Robin Smith Se Centre for Process Integration, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester.Contents 3.6 Nonlinear Programmin, 45 Pretace 3.7 Profile Optimization 16 3.8 Structural Optimization 48 ‘Acknowledgements a 3.9 Solution of Equations using Optimization 2 ee 3.10 The Search for Global e Oprimaiy 3 3.11 Summary ~ Optimization Chapter 1 The Nature of Chemical Process oe een reer 3 ‘Design and Integration 1 References 56 1.1 Chemical Products 1 1.2 Formulation of the Design Problem 3 Chapter 4 Thermodynamic Properties and 1.3 Chemical Process Design and Phase Equilibrium 7 Integration 4 1.4 The Hierarchy of Chemical Process 4.1 Equations of State 37 Design and Integration 5 4.2 Phase Equilibrium for Single 1.5 Continuous and Batch Processes 9 Diaacaes 59 1.6 New Design and Retrofit 10 4.3 Fugacity and Phase Equilibrium 60 1.7 Approaches to Chemical Process 4.4. Vapor—Liquid Equilibrium 60 Design and Integration u 4.5 Vapor—Liquid Equilibrium Based on 1.8 Process Control 13 Activity Coefficient Models a 1.9 The Nature of Chemical Process 4,6 Vapor—Liquid Equilibrium Based on Design and Integration ~ Summary 14 Equations of State 64 References 4 4.7 Calculation of Vapor—Liquid Equilibrium & 48 Liquid—Liquid Equilibrium Chapter 2 Process Economics am 4.9 Liquid—Liquid Equilibrium Activity 2.1 The Role of Process Economics Costhictens Macieis a 22 Capital Cost for New Design 4.10 Calculation of Liquid—Liquid 2.3 Capital Cost for Retrofit Equilibrium n 24 Annualized Capital Cost 4.11 Calculation of Enthalpy n 25 Operating Cost 4.12 Calculation of Entropy "4 2.6 Simple Economic Criteria 4.13 Phase Equilibrium and Thermodynamic 2.7 Project Cash Flow and Economic Properties. Stikinty Byeluation 4.14 Exercises 1% 28 Investment Criteria References 16 2.9 Process Economics ~ Summary Chapter 5 Choice of Reactor I - Reactor Performance 7” 5.1 Reaction Path n 5.2 Types of Reaction Systems 8 5.3 Reactor Performance 81 5.4 Rate of Reaction 8 5.5 Idealized Reactor Models 83 5.6 Choice of Idealized Reactor Mode! 90 5.7 Choice of Reactor Performance o45.8 Choice of Reactor Performance ~ Summary 5.9 Exercises References Chapter 6 Choice of Reactor II - Reactor Conditions 6.1 Reaction Equilibrium 6.2 Reactor Temperature 6.3 Reactor Pressure 6.4 Reactor Phase 6.5 Reactor Concentration 6.6 Biochemical Reactions 67 Catalysts 6.8 Choice of Reactor Conditions — Summary 6.9 Exercises References Chapter 7 Choice of Reactor III - Reactor Configuration 7.1 Temperature Control 7.2 Catalyst Degradation 7.3 Gas—Liquid and Liquid—Liquid Reactors 7.4 Reactor Configuration 7.5 Reactor Configuration for Heterogeneous Solid-Catalyzed Reactions 7.6 Reactor Configuration from Optimization of a Superstructure 7.7 Choice of Reactor Configuration ~ Summary 7.8 Exercises References “Chapter 8 Choice of Separator for Heterogeneous & 97 97 100 107 108 109 1g 14 17 118 120 21 121 123 124 127 133 133 139 139 140 143 143 143 147 149 150 151 1s2 154 154 155 Chapter 9 Choice of Separator for Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures 1 - Distillation 9.1 Single-Stage Separation 9.2 Distillation 9.3 Binary Distillation 9.4 Total and Minimum Reflux Conditions for Multicomponent Mixtures 9.5 Finite Reflux Conditions for Multicomponent Mixtures 9.6 Choice of Operating Conditions 9.7 Limitations of Distillation 9.8 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures by Distillation — Summary 9.9 Exercises References Chapter 10 Choice of Separator for Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures I - Other Methods 10.1 Absorption and Stripping 10.2 Liquid—Liquid Extraction 10.3 Adsorption 10.4 Membranes 10.5 Crystallization 10.6 Evaporation 10.7 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures by Other Methods ~ Summary 10.8 Exercises References Chapter 11 Distillation Sequencing 11.1 Distillation Sequencing Using ‘Simple Columns 11.2 Practical Constraints Restricting Options 11.3 Choice of Sequence for Simple Nonintegrated Distillation Columns 11.4 Distillation Sequencing Using Columns With More Than Two Products 11.5 Distillation Sequencing Using Thermal Coupling 11.6 Retrofit of Distillation Sequences 11.7 Crude Oil Distillation 11.8 Distillation Sequencing Using Optimization of a Superstructure 11.9 Distillation Sequencing ~ Summary 11.10 Exercises References 1s 1s) 157 160 163 70 175 176 m 128 179 181 181 184 189 193 203 206 208 209 209 2 220 225 228 230 21124 Distillation at Total Reflux ‘Conditions 238 10 Storage in Batch’ 12 Distillation at Minimum Reflux iat rece Conditions -_ Batch Processes = 126 Distillation at Finite Reflux 14.12 Exercises Conditions qo 127 ee ‘Sequencing Using an pes 128 ecg Acted? Chapter 15 Heat Exchanger 129 ainer Selection 10 Trade-offs in Azeotropic Distillation 12.11 Multicomponent Systems 15.1 15.2 12.12 Membrane Separation 13 Distillation Sequencing for Pressure Drops for Heat Exchangers " ‘Temperature Differences in Azeotropic Distillation — Summary 256 pia 257 ‘Shell-and-Tube Heat baie 258 15.4 Allocation of Fluids in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers. 15.5 Extended Surface Tubes 15.6 Retrofit of Heat Exchangers 15.7 Condensers Chapter 13 Reaction, Separation and Recycle Systems for Continuous Processes 259 13.1 The Function of Process Recycles 15.8 Reboilers and Vaporizers 13.2 Recycles with Purges Be et ee 13.3 Pumping and Compression Equipment 13.4 Simulation of Recycles pea en i a 135 The Process Yield Lipids oeasurance 13.6 Optimization of Reactor Conversion Equipment — Summary 13.7 Optimization of Processes Involving Be paw References 35 Chapter 16 Heat Exchanger Networks 1 - Energy Targets 16.1 Composite Curves 16.2 The Heat Recovery Pinch 16.10 Integration Of Heat Pumps 16.11 Heat Exchanger Network Energy