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Homotopy Perturbation Method For Solving Partial Differential
Homotopy Perturbation Method For Solving Partial Differential
Equations
Syed Tauseef Mohyud-Din and Muhammad Aslam Noor
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Reprint requests to S. T. M.-D.; E-mail: syedtauseefs@hotmail.com
Z. Naturforsch. 64a, 157 170 (2009); received June 19, 2008
We apply a relatively new technique which is called the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) for
solving linear and nonlinear partial differential equations. The suggested algorithm is quite efficient
and is practically well suited for use in these problems. The proposed iterative scheme finds the solution without any discretization, linearization or restrictive assumptions. Several examples are given to
verify the reliability and efficiency of the method. The fact that the HPM solves nonlinear problems
without using Adomians polynomials can be considered as a clear advantage of this technique over
the decomposition method.
Key words: Homotopy Perturbation Method; Partial Differential Equations; Helmholtz Equations;
Fishers Equations; Initial Boundary Value Problems; Boussinesq Equations.
1. Introduction
In the last two decades with the rapid development of nonlinear science, there has appeared everincreasing interest of physicists and engineers in the
analytical techniques for nonlinear problems. It is well
known, that perturbation methods provide the most
versatile tools available in nonlinear analysis of engineering problems (see [1 19] and the references
therein). The perturbation methods, like other nonlinear analytical techniques, have their own limitations.
At first, almost all perturbation methods are based on
the assumption that a small parameter must exist in
the equation. This so-called small parameter assumption greatly restricts applications of perturbation techniques. As is well known, an overwhelming majority of nonlinear problems have no small parameters
at all. Secondly, the determination of small parameters
seems to be a special art requiring special techniques.
An appropriate choice of small parameters leads to
the ideal results, but an unsuitable choice may create
serious problems. Furthermore, the approximate solutions solved by perturbation methods are valid, in most
cases, only for the small values of the parameters. It is
obvious that all these limitations come from the small
parameter assumption. These facts have motivated to
suggest alternate techniques, such as variational iteration [8, 15 18, 20 32], decomposition [33 39], expfunction [40, 41], variation of parameters [42] and iter-
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations
158
(2)
where F(u) is a functional operator with known solutions v0 , which can be obtained easily. It is clear that
for
H(u, p) = 0,
(3)
we have
H(u, 0) = F(u),
H(u, 1) = L(u).
This shows that H(u, p) continuously traces an implicitly defined curve from a starting point H (v0 , 0)
to a solution function H ( f , 1). The embedding parameter monotonically increases from zero to unity as
the trivial problem F(u) = 0 continuously deforms the
original problem L(u) = 0. The embedding parameter
p (0, 1] can be considered as an expanding parameter
[1 19]. The HPM uses the homotopy parameter p as
an expanding parameter [3 8] to obtain
p1
(5)
i=0
N(u) = pi Hi = H0 + pH1 + p2 H2 + . . . ,
i=0
p=0
3. Numerical Applications
In this section, we apply the HPM for solving PDEs.
In particular the proposed HPM is tested on Helmholtz,
Fishers, Boussinesq, singular fourth-order partial differential equations, systems of partial differential equations and higher-dimensional initial boundary value
problems. Numerical results are very encouraging.
3.1. Example 1
Consider the Helmholtz equation [44]
2 u 2 u(x, y)
+
u(x, y) = 0
x2
y2
with the initial conditions
u = p ui = u0 + pu1 + p u2 + p u3 + . . . . (4)
i=0
f = lim u = ui = u0 + u1 + u2 + . . . .
L(u) = 0,
u(0, y) = y,
ux (0, y) = y + coshy.
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations
x
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
y
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Exact solution
1.9109600760
1.4294111280
1.0405661130
0.7005569670
0.367755010
0.0000000000
0.4482939020
1.0291588280
1.8045504110
2.850380700
4.2613624630
HPM
1.9097472990
1.491500900
1.0405303310
0.7005548150
0.3677594840
0.0000000000
0.4482938840
1.0291564150
1.8045079310
2.8500524900
4.2597472990
ITM
1.9097472990
1.491500900
1.0405303310
0.7005548150
0.3677594840
0.0000000000
0.4482938840
1.0291564150
1.8045079310
2.8500524900
4.2597472990
2 u(x, y) 2 u(x, y)
+
+ 8u(x, y) = 0
x2
y2
Absolute error
0.0012127770
0.0002610380
0.0000357820
0.0000021520
0.0000000170
0.0000000000
0.0000000180
0.0000024130
0.0000424800
0.0003282100
0.0016151640
159
ux (0, y) = 0.
+
2 u0
2 u1
2 u2
+ p 2 + p2 2 + . . .
2
y
y
y
,
160
x
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Exact solution
0.000000000
0.194709171
0.358678045
0.466019543
0.499786801
0.454648713
0.337731590
0.167494075
0.029187071
0.221260221
0.378401247
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations
Table 2. Error estimates.
ITM
Absolute error
HPM
0.000000000
0.194532593
0.358678045
0.466019543
0.499786823
0.454648957
0.337733230
0.167501984
0.029157491
0.221170295
0.378173063
0.000000000
0.194532593
0.358678045
0.466019543
0.499786823
0.454648957
0.337733230
0.167501984
0.029157491
0.221170295
0.378173063
3.3. Example 3
Consider the Fishers equation of the form
ut (x,t) uxx (x,t) u(x,t)(1 u(x,t)) = 0,
subject to the initial conditions
u(x, 0) = .
This Fishers problem can be formulated as the integral
equation
u(x,t) = +
t
0
u
2
+p
+ p 2 + p2 2 + . . .
x2
x
x
0
+(u0 + pu1 + p2u2 + . . .)
(1 (u0 + pu1 + p2u2 + . . .))dt,
and comparing the coefficients of equal powers of p
p(0) : u0 (x, y) = ,
p(1) : u1 (x, y) = (1 )t,
t2
t3
p : u2 (x, y) = (1 3 + 2 2) 2 (1 + )2,
2!
3
3
t
p(3) : u3 (x, y) = ( 6 2 10 3 + 5 4)
3!
4
t
+ (1 + )2 2 (1 + 2 )
3
t5
(1 + )2 2 (3 20 + 20 2)
60
t6
t7
+ (1 + )3 3 (1 + 2 ) (1 + )4 4 ,
18
63
..
.
(2)
0.000000000
0.0001765771
0.000000000
0.000000000
0.000000022
0.000000244
0.000001640
0.000007909
0.000029580
0.000089926
0.000228184
t
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
= 0.2
0
0
6.19201E-06 1.96407E-06
1.03635E-04 2.60211E-05
5.45505E-04 1.05333E-04
1.78050E-03 2.54998E-04
4.45699E-03 4.515414E-04
= 0.8
0
0
5.57339E-06 2.63705E-06
1.13137E-04 4.7283E-05
4.00147E-04 2.63379E-04
1.18584E-03 9.01304E-04
1.99502E-03 1.60455E-05
expt
.
1 + expt
1
.
(1 + ex )2
1
+
(1 + ex )2
t
0
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations
Table 4. Numerical results for Fishers equation.
x
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
t = 0.2
7.22002E-03 2.69962E-03
9.89049E-03 2.15566E-03
1.09765E-02 1.136097E-03
1.04039E-02 7.38299E-04
8.50732E-03 5.73101E-04
5.87222E-03 9.07727E-04
t = 0.4
5.75298E-02 5.01844E-02
1.6115E-01
5.27127E-02
1.39113E-01 4.12072E-02
1.51579E-01 2.25459E-02
1.43529E-01 5.28693E-03
1.19333E-01 4.23672E-03
25ex
(5 6ex 15e2x
3(1 + ex)6
50e2x
+20e3x)t 3
17 + 5ex + 52e2xt 4
x
8
(1 e )
150e2x
x
3x 5
5
47e
+
+
20e
t
(1 + ex)9
10000e3x(1 + 2ex)t 6 240000e4xt 7
+
(1 + ex )10
7(1 + ex)12
1
25ex 1 + ex(1 + ex )2 (1 + 2ex)t 2
+
x
6
(1 + e )
200e2xt 3 + (1 + ex(1 + 10t)) ,
..
.
p(3) : u3 (x, y) =
161
1 .
3
3
x
2
1+e
This Fishers problem can be formulated as the integral
equation
u(x,t) =
1
1+e
3
2x
1 p
t
0
3x 1/3
1+e 2
t
2
2 u0
2 u1
2 u2
p
+p 2 +p
+ ...
x2
x
x2
0
+(u0 + pu1 + p2 u2 + . . .)
(1 (u0 + pu1 + p2u2 + . . .)6 )dt,
and comparing the coefficients of equal powers of p
p(0) : u0 (x,t) =
1
3
1 + e2x
1/3 ,
(1 + e3x/2)12 363 + 403e3x/2 9e3x + 9e9x/2 t 2
p(1) : u1 (x,t) =
3.5. Example 5
Consider the generalized Fishers equation
ut = uxx + u(1 u6),
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations
162
t = 0.2
5.24926E-02 4.54137E-02
7.79547E-02 4.1746E-02
1.10805E-01 3.23276E-02
1.51375E-01 1.91936E-02
1.99601E-01 5.03821E-03
2.55137E-01 7.85833E-03
t = 0.4
1.21845E-01 1.97465E-01
2.17494E-01 8.39974E-02
3.4171E-01
9.22231E-04
4.94354E-01 4.10631E-02
6.74017E-01 4.10631E-02
8.78892E-01 1.46625E-02
2ak3 1 + k2 (1 aekx)ekx
t
p(1) : u1 (x,t) =
(1 + aekx)3
2ex (1 4ex + e2x ) 2
t ,
+
(1 + ex )4
u(x,t) = 2
.
(1 + a exp(kx + k 1 + k2t))2
Applying the convex homotopy method
u0 + pu1 + p2 u2 + p3u3 + . . . =
2ak2 ekx
2ak3 1 + k2(1 aekx )ekx
+
t
(1 + aekx )2
(1 + aekx )3
t t 2
2
u0
2 u1
2 u2
+p
+
p
+
p
+
.
.
.
dtdt
x2
x2
x2
0 0
t t 4
4
u0
4 u1
2 u2
+p
+
p
+
p
+
.
.
.
x4
x4
x4
0 0
2
2
2
u0
2 u1
2 u2
+3
dtdt,
+
p
+
p
+
.
.
.
x2
x2
x2
x
1
e (1 452ex + 19149e2x
x
12
45(1 + e )
207936e3x + 807378e4x 1256568e5x) t 6
x
1
e (807378e6x 207936e7x
45(1 + ex)12
+19149e8x 452e9x + e10x ) t 6 ,
..
.
gives the series solution as
2ekx
2ak3 1 + k2(1 aekx )ekx
u(x,t) =
+
t
(1 + ex )2
(1 + aekx)3
2ex (1 4ex + e2x ) 2
t
+
(1 + ex )4
x
2 2e (1 + ex )(1 10ex + e2x ) 3
t
3(1 + ex)5
ex (1 4ex + e2x )(1 44ex + 78e2x 44e3x + e4x ) 4
+
t
3(1 + ex )8
8e2x (1 10ex + 20e2x 10e3x + e4x ) 4
+
t
(1 + ex )8
x
2e (1 + ex)(1 56ex + 246e2x 56e3x + e4x ) 5
t
15(1 + ex)7
x
1
e (1 452ex + 19149e2x
+
45(1 + ex)12
207936e3x + 807378e4x 1256568e5x) t 6
+
x
1
e (807378e6x 207936e7x
x
12
45(1 + e )
+19149e8x 452e9x + e10x ) t 6 + . . . .
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations
xi
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.01
2.80886 E-14
6.27276 E-14
6.08402 E-14
1.16573 E-14
5.53446 E-14
8.63198 E-14
5.56222 E-14
1.14353 E-14
6.06182 E-14
6.23945 E-14
2.79776 E-14
0.02
1.79667 E-12
4.01362 E-12
3.90188 E-12
7.41129 E-13
3.53395 E-12
5.53357 E-12
3.55044 E-12
7.14928 E-13
3.87551 E-12
3.99519 E-12
1.78946 E-12
tj
0.04
1.15235 E-10
2.57471 E-10
2.25663 E-10
4.82756 E-11
2.25663 E-10
2.54174 E-10
2.27779 E-10
4.49107 E-11
2.47218 E-10
2.55127 E-10
1.14307 E-10
163
Table 6. Error estimates.
0.1
2.83355 E-8
6.33178 E-8
6.18024 E-8
1.23843 E-8
5.47485 E-8
8.65197 E-8
5.60362 E-8
1.03370 E-8
5.97562 E-8
6.18881 E-8
2.77684 E-8
0.2
1.83899 E-6
4.10454 E-6
4.02299 E-6
8.53800 E-6
3.47264 E-6
5.54893 E-6
3.63600 E-6
5.93842 E-7
3.76275 E-6
3.92220 E-6
1.76607 E-6
0.5
4.74681 E-4
1.04489 E-3
1.03093 E-3
2.46302 E-4
8.35783 E-4
1.37353 E-3
9.29612 E-4
9.61260 E-5
8.79002 E-4
9.36404 E-4
4.28986 E-4
sech
u0 + pu1 + p u2 + . . . =
169
26
194
4 x
x
210 13 sech
tanh 26
26
+
t
2197
t t 2
2
u0
2 u1
2 u2
+p
+
p
+
p
+
.
.
.
dtdt
x2
x2
x2
0 0
t t
(u0 + pu1 + p2u2 + p3 u3 + . . .)2xx
+p
0 0
4
4
u0
4 u1
2 u2
+
p
+
p
+
.
.
.
dtdt
x4
x4
x4
t t 6
6
u0
6 u1
1
2 u2
+ p
+
p
+
p
+
.
.
.
dtdt,
2 0 0
x6
x6
x6
2
3.7. Example 7
Consider the singularly perturbed sixth-order
Boussinesq equation [14, 15, 32, 33, 40]
105
u(x, 0) =
2197
x
,
26
194
6
13 sech
x
26
sinh
2x
13
t
p(1) : u1 (x,t) =
2197
2x
x
105
291 + 194 cosh
sech6 t 2 ,
371293
13
26
ut (x, 0) =
105
sech4
: u0 =
169
1
utt = uxx + (u2 )xx uxxxx + uxxxxxx
2
x
105
sech4
,
169
26
4 x
x
210 194
tanh
13 sech
26
26
(0)
395sech7 x26
x
p : u2 (x,t) =
10816 2522sinh
52206766144
26
x
3x
3
5
t + 334200sech
1664 2522sinh
26
26
2
x
5
+354247 cosh x sech
13
26
(2)
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations
164
xi
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.01
7.77156 E-16
1.11022 E-16
2.22045 E-16
1.11022 E-16
6.66134 E-16
4.44089 E-16
5.55112 E-16
3.33067 E-16
3.33067 E-16
3.33067 E-16
7.77156 E-16
0.02
1.36557 E-14
1.99840 E-15
1.09912 E-14
2.32037 E-14
3.23075 E-14
3.49720 E-14
3.19744 E-14
2.32037 E-14
1.12133 E-14
1.99840 E-15
1.38778 E-14
tj
0.04
8.57869 E-13
1.12688 E-13
7.28861 E-13
1.50302 E-12
2.04747 E-12
2.24365 E-12
2.04714 E-12
1.50324 E-12
7.28528 E-12
1.13132 E-13
8.58313 E-13
0.2
1.33823 E-8
1.74288 E-9
1.14025 E-8
2.34944 E-8
3.19983 E-9
3.50559 E-8
3.19858 E-8
2.34706 E-8
1.13695 E-8
1.78208 E-9
1.34244 E-8
0.5
3.25944 E-6
4.14094 E-7
2.79028 E-6
5.74091 E-6
7.81509 E-6
8.55935 E-6
7.80749 E-6
5.72641 E-6
2.77022 E-6
4.41936 E-7
3.28504 E-6
2 2
x
47164 cosh x sech5
t4
13
26
x
3 3 2
+ 3201 cosh x sech5
13
26
4 2
x
388 cosh x sech5
t 4,
13
26
..
.
gives the series solution as
105
x
4
u(x,t) =
sech
169
26
194
6 x
2x
sinh
105 13 sech
26
13
t
2197
105
2x
x
sech6 t 2
291 + 194 cosh
371293
13
26
7 x
395sech 26
x
+
10816 2522sinh
52206766144
26
x
3x
3
5
1664 2522sinh
t + 334200sech
26
26
x
2
5
+354247 cosh x sech
26
13
2 2
x
5
47164 cosh x sech
t4
13
26
x
3 3 2
+ 3201 cosh x sech5
26
13
x
4 2
388 cosh x sech5
t4 + . . . .
13
26
Table 7 exhibits the absolute error between the exact
and the series solutions. Higher accuracy can be obtained by introducing some more components of the
series solution. Figure 2 depicts the series solution
u(x,t).
3.8. Example 8
Consider the following nonlinear system of partial
differential equations:
ut + vx wy vy wx = u,
wt + ux vy + uy vx = w,
vt + wx uy + wy ux = v,
w
2
0
1
2
+p2
+ ...
+p
+ p2
+ . . . dt
x
y
y
y
t
v0
v1
v2
w0
w1
+p
+p
+ p2
+ ...
+p
y
y
y
x
x
0
w
2
+p2
+ . . . dt p0t (u0 + pu1 + p2 u2 + . . .)dt,
x
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations
t
u0
u1
+p
v0 + pv1 + p2v2 + . . . = exy p
y
y
0
u2
w0
w1
w2
+ ...
+p
+ p2
+ . . . dt
+p2
y
x
x
x
t
u0
u1
u2
w0
w1
+p
+ p2
+ ...
+p
p
x
x
x
y
y
0
t
2 w2
2
+ . . . dt + p
+p
v0 + pv1 + p v2 + . . . dt,
y
0
165
3.9. Example 9
t
u0
u1
+p
w0 + pw1 + p2 w2 + . . . = ex+y p
x
x
0
v
2
0
1
2
+p2
+ ...
+p
+ p2
+ . . . dt
x
y
y
y
t
u0
u1
u2
v0
v1
p
+p
+ p2
+ ...
+p
y
y
y
x
x
0
t
v
2
+p2
+ . . . dt p
w0 + pw1 + p2 w2 + . . . dt,
x
0
t 2 x+y
t2
e , v2 (x, y,t) = exy ,
2!
2!
t 2 x+y
,
w2 (x, y,t) = e
2!
t 3 x+y
t3
e , v3 (x, y,t) = exy ,
3!
3!
t 3 x+y
,
w3 (x, y,t) = e
3!
..
.
u(x, 0) = 0,
1
< x < 1,
2
x5
u
(x, 0) = 1 +
,
t
120
1
< x < 1,
2
2 u
1
(1,t) = sint, t > 0.
x2
6
Applying the convex homotopy method
u0 + pu1 + p2 u2 + . . . = u0 (x,t)
t t
1
x4
+
p
120
0 0 x
4
4
u0
4 u1
2 u2
+p 4 +p
+ . . . dtdt,
x4
x
x4
and comparing the coefficients of equal powers of p
x5
p(0) : u0 (x,t) = 1 +
t,
120
x5 t 3
(1)
,
p : u1 (x,t) = 1 +
120 3!
x5 t 5
(2)
,
p : u2 (x,t) = 1 +
120 5!
x5 t 7
(3)
,
p : u3 (x,t) = 1 +
120 7!
..
.
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations
166
t3 t5 t7
x5
t + ...
u(x,t) = 1 +
120
3! 5! 7!
5
x
sint,
= 1+
120
which is the exact solution. It is interesting to point out
that the exact solution is obtained by using the initial
conditions only. Moreover, the obtained solution can
be used to justify the given boundary conditions.
3.10. Example 10
Consider the following singular fourth-order
parabolic partial differential equation in two space
variables:
1 x4 4 u
1 y4 4 u
2 u
+2 2 +
+2 2 +
=0
t 2
x
6! x4
y
6! y4
with the initial conditions
x6 y6
u
(x, y, 0) = 2 + + ,
t
6! 6!
u(x, y, 0) = 0,
1
, y,t
u
2
(0.5)6 y6
+
= 2+
sin t,
6!
6!
1 y6
u(1, y,t) = 2 + +
sint,
6! 6!
2 u
x2
1
, y,t
2
=
(0.5)4
sint,
24
2 u
1
sint,
(1, y,t) =
x2
24
(0.5)4
1
2 u
,t
=
sint,
x,
2
y
2
24
2
1
u
sint.
(x, 1,t) =
y2
24
u0 + pu1 + p2 u2 + . . . = u0 (x,t)
4
t t
1 y4
u0
4 u1
2p
+
+
p
y2 6!
y4
y4
0 0
4
u2
+p2 4 + . . . dtdt
y
4
t t
1
u0
4 u1
x4
2 2+
+
p
2p
x
120
x4
x4
0 0
4
u2
+p2 4 + . . . dtdt,
x
and comparing the coefficients of equal powers of p
x6 y6
(0)
t,
p : u0 (x,t) = 2 + +
6! 6!
3
x6 y6
t
p(1) : u1 (x,t) = 2 + +
,
6! 6!
3!
5
t
x6 y6
,
p(2) : u2 (x,t) = 2 + +
6! 6!
5!
7
x6 y6
t
(3)
,
p : u3 (x,t) = 2 + +
6! 6!
7!
9
x6 y6
t
(4)
p : u4 (x,t) = 2 + +
,
6! 6!
9!
..
.
gives the exact solution easily:
t3 t5 t7 t9
x6 y6
t + + +. . .
u(x, y,t) = 2+ +
6! 6!
3! 5! 7! 9!
6
6
x
y
= 2+ +
sint.
6! 6!
3.11. Example 11
Consider the fourth-order singular parabolic partial
differential equation
4 u
2 u
x
1
+
= 0,
t 2
sin x
x4
0 < x < 1,
t>0
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations
2 t
u(x, 0,t) = y e ,
u(1,t) = et (1 sin1),
t > 0,
2 u
2 u
(0,t)
=
0,
(1,t) = et sin 1, t > 1.
x2
x2
Applying the convex homotopy method
t t
x
1
u0 + pu1 + p2 u2 + . . . = u0 (x,t) p
sin x
0 0
4
4
4
u0
u1
2 u2
+
p
+
p
+
.
.
.
dtdt,
x4
x4
x4
and comparing the coefficients of equal powers of p
p
(0)
: u0 (x,t) = x sin x,
167
t
u(x, 1,t) = (1 + x )e ,
2
p : u2 (x,t) = (x sin x)
,
2! 3!
4
t
t5
(3)
,
p : u3 (x,t) = (x sin x)
4! 5!
6
t
t7
(4)
p : u4 (x,t) = (x sin x)
,
6! 7!
8
t
t9
(5)
p : u5 (x,t) = (x sin x)
,
8! 9!
..
.
t2
t3
(x2 + y2) ,
2!
3!
4
t
t5
p(2) : u2 (x, y,t) = (x2 + y2 ) (x2 + y2) ,
4!
5!
5
t
t7
p(3) : u3 (x, y,t) = (x2 + y2 ) (x2 + y2) ,
5!
7!
8
t
t9
p(4) : u4 (x, y,t) = (x2 + y2 ) (x2 + y2) ,
8!
9!
10
t
t 11
(x2 + y2 )
,
p(5) : u5 (x, y,t) = (x2 + y2 )
10!
11!
..
.
p(1) : u1 (x, y,t) = (x2 + y2 )
3.12. Example 12
0 < x,
y < 1,
t >0
3.13. Example 13
Consider the three-dimensional initial boundary
value problem
1 2
1
1
x uxx + y2 uyy + z2 uzz u,
45
45
45
0 < x, y < 1, t < 0,
utt =
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations
168
uy (x, 0, z,t) = 0,
0 < x,
u2
1
0
1
+ p
y2
+
p
+
p
+
.
.
.
45 0 0
y2
y2
y2
2
2
2
2
u0
u1
u2
+z2
+ p 2 + p 2 + . . . dtdt
z2
z
z
p
t t
0
6 6 6t
: u1 (x, y, z,t) = x y z
3!
ut (x, y, 0) = 0.
y < 1,
15 2
(xuxx + yu2yy ),
2
t>0
uz (x, y, 0,t) = 0,
u(x, y, z, 0) = 0,
3.14. Example 14
t5
,
5!
t7
,
7!
t9
p(4) : u4 (x, y, z,t) = x6 y6 z6 ,
9!
..
.
gives the series solution as
t3 t5 t7 t9
u(x, y, z,t) = x6 y6 z6 t + + + + + . . .
3! 5! 7! 9!
6 6 6
= x y z sinht.
y < 1,
t < 0,
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations
ux (1, y, z,t) = e,
uy (x, 0, z,t) = 0,
uy (x, 1, z,t) = e,
uz (x, y, 0,t) = 1,
uz (x, y, 1,t) = e,
169
t6
t8
,
p(2) : u2 (x, y, z,t) =
360 20160
..
.
gives the solution as
u(x, y, z,t) = (ex + ey + ez ) + t 2.
4. Conclusions
ut (x, y, z, 0) = 0.
t t
ex
(0)
t4
: u0 (x, y, z,t) = (e + e + e ) + t ,
12
Acknowledgement
t6
t4
,
12 360
[1] A. Ghorbani and J. S. Nadjfi, Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 8, 229 (2007).
[2] A. Ghorbani, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals (2007), in
press.
[3] J. H. He, Phys. Lett. A 350, 87 (2006).
[4] J. H. He, Appl. Math. Comput. 156, 527 (2004).
[5] J. H. He, Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 6, 207
(2005).
[6] J. H. He, Appl. Math. Comput. 151, 287 (2004).
[7] J. H. He, Int. J. Nonlinear Mech. 35, 115 (2000).
[8] J. H. He, Int. J. Mod. Phys. 20, 1144 (2006).
[9] S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor, Math. Prob. Eng., 1
(2007).
[10] M. A. Noor and S. T. Mohyud-Din, Math. Comput.
Modl. 45, 954 (2007).
170
S. T. Mohyud-Din and M. A. Noor The HPM for Solving Partial Differential Equations