This document reviews key concepts about cell membrane transport. It discusses concentration gradients across membranes and how they drive passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. The document also examines active transport processes like active transport and endocytosis/exocytosis that require energy. Finally, it defines different concentration gradients as isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic based on solute concentrations compared to the cell's cytoplasm.
This document reviews key concepts about cell membrane transport. It discusses concentration gradients across membranes and how they drive passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. The document also examines active transport processes like active transport and endocytosis/exocytosis that require energy. Finally, it defines different concentration gradients as isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic based on solute concentrations compared to the cell's cytoplasm.
This document reviews key concepts about cell membrane transport. It discusses concentration gradients across membranes and how they drive passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. The document also examines active transport processes like active transport and endocytosis/exocytosis that require energy. Finally, it defines different concentration gradients as isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic based on solute concentrations compared to the cell's cytoplasm.
1. Concentration Gradients (Pg. 60-61): -Concentration: The concentration of molecules in a fluid is the number of molecules in a given unit of volume. -Gradient: A physical difference in certain properties such as temperature, pressure, electrical charge, or the concentration of a solute in a fluid. Gradients break down unless energy is used to maintain them. -Concentration gradient: A difference in concentrations of solute across their membrane. 2. Transportation Across Membranes (Pg. 62-63): a) Passive Transport: -Simple diffusion: Diffusion of water, dissolved gases, or lipid-soluble molecules through the phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. -Facilitated diffusion: Diffusion of (water soluble) molecules through a channel or carrier protein. -Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a membrane that is more permeable to water than dissolves molecules. b) Energy-requiring transport: -Active transport: Movement of individual small molecules or ions through proteins using cellular energy (usually ATP). -Endocytosis: Movement of particles and entire micro-organisms into a cell by engulfing them. -Exocytosis: Movement of materials out of a cell by moving to cell surface and diffusing out. 3. Different Concentration Gradients (Pg. 64-65): -Isotonic: Having the same strength; this is the usual concentration of extracellular fluid of animals to the cytoplasmic fluid in each cell. -Hypertonic: Having greater strength; solutions in which there is a higher concentration of dissolves particles than a cells cytoplasm, causing water to leave the cell by osmosis. -Hypotonic: Having less strength; solutions in which there is a lower concentration of dissolves particles than a cells cytoplasm, causing water to enter the cell by osmosis.