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SuggestionWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Suggestion
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Suggestionisthepsychologicalprocessbywhichonepersonguidesthethoughts,feelings,orbehaviourofanother.Nineteenthcentury
writersonpsychologysuchasWilliamJamesusedthewords"suggest"and"suggestion"insensesclosetothosetheyhaveincommon
speechoneideawassaidtosuggestanotherwhenitbroughtthatotherideatomind.EarlyscientificstudiesofhypnosisbyClarkLeonard
Hullandothersextendedthemeaningofthesewordsinaspecialandtechnicalsense(Hull,1933).Theoriginalneuropsychologicaltheoryof
hypnoticsuggestionwasbasedupontheideomotorreflexresponseofWilliamB.CarpenterandJamesBraid.

Contents
1Hypnosis
2Wakingsuggestion
3Otherforms
4Seealso
5References
6Externallinks

Hypnosis
Modernscientificstudyofhypnosis,whichfollowsthepatternofHull'swork,separatestwoessentialfactors:"trance"andsuggestion.[1]The
stateofmindinducedby"trance"issaidtocomeaboutviatheprocessofahypnoticinductionessentiallyinstructingandsuggestingtothe
subjectthattheywillenterahypnoticstate.Onceasubjectentershypnosis,thehypnotistgivessuggestionsthatcanproducesoughteffects.
Commonlyusedsuggestionsonmeasuresof"suggestibility"or"susceptibility"(orforthosewithadifferenttheoreticalorientation,"hypnotic
talent")includesuggestionsthatone'sarmisgettinglighterandfloatingupintheair,orthataflyisbuzzingaroundone'shead.The"classic"
responsetoanacceptedsuggestionthatone'sarmisbeginningtofloatintheairisthatthesubjectperceivestheintendedeffectashappening
involuntarily.[2]

Wakingsuggestion
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Suggestions,however,canalsohaveaneffectintheabsenceofahypnosis.Thesesocalled"wakingsuggestions"aregiveninpreciselythe
samewayas"hypnoticsuggestions"(i.e.,suggestionsgivenwithinhypnosis)andcanproducestrongchangesinperceptualexperience.
experientsonsuggestion,intheabsenceofhypnosis,wereconductedbyearlyresearcherssuchasHull(1933).[3]Morerecently,researchers
suchasNicholasSpanosandIrvingKirschhaveconductedexperimentsinvestigatingsuchnonhypnoticsuggestibilityandfoundastrong
correlationbetweenpeople'sresponsestosuggestionbothinandoutsidehypnosis.[4]

Otherforms
Inadditiontothekindsofsuggestiontypicallydeliveredbyresearchersinterestedinhypnosisthereareotherformsofsuggestibility,though
notallareconsideredinterrelated.Theseinclude:primaryandsecondarysuggestibility(oldertermsfornonhypnoticandhypnotic
suggestibilityrespectively),hypnoticsuggestibility(i.e.,theresponsetosuggestionmeasuredwithinhypnosis),andinterrogativesuggestibility
(yieldingtointerrogativequestions,andshiftingresponseswheninterrogativepressureisapplied:seeGudjonssonsuggestibilityscale.
Metaphorsandimagerycanbeusedtodeliversuggestion.

Seealso
Hypnosis
Posthypnoticsuggestion

Lookupsuggestionin
Wiktionary,thefree
dictionary.

References
1. ^Heap,M.(1996)."Thenatureofhypnosis."ThePsychologist.9(11):498501.
2. ^Wetizenhoffer,A.M.(1980)."Hypnoticsusceptibilityrevisited."AmericanJournalofClinicalHypnosis.(3):13046.PMID7386402
3. ^Hull,C.L.(1933/2002)."Hypnosisandsuggestibility:anexperimentalapproach."CrownHousePublishing.
4. ^Kirsch,I.,Braffman,W.(2001)."Imaginativesuggestibilityandhypnotizability."CurrentDirectionsinPsychologicalScience.4(2):5761.

Thisarticleincorporatestextfromapublicationnowinthepublicdomain:Chisholm,Hugh,ed.(1911).EncyclopdiaBritannica
(11thed.).CambridgeUniversityPress.
V.M.Bekhterev"SuggestionanditsRoleinSocialLife"withaPrefacebyJosManuelJaraItalianedition,PsichiatriaeTerritorio,
2013.
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Externallinks
Exploringthesciencebehindhypnosis(http://www.hypnosisandsuggestion.org)
SelfMasteryThroughConsciousAutosuggestion(http://www.psychomaster.com)Abookon
consciousautosuggestionbymileCou

Lookupsuggestionin
Wiktionary,thefree
dictionary.

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