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Functions Formulas
1. Exponents

3. Roots

a = a a ... a if p N p > 0, a R



p
0

a = 1 if a 0

Formulas:

ar
= a r s
as

(a )

=a

(a b)

= a b

a = a

ab = n a n b

a m b = nm a m bn

a
=
b

r s

ar
a
= r
b b
1
ar = r
a
r
s

a,b: bases ( a, b 0 if n = 2 k )
n,m: powers

ar as = ar+s

Definitions:

= nm

( )
n

am

( a)
n

m n

Definition:

( a)

( a, x > 0, y R )

Formulas:

bn

= n a mp

np

a mp

= n am
n

a n 1
,a0
a

log a 1 = 0
log a a = 1

log a mn = log a m + log a n

m
log a = log a m log a n
n
log a m n = n log a m
log a m = log b m log a b

log a m =

logb m
logb a

l og a b =

1
logb a

l og a x =

ln x
= ( l og a e ) ln x
ln a

,b0

a = mn a

y = log a x a = x

am

=a

am =

2. Logarithms
y

,b0

a b =
1
a b

a + a2 b
a a2 b

2
2
a b
ab

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4. Trigonometry
Right-Triangle Definitions

Sum and Difference Formulas

Opposite
Hypotenuse

sin ( + ) = sin cos + sin cos

Adjacent
cos =
Hypotenuse

cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin

sin =

tg =

Opposite
Adjacent

csc =

1
Hypotenuse
=
sin
Opposite

1
Adjacent
cot =
=
tg Opposite
sec =

1
Hypotenuse
=
cos
Adjacent

Reduction Formulas

sin( x) = sin x

sin ( ) = sin cos sin cos

cos ( ) = cos cos + sin sin

tan ( + ) =
tan ( ) =

sin ( 2 ) = 2sin cos

cos ( 2 ) = cos 2 sin 2

tan ( 2 ) =

sin

cos

cos( x) = sin x
2

sin( + x) = cos x
2

tan tan
1 + tan tan

Double Angle and Half Angle Formulas

cos( x) = cos x
sin( x) = cos x
2

tan + tan
1 tan tan

tan

2tg
1 tg 2

1 cos
2

1 + cos
2

1 cos
sin
=
sin
1 + cos

cos( x) = sin x
2
sin( x) = sin x

cos( x) = cos x
sin( + x) = sin x
cos( + x) = cos x

Other Useful Trig Formulae

Law of sines

sin sin sin

=
=
a
b
c
Law of cosines

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos
Area of triangle

Identities
2

sin x + cos x = 1
1
tg 2 x + 1 =
cos 2 x
1
cot 2 x + 1 =
sin 2 x

K=

1
ab sin
2

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5. Hyperbolic functions
Inverse Hyperbolic functions
Definitions:
e x e x
sinh x =
2
x

e +e
cosh x =
2
x

e e
sinh x
=
x
x
e +e
cosh x
2
1
csch x = x x =
e e
sinh x
2
1
sech x = x x =
e +e
cosh x

(
x = ln ( x +

x ( , )

cosh 1

x [1, )

e x + e x cosh x
=
e x e x sinh x

1 1+ x
tanh 1 x = ln

2 1 x

tanh x =

coth x =

)
x 1)

sinh 1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1

coth 1 x =

x ( 1,1)

1 x +1
ln

2 x 1

1 + 1 x2
sech 1 x = ln

x ( , 1) (1, )

1
1 x2
csch 1 x = ln +
x
x

Derivates
d
sinh x = cosh x
dx
d
cosh x = sinh x
dx
d
tanh x = sech 2 x
dx
d
csch x = cschx coth x
dx
d
sech x = sech x tanh x
dx
d
coth x = csch 2 x
dx

Hyperbolic identities

cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 1
tanh 2 x + sech 2 x = 1
coth 2 x csch 2 x = 1
sinh( x y) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y
sinh( x y) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x

cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

1 + cosh 2 x
sinh 2 x =
2
1 + cosh 2 x
cosh 2 x =
2

Inverse Hyperbolic derivates

d
sinh 1 x =
dx
d
cosh 1 x =
dx

x2 + 1
1

x2 1

d
1
tanh 1 x =
dx
1 x2
d
1
csch x =
dx
x 1 + x2
d
1
sech 1 x =
dx
x 1 x2
d
1
coth 1 x =
dx
1 x2

x (0,1]

x ( ,0 ) ( 0, )