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Digital Communication: Electronics and Communication Engineering Hanyang University Haewoon Nam
Digital Communication: Electronics and Communication Engineering Hanyang University Haewoon Nam
(ECE4058)
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Hanyang University
Haewoon Nam
Lecture 2
ECE4058 Digital Communication
Analog
output
signal
Analog signal
processor
Digital
Signals are represented by discrete variables and discrete time.
Analog
input
signal
A/D
converter
Digital
input
ECE4058 Digital Communication signal
Digital signal
processor
D/A
converter
Digital
output
signal
Analog
output
signal
Digital signal
processor
A/D
converter
Digital
input
signal
D/A
converter
Analog
output
signal
Digital
output
signal
3
Classification of Signals
Continuous-Time versus Discrete-Time signals
Continuous-Valued versus Discrete-Valued signals
Deterministic versus Random signals
Deterministic signal
All past, present, and future values of the signal are known precisely with no
uncertainty.
Random signal
Signals can not be described accurately (noise signals, seismic signal, etc).
Probability and stochastic theory provides the mathematical framework for
the theoretical analysis of random signals.
T
ECE4058 Digital Communication
Classification of Signals
Continuous and discrete signals
Continuous-time and
continuous-valued signal
f(t)
Continuous-time and
discrete-valued signal
Quantization g(t)
t
g(n)
f(n)
n
ECE4058 Digital Communication
Discrete-time and
discrete-valued signal
Sampling Process
What is sampling?
Aliasing problem
Quantization Process
Digital Modulations
Pulse modulations
s (t ) =
m(nT )h(t nT )
s
(5.8)
n =
s (t ) =
g (t nT k m(nT ))
s
(5.18)
n =
g (t ) = 0,
(5.19)
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Quantization Process
Amplitude quantization
The process of transforming a sample amplitude of a baseband signal
m(t) into a discrete amplitude v(t) taken from a finite set of possible
levels.
v = g (m) (5.22)
12
Nonuniform Quantization
The step size increases as the separation from the origin of the input-output
amplitude characteristic is increased, the large end-step of the quantizer
can take care of possible excursions of the voice signal into the large
amplitude ranges that occur relatively infrequently.
ECE4058 Digital Communication
13
Compressor
A particular form of compression law : -law
v=
log(1 + m )
(5.23)
log(1 + )
d m log(1 + )
=
(1 + m ) (5.24)
dv
v =
(5.25)
+
A
m
1
log(
)
1
m 1
,
1 + log A
A
1
1 + log A
,
0
m
d m A
A
=
(5.26)
1
dv
(1 + log A) m , A m 1
ECE4058 Digital Communication
14
15
Delta Modulation
DM (Delta Modulation)
An incoming message signal is oversampled to purposely increase the
correlation between adjacent samples of the signal
The difference between the input signal and its approximation is
quantized into only two levels - corresponding to positive and negative
differences
16
Delta Modulation
17
Delta Modulation
System Details
Comparator
Computes the difference between its two inputs
Quantizer
Consists of a hard limiter with an input-output characteristic that is a scaled
version of the signum function
Accumulator
Operates on the quantizer output so as to produce an approximation to the
message signal.
e (iT )
q
(5.30)
i =1
18
Delta Modulation
19
Delta Modulation
Quantization Errors
Slope-overload distortion
The step size is too small for the staircase approximation to follow a steep
segment of the original message signal
The result that the approximation signal falls behind the message signal
Granular noise
When the step size is too large relative to the local slope characteristic of the
original message signal
The staircase
approximation to hunt
around a relatively
flat segment of the
message signal.
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