Thirty Five Years of Viewing Sociology as an External Program Reviewer: A Dean's Perspective

on How Administrators View Sociology

Author(s): Charles F. Hohm
Source: The American Sociologist, Vol. 39, No. 2/3, Sociologists and Administrators (
June-September 2008), pp. 130-137
Published by: Springer
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41217776
Accessed: 18-01-2016 06:42 UTC
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Am Soc (2008) 39:130-137

108-008-9043-0
DOI 10.1007/812

ThirtyFive Years of ViewingSociologyas an External

ProgramReviewer:A Dean's Perspectiveon How
Administrators
View Sociology
Charles F. Hohm

Publishedonline:28 May 2008

Science+ BusinessMedia,LLC 2008
Springer

AbstractThe author,who has servedas an externalprogramreviewerfor 17

sociologyprogramreviews,gives his perspectiveon the views thatacademic
viewsociologyas
administrators
haveof sociology.On theplusside,administrators
a disciplinethatteachesmanystudents;
valuesand incorporates
diversity;
produces
societalproblems;
andis involvedin interdisciplinary
research
aimedat ameliorating
are likelyto see
and multidisciplinary
projects.On thenegativeside,administrators
in grants,researchand peer reviewedpublications;
(2)
sociologyas (1) deficient
deficientin rigor of curriculum;(3) contentiousand non-collegial;(4) too
involved
and notsufficiently
ideological;(5) isolatedwithinthecollege/university
in campusgovernance;
(6) too focusedon tenuretrackpositionslostovertheyears;
involvedwithassessmentof studentlearningoutcomesand
(7) not sufficiently
of
thevaluesandpriorities
servicelearning;
and(8) unableto understand
community
somesuggestions
on how
The authoroffers
academicinstitutions
andadministrators.
thesedeficiencies.
sociologycan eliminate
Sociology
Academicadministrators
reviewer
program
Keywords External
at San Diego StateUniversity
I joinedtheSociologyDepartment
(SDSU) in 1973,as
a newlymintedPh.D. freshout of graduateschool.I spent31 yearsat SDSU and
servedas Department
Chair,AssociateDean of the Division of Undergraduate
Studiesand AssociateDean of Collegeof Artsand Letters.In 2004 I leftSDSU to
become FoundingDean of the College of Naturaland BehavioralSciences at
CaliforniaStateUniversity,
DomnguezHills. SDSU and CSUDH are bothpartof
theCaliforniaStateUniversity
System(CSU) whichis comprisedof 23 campuses.
in
the
CSU, I have conducted17 externalevaluationsof
Duringmy 35 years
of thesereviewswerereviewsof sociologyprograms
Thirteen
Sociologyprograms.
withintheCSU and fourof these13 reviewsweresecondvisitsof CSU sociology
C. F. Hohm(El)
CaliforniaStateUniversity,
DomnguezHills,Carson,CA, USA
e-mail:chohm@csudh.edu
) Springer

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Am Soc (2008) 39:130-137

131

Thispaperwill delineatewhatI have learnedoverthelast35 yearswith

programs.
regardto how deansand provostsview sociology.
Researchand Publications
thedeans and provoststhatI dealtwithdo not see
withsome exceptions,
Firstly,
to researchas comparedto the other
committed
are
seriously
being
sociologists
thatfaredthebest
social sciencesand otherdisciplines.The sociologydepartments
Thereis no reason
all hadrobustsocialresearchcentersor institutes.
on thiscriterion
be
social research
should
not
all
strong
operating
sociologydepartments
why
centers. Surveys and studies can be done for businesses and community
The researchcenterscan also conduct
bothforprofitand non-profit.
organizations,
thattheyare partof,whichalwayshelpssociology's
researchfortheuniversities
Witha soundresearchcenterin thedepartment,
imagein theeyesofadministrators.
on federal,state,local and private
chance
of
stand
a
better
gettingfunding
faculty
in
that
Students
and
contracts.
departments haveresearchcentersalso can get
grants
evengetting
handexperience
first
research,
paid fordoingso. In theend,these
doing
can landverygoodjobs withBAs and also have theedge in gettinginto
students
firstrate Ph.D. programsbecause theycan step into complex,fundedresearch
One of theCSU sociologydepartments
startto contribute.
projectsand immediately
to
sendsitsstudents
thatI reviewed,whichhas a firstrateresearchcenter,
regularly
in thecountry,
theveryfinestPh.D. sociologyprograms
Wisconsin,
Michigan,
e.g.
and feed
Chicago,UCLA, etc.Manyof thesethingsare circularand interconnected
offof one another.
My surveyof deans (Hohm,2008) showedthatdeans do not see sociologyas
on ". . .abilityin
highlyranked(as comparedto 22 otherartsandsciencesdisciplines)
of
15th
23
and
contracts"
funded
(ranked
disciplines)and"...success
grants
securing
or creativeproducts"(ranked15thof 23
in producingpeerreviewedpublications
disciplines).Clearly,our disciplinehas muchworkto do in thisregard.It should
be notedhowever,thatthedeans did see Sociologyrankedhighon "...success in
researchaimed at ameliorating
community
problems"(rankedfirstof
conducting
23 disciplines).
TheyAppreciatethe NumbersBut Doubt the Rigor
thatsociologydepartments
are grateful
Administrators
"stepup to theplate"when
at thesame time,
of
students.
it comesto accommodating
number
However,
large
of
the
and
often
are
about
rigor
organization the sociology
they
skeptical
is
often
viewed
as
curriculum.
easy. There are exceptions.A
being
Sociology
numberof thesociologyprogramsI reviewedhad tough,demandingcurriculums
talkedaboutthisat length.These departments
and thestudents
and administrators
in statistics,methods,and computerapplicationsand
had heavy requirements
to conductresearchand presentthatresearchat sociology
expectedtheirstudents
shouldnotdemand
conferences.
Thereis no reasonwhyall sociologydepartments
thesame rigor.
& Springer

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Am Soc (2008) 39:130-137

132

My survey of deans (Hohm, 2008:239) showed sociology ranked quite low on

academic rigor.Only 0.5% of the deans listed Sociology as ranked eitherfirstor
second on academic rigorand the discipline was ranked20th out of 23 disciplines.
When comparedto the othersocial sciences, sociology was rankedlast. Psychology
had the highestrank of the social sciences, with a rank of number5. We need to
make sociology's curriculum,both undergraduateand graduate,more challenging
and rigorous. Why do the natural sciences and professionalprogramsrequire so
many more unitsthansociology does? Why does the average sociology department
only require some 30 odd units for the major? Do we have so littlematerialto
master?I would argue thatwe need to include much more in our curriculum.If I
could wave my magic wand, the "average" sociology curriculumwould containthe
following 19 three units courses: Introductionto Sociology; Social Problems;
ElementaryStatistics; Introductionto Research Methods; IntermediateStatistics;
QuantitativeResearch Methods; Qualitative Research Methods; Classical Sociological Theory; Contemporary Sociological Theory; Computer Applications in
Sociology; Social Stratification;Social Psychology; Race and Ethnicity;Gender
and Society; Social Organization;and the Senior Capstone Research Class. All of
the aforementionedclasses would be requiredand the courses would be sequenced,
i.e. a student would have to take the introductorystatisticscourse before the
intermediatestatisticscourse and the introductionto research methods before the
other methods courses. The student would also have to take introductionto
sociology, social problems, introductionto statistics,and introductionto methods
courses beforehe/shecould take any of the contentcourses. Also, minimalgrades
would be required before a student moves on to more advanced courses- for
Statisticsbeforea studentcould take
example, would be requiredin Introductory
IntermediateStatistics.In the Senior Capstone Research course, each studentwould
be requiredto completea significantresearchprojectutilizingquantitativemethods,
qualitativemethods,or a mix. Also, the studentwould have been encouragedto start
thinkingabout this project early on. Seniors would also be requiredto presentthe
resultsof theirresearchon campus or preferablyat sociological conferencessuch as
those sponsored by the California Sociological Association and the Pacific
Sociological Association. In addition to the required courses, sociology majors
would be requiredto take threeadditionalelective courses in the major. This would
take the number of units to 57, nearly double the units that many sociology
departmentscurrentlydemand. I would predict that making the sociology major
more demandingwould increase the quality of our studentsand theirperformance.
Some mightrespond by saying thatwe would scare away too many studentswith
such a rigorous curriculum.Indeed, some studentsmay decide sociology is too
difficultand move on to some othermajors. However, I believe thatsociology is a
compelling discipline and thatstudentswho are really interestedin the discipline
would rise to theoccasion. In addition,I thinkthatwe would attractotherstudentsto
do not considerit a viable major because of its lack of rigor.
sociology who currently
I am also convinced thatratchetingup the rigorof sociology and givingour students
a common "toolbox" of statistics,researchmethodsand theorycourses would make
our students more attractiveto employers and would enhance their chances of
gettinginto top tiergraduateprograms.An expanded and proscribedundergraduate
and graduatecurriculumwould help to mitigatethe disintegrationof our discipline
Springer

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Am Soc (2008) 39:130-137

133

thatJonathan
Turnerdiscussedin his 1988 PSA Presidential
address(Turner1989)
and otherplaces(Turnerand Kim 2001; Turner2006).
I also believethattightening
would increasetheresearchof
up thecurriculum
sociologyfacultydiscussedabove. If all studentsare expectedto conductserious
sociologicalresearch,it makessense to involvethemin facultyresearchprojects,
includethemas presenters
at sociologicalconferences,
and to includethemas
co-authorsof peer reviewedarticles.I can also see thisleadingto moregrants
and contracts.There are a significantnumberof federalgrantsavailable for
researchthatincludesstudentsand such researchcould resultin additionalpeer
reviewedarticles.All of theseitemsare interrelated
to one anotherand feedupon
one another.
We all could benefitby seeing how our sister social science discipline,
operates.When I meetwiththe deans and provoststo discuss the
psychology,
reviews
thatI am involvedin, I always ask themabouthow sociology
program
with
the
othersocial sciences.Invariably,
compares
psychologyis putforthas the
that
should
to
emulate.
The
in
involvement
of students
discipline sociology
attempt
researchprojectsin psychology
is
mentioned
deans
departmentsveryfrequently
by
and provosts.
Conflictin theDepartment
thatI have evaluatedhave beenplaguedwith
Too manyof thesociologyprograms
this leads to problemswith the administration
dissentand conflict.Invariably,
- especiallytenuretracklinesbecausedeansand provostswill notputresources
intodepartments
wherecolleaguesthatcannotget along witheach other.Other
on the
sociologists(Cole 2001:29; Lipset2001; Molotch2001) have commented
for
to
lack
and
How
does
tendency sociologydepartments
civility
collegiality.
to
other
liberal
arts
and
on
science
departments collegiality?
Sociologycompare
conductedamongdeans,sociologyranked
Accordingto thesurveythatI recently
13thamong23 disciplineson collegiality
(Hohm,2008:244). The deanswereasked
to identify
thehighestrankedand secondhighestrankeddisciplineson the"Ability
of facultyin theDepartment
witheach other,as a team."Three
to workeffectively
the
seven
of
deans
ranked
or secondon thisitem,
point
percent
sociologyeitherfirst
a
rank
of
13th
23
Of
givingsociology
among
disciplines. the social sciences,
and
were
ranked
higherthansociology(psychologywas
psychology
geography
rankedsecondand geography
was rankedninth)and anthropology,
politicalscience
and economicswere rankedlower (16th, 18th,and 20th,respectively).
Though
and notat thebottom,
sociologyis nearthe"middleof thepack" on collegiality,
thereis clearlyroomforimprovement.
On Diversifying
the Facultyand Students
Deans and provostsappreciatedepartments
thatare successfulat diversifying
their
and staffand sociologyrankshighin theeyesof administrators
on
students,
faculty
this item.By diversityI referto race/ethnicity,
gender,age, sexual orientation,
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Am Soc (2008) 39:130-137

134

Some
is no meanaccomplishment.
socioeconomicstatus,etc. Achievingdiversity
bodiesbutby facultiesthatare not
by diversestudent
disciplinesare characterized
in an
itselfforworkingon diversity
diverse.Our disciplineneedsto congratulate
thatsociology
effective
way.In addition,Clark(1999) presentsdatademonstrating
its facultyon genderas comparedto
has done a muchbetterjob of diversifying
economics,politicalscienceand psychology.
SociologyCan Be Too Ideological
Over the years,deans and provostshave pointedout to me that too many
This definitely
leads to a loss of
sociologistsare ideologicalinsteadof scholarly.
prestigeon campusand drivesaway the moreserious,capable students.Cole's
What'sWrongwithSociology?,includesa numberof
(2001) excellentanthology,
ithas lost
thatarguethatSociologytendsto be ideologicaland"As a result,
chapters
administrators,
credibility
among university
politicians,and the generalpublic"
(Cole 2001:10). Simpson and Simpson (2001) point out that the American
become influencedby politics;Huber
SociologicalAssociationhas increasingly
administrators
havea low opinionofsociologybecause
(2001) assertsthatuniversity
Felson (2001)
of the way the disciplineattractsradicalstudentsand professors;
assertsthatbecause of ideology,sociologistshave been discouragedto analyze
certainsocialproblemsand thatiftheydo studythemin a particular
way,theyare
a
to
that
have
Cole
(2001)
tendency select their
punished;
argues
sociologists
relevantgrounds,butrather
on ideologicaland
researchtopicsnoton theoretically
as
an example,how
and
Stinchcombe
(2001:285)
agrees,
giving
personalgrounds
in
in
to
differences
are
similar
race
and
differences
age
earning quite
though
gender
in
"...most
because
do
not
differences
studyage
earnings
earnings,sociologists
moralor ideologicalobjectionto seniority
peoplein thesocietyhave no particular
and Berger(2001) assertsthatsociologistshave been unableto
discrimination";
worldeventsof thelast 30 yearsbecauseof the
forecastor understand
important
of
modern
bias
sociology.
ideological
SociologyDepartmentsare SometimesIsolated
withthisproblemthanmanyother
I thinksociologyis morelikelyto be afflicted
thatI have evaluatedappearedto
disciplines.Too manyof thesociologyprograms
be disconnectedfromuniversitylife. Of course, when troublecomes along,
A littlereading
disconnected
are theeasiestto downsizeor eliminate.
departments
makesthisabundantly
of theSocial Organization
and NetworkAnalysisliterature
life
fromuniversity
clear.A good exampleofhow a department
beingdisconnected
thatoccurredat San Diego Statein 1992
can lead to problemsis the"bloodletting"
and the public
(Academe 1993). Californiaexperiencedan economicdownturn
cuts.Mostinstitutions
and collegesystemswereforcedto makefinancial
university
of SDSU decidedto "go narrow
"spreadthepain"acrosstheboard.The President
One hundredand
or downsizedcountlessdepartments.
and deep" and eliminated
weregiventheir"pinkslips,"including
eleventenuredand 35 tenuretrackfaculty
} Springer

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135

Am Soc (2008) 39:130-137

hiredin theSociologyDepartment
thelast seventenuredprofessors
(knowas the
"SociologySeven"),and thatincludedtheauthorof thispaper(Los AngelesTimes
and protested
thefiring
of thesetenure
of SDSU pulledtogether
1992). The faculty
trackand tenuredfacultyand, in the end, the Chancellorof the CSU forcedthe
to recallthelaid offfaculty.
SDSU President
However,muchdamagewas done to
A numberof theSociologySeven leftSDSU for
theSDSU SociologyDepartment.
hit?It was notbecausethe
otheruniversities.
Whywas theSociologyDepartment
or serving
or
or publishing,
was
not
well,
securing
grants,
teaching
Department
was not involvedin
It was because the Department
the surrounding
community.
theSenate,etc. The President
such as majorcommittees,
thelifeof theuniversity,
School of Social Workand conof SDSU equatedsociologywiththeuniversity's
cludedthatcolleaguesin the sociologywere expendable.If the sociologydepartI doubtthatany sociologyfaculty
menthad been a teamplayerin theuniversity,
would have been fired.
SociologyProgramsFocusingon How Many PositionsThey Have Lost
Over theYears
likesociology,
artsand letters
On manycampuses,mainlinetraditional
departments
have, over the years,lost positionsto new applied and professionalprograms.
reviewselfstudieswritten
theprogram
speak
by sociologydepartments
Invariably,
at lengthabouthow manytenuretrackpositionshavebeenlostovertheyears.It is
my opinionthatratherthan demandingan explanationfor why a decline in
abouthow bad thisis, itmakes
administrators
sociologyhas occurredand lecturing
can positionitselfto get
moresenseto tryto findouthowthesociologydepartment
withneworexistingdepartments
morelines.Forexample,jointappointments
might
be possible.
of theuniversity
In additionto the departmental
changing,there
configuration
tenure
tracklines)
resources
the
amount
of
for
be
other
reasons
(including
why
may
is
the
has
been
to
the
declining.Perhaps department
sociologydepartment
coming
For
notbeinga "teamplayer"whenit comes to college and university
priorities.
programs/
maybe pushingforinterdisciplinary
example,thecollegeand university
in thesekindsofcollaborative
showinterest
projects.Does thesociologydepartment
projects?
Sociology'sInvolvementon Assessmentand CommunityServiceLearning
How is the campus doing on assessmentof studentlearningoutcomes?Are
sociologyfacultyinvolved?They shouldbe, as our disciplinebringsmoreto the
thanany othersinglediscipline.For example,
table,withregardsto methodology,
scale design, statistical
our expertisein sampling,questionnaireconstruction,
could be usefulto
focusgroups,and othermethodologies,
analysis,ethnography,
our colleaguesin otherdisciplinesas theyattemptto measurestudentlearning
outcomes(Hohm 2001: 178-179). However,my experienceas an externalof
pointout- sociology
sociologyprogramssuggeststo me- and as administrators
Springer

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Am Soc (2008) 39:130-137

136

theway itcouldin thisrealm.Howery(2001: 6) suggests

oftendoes notparticipate
and "theestablishment"
and to
thatsociologytendsto be criticalof bureaucracies
view assessment
as "sellingout."Our disciplineneedsto movebeyondthisstance
to findout
of student
and use assessment
learningoutcomesin a proactivemanner,
andto make
well in ourdepartments,
whatis working
wellandwhatis notworking
therequisitechanges.
servicelearningon campus?Again, sociology
How advancedis community
shouldbe an activeplayerin thisarena,givenour focus.In mostof myexternal
of the
servicewas nota highpriority
reviewsof sociologyprograms,
community
ofthedisciplinelend
eventhoughthecontent,
methods
andperspectives
department,
of community
servicelearningintotheclassroom
themselves
to the incorporation
experience.
Abilityof SociologyDepartmentsto Know the Values and Priorities
of Administrators
I foundthattoo manyof thesociologydepartments
thatI have reviewedwerenot
informed
on thevaluesandpriorities
ofadministrators,
or ifknowledgeable,
refused
The starting
is
the
to payanyattention
to thesevaluesandpriorities.
dean
and
point
if departments
do not connectwithher/him,
thegame is over.Clues aboutwhat
drivesadministrators
can be foundon theirofficewebsites.Departments
shouldhave
their
and
have
intimate
of
universities
college'sstrategic
plan.Colleges
knowledge
If
is
missions.
a
to
be
its
mission
must
successful,
varying
sociologydepartment
If theydo not,theywill be
alignwiththemissionsof thecollegeand university.
is starting
to
allowedto wither.
Forexample,ifa predominantly
teachinguniversity
it
and
no
for
the
more
on
research
does
sociology
put
emphasis
publication,
good
to fightthe administration
on this.Rather,theyshouldfindways to
department
in theirresearchprojectsand to focuson researchin addition
students
incorporate
to teaching.
The Degree to WhichSociologyis Involvedin CollaborativeActivities/Projects
I reviewedvaryconsiderably
I have foundthatthesociologydepartments
on the
andprojectson campus.
activities
degreetowhichtheyareinvolvedincollaborative
couldbe partof?Forexample,
Aretherevariousfocuseson campusthatsociologists
the college and or university
mighthave a strongfocuson health.If so, is the
refusesto hire
a player?If not,is thisbecausethedepartment
sociologydepartment
one or morecolleagueswithsociologyof healthspecialties?In my deans survey
(Hohm,2008), I foundthatsociologyfaredverywell withregardto theabilityto
and multidisciplinary
teams.Withregardto theabilityto
workin interdisciplinary
workin interdisciplinary
teams,"sociologydid well,comingin witha rankof 2 of
23 disciplines,behindbiology.Also, sociologywas rankedhigherthanall of the
othersocialscienceson thisitem.Sociologyalso did wellon the"...abilityto work
in multidisciplinary
teams."Sociologywas ranked#2 behindbiologyand was
rankedabove all of theothersocial sciences.
Springer

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Am Soc (2008) 39:130-137

137

Conclusion
Since academicadministrators
controltheresourcesgoingto departments,
sociolo- thatacademic
gistsneedto be cognizantof theviews- bothpositiveand negative
administrators
have towardthe discipline.On the plus side, administrators
view
thatteachesmanystudents;
valuesandincorporates
sociologyas a discipline
diversity;
societal problems;and is involvedin
producesresearchaimed at ameliorating
and multidisciplinary
interdisciplinary
projects.On thenegativeside,administrators
are likelyto see sociologyas 1) deficientin grants,researchand peer reviewed
in rigorofcurriculum;
and non-collegial;
3) contentious
2) deficient
4)
publications;
tooideological;5) isolatedwithinthecollege/university
andnotsufficiently
involved
incampusgovernance;
trackpositionslostovertheyears;7)
6) toofocusedon tenure
not sufficiently
involved with assessmentof studentlearningoutcomes and
servicelearning;
and 8) unableto understand
thevaluesand priorities
of
community
and administrators.
Academicsociologistsneedto be mindful
academicinstitutions
andmaketherequisite
oftheseperceiveddeficiencies
changesto elevatetheposition
ofsociologyintheacademy.
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