The government is compared to a cake, and today it is a marble cake rather than before

when it was a layered cake. During that time period, the states rights were in agreement with
dual federalism. This is the concept of no overlapping within the national and state governments.
In position for the states rights, the Constitution was created for states to be coequal with the
national government. The states also wished to take hold of their own affairs at all times.
Thonan Frederiques article of Measuring the Outcome of Biomedical Research: A
Systematic Literature Review, states that the information of other articles have indicators that
measure outputs and outcomes of medical research. Outputs are defined as the immediate
tangible results of an activity and the outcomes are defined as longer term effects such as an
impact on health.1 It states there is a constant need for the evaluation of research conducted by
institutions. However, the issue on funding research needs to be assessed and reviewed in a
tactical way. The reason evaluation of research is carried out is for accountability purposes,
advocacy purposes, and learning purposes. In Frederiques article, the authors also described the
way information is distributed among the public. One major way is through the media. There are
also other factors on the outcomes such as more public knowledge on health issues,
improvements in health services, changes in legislation, and clinicians awareness of research
conducted.2 The study continues to have limitations, yet researchers are able to measure
outcomes with different views.
The states reserved powers control various topics that the national government has no
control over. These factors include education, regulation of individual or corporate activities for
the protection of public health, safety, morals, and convenience, along with others. The stem cell
research controversy contributes to the relation that the states have, and assists in the principles
put on the research. Through opposition and approval, the research still produces controversy

through various counterparts. For instance, Matthew Nisbets and Ezra M. Markowitzs
Understanding Public Opinion in Debates over Biomedical Research: Looking beyond Political
Partisanship to Focus on Beliefs about Science and Society, gives statistical evidence of the
debate. The eight surveys conducted were evaluated which resulted in 74% of Scientific
Optimists, mostly white with high income and education, strongly favor or favor research; 39%
of Scientific Pessimists, less educated and mostly women, strongly favor or favor research; 53%
Conflicted, older population and similar to Scientific Pessimists, strongly favor or favor research;
59% Disengaged, highest income and mostly Democratic or Independent, strongly favor or favor
research.3 Overall, these results show the influences various factors, such as education and
political views, have on individuals beliefs and their entire lives.
Joseph Pannos Stem Cell Research: Medical Applications and Ethical Controversy, gave
a description of The Human Cloning Prohibition Act. This was represented by David Weldon and
Bart Stupak. It was passed by the House of Representatives in July 2001. However this has yet to
be written into law. When submitted into Senate in 2002, opposition made the act come to a halt.
The advocate groups disagreed as well as the biomedical research members. They argued about
the agreement to stop reproductive cloning however they wanted to proceed with the therapeutic
cloning.4 In order to do this, 60 votes were required; in 2003 it passed with 241 votes.5

Notes

1. Frederique Thonon, et al., Measuring the Outcome of Biomedical Research: A

Systematic Literature Review, PLoS ONE, April 2, 2015, http://journals.plos.org/.
2. Ibid.
3. Matthew Nisbet and Ezra M. Markowitz, Understanding Public Opinion in Debates over
Biomedical Research: Looking beyond Political Partisanship to Focus on Beliefs about
Science and Society, PLoS ONE, February 18, 2014, http://journals.plos.org/.
4. Joseph Panno, Stem Cell Research: Medical Applications and Ethical Controversy,
(Infobase Publishing, 2014), 85, https://books.google.com.
5. Ibid.

Bibliography

Nisbet, Matthew, and Markowitza, Ezra M. Understanding Public Opinion in Debates over
Biomedical Research: Looking beyond Political Partisanship to Focus on Beliefs about
Science and Society. PLoS ONE. February 18, 2014. http://journals.plos.org/.
Panno, Joseph. Stem Cell Research: Medical Applications and Ethical Controversy. Infobase
Publishing, 2014. https://books.google.com.
Thonan, Frederique, Rym Boulkedid, Tristan Delory, Sophie Rousseau, Mahasti Saghatchian,
Wim van Harten, Claire ONeill, and Corinne Alberti. Meauring the Outcome of
Biomedical Research: A Systematic Literature Review. April 2, 2015.
http://journals.plos.org/.