedevalsts have emphasized shat devices of abization, nego~ tiation, tade and other poacefl deskngs equally characterize foster Iie A variety of views ext bout the maine of ach Foner he crested eam Cae fonts Potengi ale: Mad ‘eS en, es rpg at 1 ealy ate iin os eat ef CA Pee oer ‘Ba re Cad Re ayn th ued nts Ss ‘Bo ia Cra a tan Ne a nl se Ont Fait ste ckoun syn pn gt ESTE cane nn pen CR Whee amc Sl ve Bon ns ie ke ‘Sree pon nee au he Rou ye eB SERRATE ee ara otter ‘a Or Pre roan te pgs © Li See sem ph ee Rada rote p74 ‘alors "he Ka eFC ‘aay Sneinn ot Seay Roce Re ‘ma a te Bre ppp rats Wess Olas Compa de bn pe CIE Zahn ts Ce me {ies Hw Apis Sor ena es ell rae nota og Mente cn etn Rainy Bedi, Senne npn Ca (Sa ni agement [EL es As nd Sec pew Mga ne he ace att, leg ome Ser Dog ae Be Cone ‘ie etc ipa a ewe 00pm met BLT Slalom Rei °Al the Gate of Christendom ‘by the dual dynamics of war and peacefilneraction es often sere ‘atthe tation wa diferenin cent aes Sometime one ini- toon’ were indeed cleat inc fom thou of ean areas.” There however, more quersonable inks between other nitsons andthe "Boater nor only the multary oréers, but aso patsh organization in the Gontier zone, have been described as “foie insiudons, and ‘McCrak even tiked about» four selgion brought tothe newy (Christanized lands of Catalonia ® Some scholar empha the difer- cat quay of lifes gresterredom, fein of lt rance social Auid- 5, dhe fragmented mature of society and mulope loyaies in fonter zones.” This may be wue for Some aes, but in many Boer terre ‘esses lives were dzeced by the authorities, while other fonter regions were even under condominium, that authorises fom bod fides eed to extend thee rule to the region The peculiar nature of| Sontier fe has been used to expan the development of terry genres and saved objects, and even poiical srucures such asthe Otoman Sea "Frontier interaction’ so came to mean acultrtion or religion y= yet cary after ae ann, at wen lrg on. EL S'aiiea eae nt we papel en ay pepe al ‘apa Adare cotiny Smart tent tay es ‘Sota ts eat i eee pace ep Ota ye Cg {fein na ep apm ne ps in Seer Byae [Spr tra dara Rp ee AD ele ‘ae Fe Ri ay ee Coy a Po vs RG hn Ca ig of cs: anni hn Fr (Cote net uy Pat Rabe BT sh ue aa ecm a pec sue epee ‘ci Cac se ses Se Pes Dec ‘Sten Cum Sn fw yo go pm ta (mi on Chant Sefer bc te ed en Meo Spt htng Te Se of ec Undunt Neon ssn i Ue Sey Onan nd Kady Armin ete at ep ‘re Fon ary Mans acon‘ Pe Sein en EO ee 1» Tom ke Aan Fr inn Ct Si al Ce Chg ni heaton eine atta on ew Eye Hag 8 Gam, “Digi kro» Sou Se Frome Hr’ n A Ie (Shp ae Anny pes Cu ey tea ded ‘Sot os hel Pa ep ya tefl ein Ran ate yoyo a deerme elt = Fac Hungary: fone ity ret: Many scholar focus not meray on commerce and contacts, thon the mining of population fom he two sides ofa theoretical fon ter that game fo resemble each other more thas thee respecte core tociedes® Even ideologically hose cultures interacted in peat ways ‘Raven ented in mingling ™ Frontier interaction har alo been understood to ff siete in thet tes Hatori of the Bish es have ecouse tothe term inorder {Osu Anglo Scots and Angl-trh tons, and chose ofthe erae ‘Séer kingdoms in the ext have debated the extent to which cases iwese affected by the cazons of those they conguered. Interaction bbemeea the notids of the steppe and their sedentary neighbours (including Rat’ and Georgia) ha Been seen onthe one hand 10 lead to Tbrmations of nomad tats through the influence of edenary societies, tnd onthe other hand to face sedentary sats taupe by lary oF iplomatic meas to the nomadic challenge on ther borders Conquest fe acculturation have even served a2 model for analysing the develop~ tent of Europe: Robest Bare interpreted the emergence of Europe Ia consequence of the medieval exension of Christendom fons Hie ocised on the change produced by werera European expusion “Frontier socieg’ ib an eiaive concepe, with many, often implicit, imerpretatins, For example, Feraiader-Armesto defined ‘Gonser tociehy as one tha if moulied and changed by new challenges and ‘pportniiee, instead of intasing and amplanting an old syste? EES ct: le ely fe a a a is a a er eit ltd Sogn ae Cop =p oy. 1 ETE td Canes ra Te Cn Fn of Fgh RC, ‘eta Game pind fi io testo etn ne TS SOUT it re Chg ri a ‘tral Gut tm aie td Ese Bon: ei Rep BIS Sa Say Seman ncaa Rare Spe ee a we vi Ba hr Covey Stes Cans hen opr hors ata Natl Sey Ne a he Cine me Bi Be rl ee ers 9p ee Ca ‘Tir Cpa arp rt tn a Nol ne ‘me Teg Cn Carey My and Stn. Gey oF Sa Sj, an Se fina Tem Bal Tit Fee fr As ge (big Mc 9 » Rc Bou ie neon ins nia he ose (Pine Rs Ua ep lm Hm gy » Elfen ti pend Cro nenAtte Gate of Chreendom (Others also we the concep to characterize reas whee the development of new institutions, social forms and rls takes place This Turneran fefintion obscures the fc hat every socey sles on tations but abo changes over ine. The frm can eqaly denote societies whose periph eres (fontier zone) developed a3 rest of confonation and interse- tion with another society, sich a long the Arab-Byzantnefoaer or ‘Masti-Christian Ronsier in che Ibenan peninsla “Ponter society tls employed in dhe meaning of ‘onus society’, where a conquering ‘te ules overs subjugated native population, such ss Wales Finally “onus society’ hasbeen wed to denote cultura iteration, Some aa” Joe focus on the development ofthe fonter region slone while thers Focus on the eansformatons of an enti society ‘One ofthe mose important asoerions in historiography i besween fonter and eaparson-® Turner rks hind the model of ‘ons society tat has been prevalent in Angle-Aaricanfontiersadies. This 2 icrasngly som dey Toren” at ne olen comps ‘up images of easformative powers and an expaning society. Tht the focus of histricalanlys har ofen been on wenemn European ot CCurian expansion and influence, conquest and the transplantation of ‘wexern customs andelgin, to the detriment of analysing loa devel= ‘opment For example, Rowell ha pointed out tat horns have ‘ceed Lithuania aa pasive pater apd ane hess stad motes ‘Sons ony of Chistian powers. "The nodon of Seater region or societies is implicitly linked to an| dea tha these aze formed becaute ofthe existence of foes Gn the sente of boundaries) berseen diferent states or religions Yet the hstoriography ofthe formation of plies, epeclly ate, boundaries has offen been Sepante om dncustons of font pins and Goniet eh i me = ‘Si Gninct cane pe'reme sarees steer Omens * Sena re tobe renee O SERREP Are ys pms eps Foe ance ectanean savannas Sec are acer aa = Sten Aeterna Secateurs nea ey ads leer Np ey 2 EE nen, Like dam A om (com Cua aren caiet) Hungary: fone soety i. The development of near boundaries generally seen as contem= porary wa the foination of terior xe lthough is datinghas ben Fesaed® The developmen of ines ones sakedo the contact and onfonaton of two religions an eles inthe cio chat linear boun- Airy fir developed in eicesth-centary Teri, According to thi agi tent, 4 conan contce with 2 difeene cule in densely poplated tres a sate freed) Ronse snd the idelogy of expanding the orders sua, led othe emergence of the word and notion ofthe frontier (ona) aan exit politcal Boundary The fst appearance of the word Ronser a border, but not necessarily 2 state bounty) has been enced to te rel century in Ten, to the thie canary in Italy and to 132 n France Work onthe development of sate boun- dines in conta Europe led to 2 deeled caring of often very mobile borders, as welt an als of the diplomas and malty means by Which these fonts evolved" Linear boundaie (nt of salt err= torial unit) developed from che eels centary in central Europe” LR eon i's ft Sr i ‘tpn prise, Ucn ere, ier ont, Aa ESC 7 207 en nal oe oe yg te wre EN Re ene mine os us cana Dio 1 SAS ace ee fe sin, anne hy i fe ad ee » PSD sca eros Xin ede oon loci. Mi icp esi see Gn ape 1» Goede erin pitch Mal, Cv dt Sl Fou ede ae Ard Stig sit hr emer 2 aS eee See eS Rive e ease ee one areninon Siete ahi egal et mie cota _ SEESAt the Gate of Christendom leisumaly understood chat inthe Middle Ages frontiers were not ines bt zones of reins” Even Normandy, lug celebrated whe fist Post reise ica fontse, hadi facta mor 00a fonts for lon time” Indeed, one ofthe conlion that recurs whether scholars wre about the Great Wall of China, Byzantine defence apems ofthe seventh fentury, or medieval Europe that nese sate ordess were never ‘created in practice onsees always remained imei snd zonal inthe pre-modern age: Yer the omapt of lines fonter exited in medieval EEarope ands di Gostiersdelinested by border mate's onthe pound tis enough to peruse chars deinsting ester in onder t ind detailed and very precise descriptions f the boundary ine, nang beeen och ‘eference points assteams clay denied tees, oad junctions, or ven sroical border markers Daniel Nordman pointed out tha he ear tse eitorial Boundary nes were thote tit wee preived a such by contemporaries," Ths, was cettaly the exe for dvinone between tats, 3t well sn defining the exten of eclesitl jrtions of ioceses tn principle the same ides cou be spplied to foaters of wats, From the ety fourteen entry, with the drvlopineat of eartogophy and technology Linear footers indeed started derlop fom points OF lle fr defence to continuous borders, albough the permanent tenance of unchanging ine foadien of entre sates it's modern ‘Phenomenon, Tissot o say Hache deca of evsaton ws bys fom zoml to linear Gontersoflen the two corse and served difer= envende ‘Since'modemn inerest in ones and omter societies has been ferent dere bestia ne ee ee eee ‘Dither af Anges Nemandy Compre? ge Rema rod Ceeghet ESR i: eee Seo See een siete ee pao Hungary: font scity inspired by a variety of perceptions and ideologies, fom Victorian impe- fala to modern micuurisn,” iis not surpesing tae what {merges fom asurvey of fone studi is the muliplicey of implied or epic meanings and ction of frnten They have clade inter- pretation: focusing on expansion aginst nate and agri colon Eton ar wel a expansion agin other tovetes mir eonfonsion, {pheres of intercon and acclraraaon, The Ronit can bes place, 4 ‘Hing o outer boundary. a ype of ocery or movement; anda proce” Tn ace, other words could often be subsuted for "Rone? depending ‘on the conten: congues snd colonization, land redamation, variety of ‘tal proces Ie not clear when an re cexes to be 3 Foner ‘Therefor, when using the concept in analyses of medica history, it Js important to ssnguih between is various mesings, a8 Well 3b [erween historical construct (or terpettive tool and medievd ieol= fy. "Fronten inthe inear-onal boundary sense delimit adminitative ‘mits wheres "fone n the sense of borderands ae places where Inceraction between cule, religions or ctlizations (the form of which ‘aris occurs. To employ the erm ener inthe ater meaning can be {historical constructors reflection of medieval notion, Whether or not ‘ontersporarie conceived of tetra or idclogial Gonere between ‘rious societies and reigons is question nel ronter zones inthis Second sens offen mean fonter regions of society. Whether there was anything ‘special about these regions has to be established rather Gas dssamed:Teneeds to be proved whether there was a dtinct tle of ie tarcterzed by multaration, olen, and norms ls and mecha fas diferent om the eental reas ofthe sre society, and whether ringing berween population rom the two sides of te supposed fon ter progressed to the poin that they resembled eachother more than thei respective soe, The typeof interaction orth esl of inter- coon are ot predetermined ip fontier sation If we andetand "font aa one of interpenetration beeen ewo ciztons that were polially separate, it fllow thatthe fonter digppets when single politcal authority gains hegemony over the aea ‘One should ato dtingtah between oir zones (or societies with 2 fone repion) and wocieses incorporating fw0 or more religions snd altars in one politcal unt. In zones of contact, where diferent cares ‘aon cred Soe fs Hs Eg ne ot Ren Eng Ob “Dee ie ed Je tly Ts Fenn Cope Sil Norma: ‘Sen Ooms tT, Tc Pecipldc Se aro Sear 8 inp Sop aAt the Gate of Christendom and selgious interacted nose or peacef ways, states ote iced each ‘the, suck as Lihuana and ite Chr neighbour. Thee, however, ‘ew separate polit ethics Such interaction berween two polieal ‘ns hat be dingusted om Hones soit’ inthe sense of zone fof interaction berween wo or more zeligioas or cultures within one Pollcl famework, whether or noe hae Eamework emerged sa esl SF conquest (One could therefore ague aginst the wtf of one? concept thats unconnected othe foxmation of Hones polite] boundaries ‘Afr ally what good s 2 concept which was ambigoouly formulate 2 ‘hundred yar ago and ha been severely crazed ever since? AS Pacis Limerick putie"the word ont” wes tors before historians cn twit Doe notte erm frontier ce conceal more than reveal, ‘becuse all yoietes described se flotietcite ae in fc, diferent fom etch other? “Like other concepts, omter’ and "ftir society" have thei wses, provided they dec tention to certain quessons, rather than preclude [rier analy, Inthe eae of edie roe id the territorial concept ‘of Chriendom have a effect on nodions of otis and onthe devel= ‘pment of societies nthe area along the Gontits of Christendom? ‘Theorescane of space emphasize dat ech society prodaces 16 own “pace” Richard White turned Turner on bs ead (a oven which he ‘wer preceded by Latimore) to argue that society crated the Bons, Itntend ofthe Gooterceating society” There txt inane sm both ‘hecons; fom the cente to ue fonses, and fom the oars to the ‘ente, In thi vein, one can smvestigte bow medieval Christendom ‘ested is own fonts, and what types of sities emerged along these ‘Eonten. We can distinguish three main fontiers of medieval Roman CCrstendom, dough, acu there wat ages variety ofloea ier- ‘ence within this Brod typology One was characterized by the contact Sf Christy and Im. The second Eonter was the one with ‘Byzantium and orthodox Christy Finally towards the nord and che ‘ent, Chrssanity encountered animisic and shamans popuaions (pagan fom» medieval Chitin pout of view), some of whom were ‘nomads, Societies emerged ia these contact zones that incorporated pop= Ubtons of diferent religions and coleurs: in the Medierancan, Tt, dan Fe i i Aap ps tn 9 Hungary frontier seciety ‘specialy in Spain, Sicily and the Holy and ding the crusades inthe alge land; and in Poliné and Hungary. Many modern scholars have swared us ofthe dangers of adopting simplistic ew (which can even be based on ceria medical sources tht expound oficul ideologies) of (Civsdan- Muti or chuied- barbarian hoy, Uncovering loa l= ‘ics within Chrizendom' fontie sores heeforeanporan fw sre to andentand medieal European societies and the formation of Europe To wha extent were thee soccues determine by the waity of interaction be ic hostile or peaceful), and by contermporiry and expt ‘Gontrieologe? I's imporanto ditinguish berween explo {er ideologies and ral aneraction, Medieval Bontier Meololes snd thetorie themselves, a6 well a the realities of interaction, ae important objects of amiss. Medieval Hungary devdoped along one of (Christendom fonts, and ia the thetenth century prodaced an explicit fraser thetories well This dd not eniely determine the posi 'on of nom-Clhstiane wichin the Kingdom, batt exrced a mpor= tant infoence ve i "Noo-Chriian tate in Hungary would be incomprchensble without some ides ofthe structures andthe history of the kangom sel? Two {specs of medieval Hungarian history ate paruculsty relevant to the present seudy: the situation of the kingdom on the Ronter of {Christendom and the character of 3 compost society, party a resulkof| this location. Tht an anaiis of thee chascersur of Hugin md i Hp dG Ania ET ae a econ Qa "Cie ose pd Bo ae ‘tg Dye Als Ws gs Sie ds a gl pe ‘ede ty on Pa A thf a Cas Io henge Hof ogy kate ak 2 Bae Os Eek aan jt De Cn rp pe Co ‘et tS '© Rte The St Fy Ea iene ie aeMap 1 “The meet Kingdom of Hungary Hungary: fom sity history and ofthe applicability of Gone theories needs to precede the ‘amination of non: Crssen pence. Hungary emerged on the fon ‘er of Christendom. The ‘Hungarian’ who sted there inthe ate nth entry were shemicie + mixture of different groupe: + Finno-Uigie tribal “confederation that" gradually migrated fom the Westen ‘Siberia-Uras egion, whe some eibes detched demelves and various “Turic groups progrsiely joined them Inthe procs they cme into dove contact with nomads and adopted steppe culture They were se Sstocnted fora me wth the Khazar Empire Defestedby the Pechenegs, ‘he tba union reached the Carpathian basin in the te ninth century “Afr invading dhe ara that was to Become Hungary, these tribes con- duce a eres of riding expeditions wel nc dhe teh centr real fngas fra Constatinople tn the eat and the Frankish Kings be sd Apulia in the wet and rout, Forced by changed economic cca: ‘ances (ificien pasage to support a nomad socier ad che impos sity of moving on and filly by two major defeats (33 at Rade and 955 neue Augaburg a the fous bute ofthe Lec) ta wet perma ‘enuly, Hungarian socery underwent radial changes theater half of the eth andthe early leveth centuries. "The ber ere Draken sp, teaiional leadership (chieftains and dual rlership) was eliminated and the population was subjected to anew typeof monatchy. The local Slavic die cher populations inerged withthe aden, Fialsetlement and Geisincineoe went hand ix hand. Byeanine as well 3 Rowen Catholic misions, especialy organized misionary werk fom Geemany, ‘encouraged by Prince Gta, the rule (¢ 972-99) of Hungary, esuled ia the conversion of the popalauon. Géza ctablshed close Ges with the ‘Bavarian court, saving musionaris to his testories and marrying his son to Gitels, daughter ofthe Bavarian Dake Henry land sister ofthe [Emperor Henry I nthe erly eleventh ceaary, Hungary emerged 53 (Christin Kingdom, ruled by King Ivin (Steen, 1000/ro0r-3) (Canonized by a local syuod a the nite of King Lisl in 1083, lien wat ented asthe founder ofthe Kingdom and apie of he Hisngarans ‘During the eleventh century Hangarian kings achieved the consolide— sion ofthe kingiom and is poliel-edlesastal independence fom {he Ouonian-Salan Empise. Miliary confontaion was complementedAt the Gate of Christendom by ideologies formulations of sovereign. Ths Harti, auhor of the royally commisioned Vs of St Isvin ia the cal twelfth century, Invented the legend shat Itvin received 2 zyal zown fom the pope hime, who war sleds som grant the ruler he royal signa ‘This buted the claim to ongarys independence snd equa tus sinoag the Christan Kingdoms of Europe, Harr aio incorporated ‘Rory whereby the Vigin Mary protected che Kingdom, her hereditary Powssvon fm German ttc German counters included he Promotion of livin Bavarian wafe Gul tothe sole of advise o the king and the snsrment of hr conversion to ChritantyS* ‘Sate and ecesiascalstactares tat had developed in Christian king- dome were adopted in elevendh-cenrury Hungary, mostly according 0 ‘he German meds, local isstuons evolved. The main component ofthe new organisson were two schbishoprics, dioceses, and the dv sion of the kingdom into counties Royal ele heed by ip (ol ‘ffcias) were the cenaes of production and taxation, aswell 3s ofthe Tegal and tay ster. the eanlythieenthcenery landholding t= terns evolved fom a mostly oj and eclesiastical monopoly eo inlade an ever-growing perentage of noble ndholder. Inthe ely Middle ‘Ages the ang perwanal domain were more extensive than all the other fancsin the counery combined. Royal power rested upon the lind snd is inhabtan, who were in the service ofthe ruler. From the ety tir {tenth century Hungarian kings began to donate lrg dons to nobles sr perpetil holding These holding, however, were aot given condi= tionally sat tenure service Ara growing portion of the lands ‘belonged to the noi. che kings gradually lost much oftheir power, together with tei damn Tad, tons and the money economy dt ‘ot develop o the extent of providing suicient income and an aerna- tive power ba for the king Mow tows were eceesiatical ces lackbishoprice and bishopric) or royal residences. They ao contained ‘communities of aris and fanesoned at local markets Some of them, Ibowever, bad extenive economic roles, even including international een pho gb Hew ay com Ei Bre Speen ‘ete Hanon (ne Sy 2 sea Rip they au Lyn Sep es ero Ee Brie SSDS ear ana arg Pepe tr ays “aur reas Clie Son Cee tno ud ean MOIS Hlangary: fone sey ‘sade. Usban privileges and autonomy started o develop fom the sats cored to itera or foreign migrans. Te hopes stats of these fen foreige sete este the bass forthe oy confer of economic and legal ban nights Society was divided int alarge numberof groups with their own pe cific satus, duties and prvlegs. There were sve, serving people tstablahed on the royal domain farnishing specifi good or trices (Celene), ve pests ade nen Hing on opel dona coring prodce and military service 2 he king (dpe under the higher ranking viyobhigot ed by eastellans (oversees, Jodges and ‘nlitaty leaders in one ng). There was amultary astocacy, which Conceived of its cum peices as won by the ight of congue cm ing decent Rom the (often mayhical chic whe led de ees ito the CCaepathinn btn inthe nih Centary, In fc, fae, incading Choe ‘of German, Iberian and other immigrans, roe into the ranks of the nobility and even reached is highest rank, dhe barons (he distinction developed inthe thirteenth centuy) Vsiage, with a chain of depen- ‘dence, never evolved Instead, nthe ater hal of de hsteen century, Se was fas that developed in Hungary. Nobles were fae of high-ranking lord; service was only rately sed to recsving Inds fom the lord, dhe seu war nt eredary and im capil ries they came lund he jusdition of the King. Dating the thier cnr the socal dructre was becoming more sified and replated, procen that culminitedin che fourteenth cena ‘Writen charters defined the postion of various group, fom pears. nobles: great variety office and une elements began fo merge int 4 ‘niied sertom and the nobility grew more hierarchical Atte sme time, the urban and monetary economy developed. Economic and social ‘hanged nos oer without politcal upheaval. During the threenth enrty the king was conftonted by the nobles, who wished to carve out ‘more and more independence. Thisstugseculinaed in the period of the ingle (kinda) este extncion of the Arp dyna, when 2 few tertorial magmas, holding lage pars of the country, monopo” ned poles! power before being defer by the Angevin Chives Robert Free men, ving on royal domsns prior the eatythiteenth entry, were Uhreatened by the donation of these lads to barons: dey tamoured for potection, Calling themoclve ‘servant of the King er "inter rgi) they emphaized ther dependence on him snd thas their Independence fom everybody exe. Only their incorporation ito the nobility coud seguard thei mais and berry Their movement led the Golden Ball of 122, the carter of prveges that grasted fedom ‘Gor taxation to thee domains, extensive lal pes, rations onAt the Gate of Christendom the royal donations of land and employment of regen for the sole ‘ligation of eltary sevice, Batol in defence ofthe kingdoms. Toarge the cae for Hungary 8 nti society does noe mean ehash- ing, m more fuhionahe guts the debate concerning cece and periph, for economic and socal "backwardnew’"Derighey’ cui commotion’ ffom swe in modern economic tory and development sedis con teat beseen deeloged,indasaired fore) coun wih wndeleel ped or backward egos (periphery) that sappy ra mater and ‘Boda Ths terminology posts the itedependence ofthe periphery tnd ofthe cor and is based on the ana ofthe soci and economic ‘erctre ofthe countries in querion. To argue backward mm moder ‘evelopment i always a temparion; inthis ewe since Hanger did not {develop anoder expat economy, and ws indore se ninco pletely ferences tm western development inthe preceding period were {eens explnatons of ler dergence. Moreover, pai resoas of) lnsenceinterpreasons ofthe ps. Ths vriow arguments ext sbout "Hungary place: thar belongs the weern worl hatha een a> ‘ted into the est. and dat represents unique pater of development Four main wend of Hungarian historiography adds the ise of “Hungary's peripheral position inthe Middle Ages The Est one the so- called casarophe theory, it rooted in the nationals school of [stoviograph:™ Tas theory poss that Hungary developed pale to swears Europe, and it was because of the Ottoman “congue Uis2071686 tha dhe country fl behind dnd became prt ofthe £00- ‘nomial and socially backward regions. The more sphtated iver fence theory angus tha Hungary warped to the periphery by the hanging seucture ofthe world economy fom the Inte fifeemth and ‘aly seteceth centuries As the mun ade routes shied tothe Adan, Hiangary became intgrated into the world sem 5 pat ofthe aga fan peiphery ether than the sndanriiing core The ded theory rec~ ‘gta ie medical chings, but steses the exitence of ‘orginal hart of Huagaan and eatern European) feudalism fom the Them yr mi a cn a on gh ma ‘ii ne Spe ete ot C eet ‘le x Se Coy ewes a ese wa Gj el ayn le Miran ft Se Mia Tw se. (Sop ete er un pee Dlg Ma an Spek pty 3 no es cane ety oa Beane st Eitan ing en Tee Rte ce Ae ‘Scr Sen fe ei. oo agua ie mena i Sue ge Kh po oak Sitch ae fre, ily ese ecg Hlangary: fone sey beginning of the Mile Ages. These ‘characteristics denotedevelop- ‘enti the Hungarian econorsie and social vrata that were not ily edged in comparison with western Exrope' The fats theory, Jd Spiers ‘the thre regions of Fanope, sngushes berscen weiter: “Europe, cental Europe and eastern Europe According to Sis, cena “Europe ohemin, Hungary and Poland) was a egion dsiact fom beth wet and ease whose social and economic seuctre included & mixtore of element om both, x well loa characterises. Historical dec "tance and force ret westwards in cern periods, extant other times, bot lagged behing the wes even in the most propos perio "These theones, whether the argue agains the peripheral nature ofthe country inthe Middle Ages, or ost eto a greater or leser dere, all takes cente-peripherysrarsre their famework, This not Smt {in this book eit necewary to ditingeis between ser of "backoand- ‘nes and questions ofthe kingdoms positon on Christendom’ oti, ‘The ater volves the analss of interaction wth non-Chrstans and of medienal views on Hungary place in Christendom, “Hungary emerged on the Catholic-Byzatine~pagan' font. After the seulement of the Hungavin ual alliance, the counsy remained at che Smenection of the Turkic nomad, Byzantine and Roman Christin l= fre, snfsenced by each incorporating elements fom each. I ao ‘became fom the beginning. a fontesociery comprising ery hetero- ‘geneous population. This was otis existence ofl lng dr, ating {Eom the tentelevenh centuries to the seventeenth, though the made to the ext of Hangar disapeared and were replaced I {nd the Oxtoman Empire How Hlungarian king oped with ths r= Ser situation and what the consequences of ving ina fon socesy ‘were for non-Christian communities constinter the background, and tonne ofthe snpament, of this sd 1h brit look tthe concepts, terminology and exiting sracures of fei Seat ct en eset Se ener ete mers Seo ieeyacuresios arora ais ee eon ope Eat Tha Sot eee eee eee Jeb Sat Vc Sp hs ns pin odie: Mae i 8): sun Bence ica oa aa a