[BTP 351: LAND ADMINISTRATION]

1. Issues and Challenges of Land Policy in Malaysia Relate to Customary Land and Malay
Reserve Land
MALAYSIA LAND ADMINISTRATION POLICY
The development in a country surely will become greater from year to year. But, the
development made each and every time will cost many land to be used. So, there were some
policy has been made in order to managing the land. Same goes to Malaysia development
system. The development system in Malaysia will be also related to the policy of Land
Administration.
As can be seen in Malaysia, the main Act that referring to the Land Administration was the
National Land Code (NLC). The NLC has been established on year 1965 and also has been
called as Act 95. The application of the 1965 National Land Code has been enforced in all
states except Sabah and Sarawak. Besides the NLC, other legislation relating to land law
passed at the federal level include the Land Acquisition Act , and Strata Titles Act. There are
also legislations enacted at the state level such as the various Malay Reservation Enactments.
Based on a journal written by Zainal (2014), he said that the land administration and land law
practices in Malaysia are based on the Torrens system introduced by the British. Under the
Torrens System, the Register is everything. A title or an interest is conferred indefeasibility of
title under two conditions that are usage of correct forms and the forms are registered. There
are two key principles in the Torrens system of registration of title and rights cannot be
denied. The first principle of ownership registration is a material fact regarding the ownership
of one of the land. The material facts include the owner's name, details of which were given
land ownership, land area and the location, survey plan, and limit its borders. The mirror
principles are record that reflects all fact on the title register owner and all detail of the land.
The curtain principles are those record in the title valid and buyer could be safe depend on
information on the record. The principle of mirror and curtain just in general for the
ownership on the particular land, which mean everything that stated on the titles showing
everything that the interested parties need, there is no need for the interested parties to go
further. For the issued document of title, which mean the title issued to the owner, and
registered document of title, which stored will be keep by the land office, both contain same
information, but sometime we need to refer to the Registered Document Title by making the
private or official search at the land office to get the latest information on that particular land,
such as caveat, charge and etc.
CUSTOMARY AND MALAY RESERVED LAND

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It is clear that the land shall be categorized in many categories. In Malaysia, there were two
categories that nowadays have been effects badly in the process of the development in
Malaysia. Those are Malay reserved land (MRL) and customary land (CL).
The Malay reserve land was the land that provided by the government for the Malays in
Malaysia as the origin population in this country. According to the Federal Constitution
(1957), In the article 89 has spelled out that Malay reservation means land reserved for
alienation to Malays or to natives of the State in which it lies; and Malay includes any
person who under the law of the State in which he is resident, is treated as a Malay for the
purposes of the reservation of land. And as according to Turnbull (1989), the MRL is
stipulated under the Malay Reservation Enactment (Cap 142), which had been in force since
1913 and amended from time to time. While Trezzini (2001) also has found out that currently,
most of Malay reserve lands are either left idle or underutilized. Compared with its neighbors,
Malay reserve land is considered as lagging behind its neighbors economic development.
Consequently, issues related to the development of Malay reserve land are focused on the
legislative barriers such as restrictions in land dealing, collateral, and multi-level ownerships.

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[BTP 351: LAND ADMINISTRATION]

As for the customary land (CL), Hamimah.H (2013) have defined that the customary land was
the land that has been declared by the indigenous people as their territory and eco-systems of
their life. According to Tachimoto (2004), In the strict sense, a customary or traditional land
refers to a specific human-nature symbiosis as a particular community of indigenous people
have adapted to a specific environment and made it their own. In Malaysia context, this is
best illustrated in the Orang Asli areas. The Orang Asli traditionally identifies themselves in
relation to specific territories which they have occupied by generations. But in Malaysia, the
customary land was not just focused on the Orang Asli or indigenous people that have been
the origin population in our country. But there were also some culture in Malaysia that has
claimed that their land as the customary land. The example can be seen was at Negeri
Sembilan where the Minangkabau tribe has declared their land belongs to their custom and it
cant be passed to non-tribe personal. Only the same tribe shall have the right on the land in
Negeri Sembilan.
Adibah.A (2009), in 1909 a Customary Tenure Ordinance was passed and enforced in the four
districts above. The objective of the Ordinance was to provide for the preservation of
Customary Rights over certain lands. This Enactment was later repealed and replaced by a
new enactment in 1926.The purpose of this Enactment was to prevent the passing of the
Malay landholding into the possession of the foreigners. This Enactment was in a way
existed side by side with the MRE 1913. The difference was the former was more rigid in
the application. It was only applicable to the Malay adat pepatih customary land. Whereas,
later, was applicable generally to most of the land that was owned by the Malays. Secondly,
the Customary Enactments application is restricted only to 4 districts in Negeri Sembilan,
compared to Malay Reservation. This Customary Tenure Enactment provided that document
should be registered in the Mukim (subdistrict) Register. In additional, the title of the land
should be endorsed with the words Customary Land. (tanah adat) Thus, Customary Tenure
Enactment has adopted the policy of giving its protection to customary rights only where their
existence was indicated by an endorsement on the register. Referring to the Customary Tenure
Enactment, Cap. 215, s. 4(i), By virtue of the Enactment, no land or interest therein may be
transferred, charged, transmitted or otherwise dealt with except in accordance with the custom
and consent of the Lembaga or headman of the tribe. However, this restriction shall not be
applicable to leases of customary land for a period not exceeding twelve months.
However, these two types of land shall facing many issues and challenges from the
implementation of the nowadays land policy.
ISSUES ON THE CUSTOMARY AND MALAY RESERVE LAND

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The land policy shall be implemented and enforced through all the development in Malaysia
and other act shall be also implemented on Sabah and Sarawak on their land administration
process. However, the implementation of the policy shall brought some issues that has been
relates to MRL and CL in Malaysia.
The MRL was already been gazette by the federal government in long time ago which at the
same time as stipulated inside the Federal Constitution. However, several issues have become
major when the MRL nowadays has been decreased in number.
From the article that has been written by Aliasak.M (2009), the issues of the number of the
MRL has been decreased was the major issues that caused by the implementation of the land
policy in Malaysia.

As can be seen in land policy in Malaysia, the MRL were not been taken good care by the
local government either the federal. The MRL in the state such as Selangor were so many in
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[BTP 351: LAND ADMINISTRATION]

numbers once upon a time ago. But, the number decreased year by year. The land matters
were been classified in the power of the state government itself. So, all decision that will be
made, all the policies that will be done regarding to the land matters shall be finalized by the
state government. The issues came when there is some state that only thinking about the profit
on what they will get but not consequences. As the policy implementing power belongs to the
state authority, they shall make their own decision.
As an example, some of the state shall change the title of the MRL to develop something that
more valuable and it might be influenced by the value of the land or might have some other
attracting factor on the land. The same case have already happen in Perak where the MRL at
Batu 3, Segari whre the title of the MRL have been pulled off by the State Government and it
is also agreed by the Sultan at that time. (Warta Kerajaan Negeri Perak,2009) The things
happen when there was Enacment of Malay Reserve Land that allows the status of the MRL
to be pulled-off by the agreement of the Sultan. This shows that the policy itself doesnt
protecting the land that has been reserve for Malay as one of the special things that only can
be got by Malay itself. The enactment then caused the numbers of the MRL decreasing year
by year.

Figure 1.1: The government of

Perak have pulled-off

the MRL title at Batu 3, Segari
Source: academia.edu/TanahRizabMelayu

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The policy that has been implemented in the state level were somehow not to strictly
preserving the MRL. The policy also allowed the owner of the MRL to convert the title of the
land from the MRL to free-hold title. This thing somehow will affect the numbers of the
MRL. The state government policy for land matters also can take the title of the MRL in there
was natural resources beyond that particular land. So, where is the policy that preserving the
number of MRL?

As for the customary land, the issues has been seen arise when the state government
involvement take place. The development process shall need to be carried on and the land
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must be prepared as the cost. So, as for the customary land that included beyond the
development area, the state government can take it and change the title of the customary land.
As has been said in the Ninth Schedule the land matters shall be given the power to the state
government. Apparently, the government at first creating the MRL and CL, then when the
time pass, the MRL and CL shall be taken that shall be met higher profit and profitable to the
state government. That is the reality situation that can be seen now in Malaysia.
Let us refer to the Wasiat Kedua Raja-Raja Melayu where they have told us that you can
have and have and declared the land except the lake, mountain, reserve forest and Malay
reserve land which the ratio is 50%, and the rest take it and divide among your races. As can
we see on the will, MRL supposedly must be preserve and the policy should protect the MRL
from being pulled-off the title and also passes to the others. But what happen today the polies
made were not strict in order to preserve the MRL or CL in Malaysia.
The situation of the customary land then can be shown in the case when many Orang Asli
Saka land had fall under the Land Acquisition Act 1960. There are many causes like highway
construction, development of city, protected area such forest reserve or national park, dam
and relocation under development project. Example, Bukit Lanjan resident or now called
Desa Temuan shows the example acquisition for development projek of Damansara Perdana.
Kg Bukit Tampoi, Dengkil were taken some part of it to build the highway construction. Kg
Peta, Johor nearly located at National Park of Endau-Rompin and their old village was taken
for National Park and Forest Reserve. Orang Asli also get compensated but the compensation
according to Orang Asli Act under Section 12, compensation only for the tree that were
cultivated such durian and petai and not compensated for the total lost of land. This happened
because Orang Asli are tenant-at-will and they did not have the right over the land they
cultivated or their settlement. This situation also the point Orang Asli cannot develop the land
for agriculture like palm oil and rubber plantation. The compensations delivery system also a
main problem to Orang Asli. Compensation are paid through Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli
(JAKOA) and not direct to them. The reasons for this action is to avoid cheating about the
sum of compensation and Orang Asli are not given the right to manage themselves from the
government.
CHALLENGES ON THE CUSTOMARY AND MALAY RESERVE LAND
In planning, the process that will be made will be considering the future needs. It is the same
as the land policy that has been construct, it also must construct for the future used. Regarding
to the issues that arise related to the policies implementation and also the MRL and CL. These
shows that the policies shall need to be review back.

The challenge that firstly will be faced by us is the MRL and CL will probably vanish from
our country. The policy that been implemented shall need to ensure the MRL and CL were
protected and cannot been change the title simply. If this is not been done, then there will be
no more MRL and CL in the future. The consequence from it shall be faced by our future
young Malay generations whereby at that time there is no more land for them and if it does
have, there is no longer the land that has been inherited for you as the origin population of our
country.
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We can take example from the other country that not preserving their land and it end up with
the outsider take control of the land and the origin people will no more rights on it. Aliasak.M
(2009) gives the example such as the crisis between the Palestinian and the Israel people
where they used to move in the Palestine and the policy of the land at that time allows the
others to have the land title and lastly the almost all land in Palestine were concurred by the
Israel people and the bad things is the Palestinian has been chased out from its country. So,
the land policy in Malaysia shall not be made just to fulfill the requirement to have the
policies to administrate the land but the unseen factor must be taken into consideration to. We

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[BTP 351: LAND ADMINISTRATION]

as the Malay, and the origin population didnt want to face the same thing as the other nation
does when their land that supposedly belongs to them then been taken by others.
CONCLUSION
The policy of the land administration in the Federal and State level were not yet a perfect
policy that has been made so far. But yet it can still been amend to become better. The Malay
reserve land and Customary Land actually were some valuable assets that have been inherit to
our races and as a Malay in Malaysia, we should protect what we have and dont let it go to
the other hand. The planners should deeply see the importance of these two categories of land
in the future and help to construct a policy that shall protect the only assets that we have for
our future generation so that our future Malay generation shall have place to shelter and to
live in their own land.
REFERENCES

Page

Abidin, Z. Z. (2014). International Journal of Conceptions on Management and Social

Sciences. Saka: A Customary land for Aboriginal People in, 18-21.
Noor-Rosly Hanif1*, W. N.-R. (2015). redevelopment of Malay Reserve Land (MRL) in
Klang. Spring Journal, 1-10.
Tachimoto, N. M., quoted in Nicholas, Colin, The Orang Asli and the contest for resources:
Indigenous politics, development and identity in Peninsular Malaysia, International Work (al,
2015)specific ecology identity that is related to a sense of place for its inhabitants.
Trezzini B. Embedded state autonomy and legitimacy: piecing together the Malaysian
development puzzle. Economic Society. 2001;30(3):32453.
Yusof NA, Shafiei MWM, Yahya S, Ridzuan M. Strategies to implement the build then sell
housing delivery system in Malaysia. Habitat Int. 2010;34(1):538.

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2. The significant of the Bathrust declaration on Land Administration
for Sustainable Development (1999) that is significant for future
land administration system and sustainable development.
INTRODUCTION
Ten years on and seven years after the launch of Agenda 21, the Bathurst
Declaration on Land Administration for Sustainable Development (1999)
found that the most serious problems facing the relationship between land
and people included.
degradation of land due to unsustainable land use practices;
lack of land for suitable urban development
lack of security of tenure (which in many societies impacts
most severely on women and children);
inequitable access to land by indigenous peoples and
minority groups;
access to land by women;
increasing vulnerability to disaster;
destruction of bio-diversity;
lack of adequate planning and of effective land
administration;
tensions
between
environmental
conservation
and
development; and
impact of market forces on traditional economies and tenures

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Generally we can see the main trend of those issues is inequalities. There
are about inequalities of gender. Gender differences in land tenure should
be recognized if land objectives, such as increasing land productivity,
providing affordable housing, or promoting sustainable resource
management, are to be met. There is a need for land tenure policy
frameworks that explicitly address gender inclusive access to land.
Without specific attention to gender inclusiveness, important segments of
society may be excluded from the benefits of land administration,
management, and development schemes. That why, the Bathurst
Declaration state that, land tenure and land administration systems is
important to avoid that issues. Land is also a social asset that is crucial for
cultural identity, political power and participation in decision making.
Womens equal access to land is a human rights issue. It also has other
benefits. Evidence shows that womens land rights reduce domestic
violence that women who own land are more capable of exiting violent
relationships and negotiating safe sex. Agricultural production and food
security also increase when women are granted tenure security. With
significant demographic shifts in rural and urban areas, development
organizations and professionals have had to seek new strategies to tackle
gender issues. In the land sector, this may mean giving women and men,
directly or through co-ownership, greater security of tenure and better
access to land resources. Greater security of rights to land increases the
holders ability to make decisions regarding appropriate economic
strategies that may include diversification from subsistence farming.
Security of tenure is a key to enabling individuals and households to
participate effectively in economic development. How the land tenure,
property, and development save the issues? Is state that, the law provides
a complex set of rules that have evolved within each society to ensure its
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orderly running and the peaceful behavior of its members. It is including a

law, which may lead the law take a several law. This is solved the issues
with the law of property deals both with relation between people (in
persona) and persons to do things (in rem). The law reorganizes different
types of interest in property and makes a distinction between the physical
objects and the abstract right associated with their use. Land as real or
immoveable property is in many jurisdictions taken to include all things
attached to it such as building and other permanent fixtures. This is also
say that, right describe what may be done with property, they are abstract
but none the less real in their effect. They have been described as being
like bundle of sticks associated with any property. Ownership, the proof of
which is known as title, is a fundamental legal concept. In common law
jurisdictions, the highest form of ownership is freehold, which describes
the complete bundle of rights that can be held privately at any point in
time. On the death of freehold owner, the rights pass to the heirs in
accordance with the terms of deceaseds last will and testament. In the
case of real property, title does not necessarily imply occupation or use.
The changing humankind-land relationship and current global and local
drivers such as sustainable development, urbanization, globalization,
economic reform and the information revolution, demand land
administration responses. The changing humankind-land causes lack of
adequate planning and of effective land administration. In my opinion, this
is must do Re-engineering land administration systems. Re-engineering
land administration systems is one of the significant trend a in land
administration has been the move toward a more commercial and market
driven approach to the delivery of government services, with some system
becoming fully self-financing. This can give an impact toward the
operations of land registries, cadastral agencies, and national mapping
organizations. Some people accept that, the formalization of land titles
requires government subsidy but that the ongoing processes of
maintenance and update of the land records should be subject to full cost
recovery. In the business of surveying and mapping, fully cost has been
much more difficult to able success, subdivision work can be carried out at
cost by either the public or private sector but almost all national mapping
agencies get government subsidies. Re- engineering is one of many so
called management technology that have emerged over the years to
assist companies in meeting more effectively their corporate objective
such as increase revenue, greater market share and or profit, lower cost,
and improved services. Re-engineering land administration is different
with the other management technique in term of its radical nature.
Computerized also helps to provide back-up facilities in case of disaster.
Microfilm film has the past been used to provides a secure back-up record
of document in the registry, this is significant to often managed using
optical scanning technology. Some countries failed to maintain disaster
copies of their record because of high cost. The main technologies that
have affexted cadastral surveying have been the global positions systems
(GPS), digital mapping, and geographic information system (GIS). These
technologies is to influence the way that data are gathered and the types
of data that are being collected. Another technology, high-resolution
remote sensing, has so far had only marginal impact on the cadaster
however this is likely to change in the near future.

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[BTP 351: LAND ADMINISTRATION]

The Bathurst Workshop examined the major issues relevant to
strengthening land policies, institutions and infrastructures and, in
particular identified the following:
future humankind/land relationships;
the role of land in sustainable development;
food, water and land policies;
land tenure and land administration systems;
how land markets, land registration, spatial planning and valuation
interact; and
Re-engineering land administration systems.

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Firstly, they addressed the changing relationship of humankind to land.

The changing humankind-land relationship and current global and local
drivers such as sustainable development, urbanization, globalization,
economic reform and the information revolution, demand land
administration responses and are forcing a new land administration vision
or paradigm (Ting and Williamson 1999b). The Workshop then considered
the relationship of land with sustainable development, and the consequent
relationship of land tenure to land administration. The changing nature of
land and its critical role in sustainable development was confirmed by a
strong recognition of the inter-dependency of land, water and food. After
considering the changing nature of humankind to land, the Workshop then
explored the relationship between land markets, land registration, spatial
planning and valuation. The workshop concluded that "most land
administration systems today are not adequate to cope with the
increasingly complex range of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in
relation to land, which are influenced by such factors as water, indigenous
land use, noise and pollution" and "governmental information systems will
have to continue their present trend to become increasingly open and
public and governments have an important role as umpire, moderator and
purveyor". In short, land information and land administration systems
need to be re-engineered and to evolve to face the increasing complexity
of the humankind-land relationship. Meanwhile, for the role of land in
sustainable development, the Bathurst state that land, as a scarce and
fragile resource, is an object for environmental protection. There is a need
to develop creative thinking about environmental protection. Land also
important to the next generation, this because land is equally an asset for
economic and social development, and particularly supporting land
markets. There are also case that people are suffering to get a fresh water
and food. To improve food production to counterbalance local food deficits
will require even greater amounts of fresh water diverted to irrigation.
Almost all of the worlds land and water resources available for food
production have already been put to use. Well-functioning land tenure
institutions are necessary for conflict minimisation and resolution whilst
data infrastructure techniques are "the most powerful set of tools the
experts can offer an involved public.... Also, it was predicted that "land
administration specialists will be called upon to provide both policy advice
and technical inputs to deal with the problem of allocating scarce land and
water resources in a fair and equitable manner in the coming decades"
(UN-FIG 1999)
Recognizing that new land administration and cadastral arrangements
would be required in the future to support these changes, the Workshop
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investigated the re-engineering of land administration systems and
concluded with a discussion of recommendations and an implementation
strategy. There are several topics were identified for discussion in working
groups at the Bathurst Workshop which reflect the issues considered
significant for future land administration systems and sustainable
development. They were state as above. The current, narrow focus of
many land administration systems is insufficient to meet the challenges
posed. To ensure that land administration and management decisions are
made in an informed way and consistent with sustainable development,
land information systems must integrate a wider range of data,
information and knowledge. Continued development and change in public
land related systems will be progressively more populated with data sets
that arise from public pressure, rather than the fiscal imperatives which
exploit existing government repositories. Considerable informed debate
would determine whether these new data sets ( eg road traffic, pollution
levels and cultural rights) should be recorded in a cadastre or integrated
with the cadastre using appropriate information technologies. In this
sense, governmental information systems will have to continue their
present trend to become increasingly open and public to the point that
they emerge as the societal knowledge bank upon which public decisions
are made. It will be important that these systems, though public and open,
are community based and implemented. Experience has shown that once
real needs are understood, and this consultative process can be lengthy,
communities can adopt sustainable resource management faster and
more efficiently than governments can bring it about through force and
regulation.
It can be conclude in the Bathurst Declaration are; Any action agenda will
first need to address the policy issues associated with building and
sustaining effective land administration. Core principles must be
articulated that promote equal access to property for all people while
respecting the sensitivity to local needs and requirements. Policies must
be formulated to ensure that the processes for formalizing and
subsequently transferring property rights are as simple and efficient as
possible. From the outset, the policy agenda must ensure that there is a
balanced and integrated approach to addressing the requirements of both
urban and rural society, to dealing both with land and other resources
(including water, forests and soils). Every effort should be made to
encourage the full and active participation of local communities in
formulating and implementing the policy agenda.

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Of special importance will be the need to construct land administration

institutions that effectively address the constantly evolving requirements
of the community. Land administration institutions, in this context, mean
the rules of the game. These include the laws and regulations necessary
for creating property rights (and the associated restrictions and
requirements imposed by the state or the community), for registering and
subsequently transferring them, for resolving disputes, for taxation
purposes, and the equitable resumption of these rights. They must be
responsive to local requirements and conditions, and be capable of

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evolving over time to deal with different needs and priorities. As well,
these institutions must be open and transparent.
These ambitious goals will not be achieved unless there is a commitment
to
designing
and
implementing
effective
land
administration
infrastructures. These may be described as the organizations, standards,
processes, information and dissemination systems and technologies
required to support the allocation, transfer, dealing and use of land. One of
the major challenges will be to build an infrastructure that is sufficiently
robust to, amongst other things, effectively support the goal of enhancing
security and access to credit, while at the same time being sufficiently
simple and efficient so as to promote and sustain widespread
participation. The processes for formalizing property rights will necessarily
involve significant community participation whilst the subsequent
registration and transfer process will have to be capable of an evolving
response to changing community requirements. Information technology
will play an increasingly important role both in constructing the necessary
infrastructure and in providing effective citizen access to information.
Finally, there must be total commitment to the maintenance and
upgrading of the land administration infrastructure.
The impact of the result of the Bathurst Declaration

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10

The group which contributed to the Workshop is aware that the result of
the Bathurst Declaration is a start only, albiet an important one, on the
road to understanding the relevance of land administration in the path to
sustainable development. It is at least an ideas list which can assist in the
creation of the infrastructures and the institutions necessary to meet and
serve the policy issues relevant to each society, recognizing these issues
are contentious, debatable and politically sensitive. Societies around the
world continue to march into a future that is dogged by changes and
pressures reflecting the complexity of challenges on economic, social,
political and environmental fronts. The current global drivers of
environmental crises, rapid urbanization, radical economic reforms and
the information technology revolution, add to the kaleidoscope of forces
that both assist and obstruct the process of understanding and
overcoming the challenge of sustainable development. Importantly
however, from a professional perspective, The Bathurst Declaration has
confirmed the powerful link between appropriate land administration and
sustainable development. In doing so, it has further confirmed the gradual
evolution of land administration from its cadastral, market focus to an
additional facilitative role for multi-purpose spatial information
infrastructures that better address the complex demands for sustainable
decision-making over development of land and related resources.
Throughout the workshop discussions, it was agreed that the most
significant influences on the development of land administration systems
is the dynamic humankind-land relationship and existing global and local
drivers such as sustainable development, urbanization, globalization,
economic reform and the information revolution, all of which demand land
administration responses and are forcing a new land administration vision
or paradigm. A new land administration paradigm is required if sustainable
development is to rise above mere rhetoric.

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The Bathurst Workshop's key recommendations included

1. Providing effective legal security of tenure and access to property for all
men and women, including indigenous peoples, those living in poverty and
other disadvantaged groups;
2. Promoting the land administration reforms essential for sustainable
development and facilitating full and equal access for men and women to
land-related economic opportunities, such as credit and natural resources;
3. Investing in the necessary land administration infrastructure and in the
dissemination of land information required to achieve these reforms;
4. Halving the number of people around the world who do not have effective
access to secure property rights in land by the Year 2010

CONCLUSION
As a planner, the Bathurst Declaration must be taken as a guide in order to
create more sustainable land administration in the future. All the aspects that
have been spoke out in the declaration shall need to be takes into consider
and the sustainable land administration can be applied by the planner and
planned a better nation in the future.

REFERENCE

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11

1. Ian WILLIAMSON and Don Grant, The United Nations - International

Federation Of Surveyors Bathurst Declaration On Land Administration For
Sustainable Development A Challenge For Surveyors, Australia, October
1999.
2. Ian P. WILLIAMSON and Donald M. GRANT, United Nations-FIG Bathurst
Declaration on Land Administration for Sustainable Development:
Development and Impact, Melbourne, Australia, 1999
3. Land administration, Dale, Peter F., and John D. McLaughlin, Oxford
University Press 1999
4. Williamson, I. P. (2001). Re-engineering land administration systems for
sustainable developmentfrom rhetoric to reality. International Journal of
Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.
5. Enemark, S. (2001). LAND ADMINISTRATION SYESTEMS. Surveying and
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BSc. (HONS) in TOWN AND REGIONAL PLANNING, UiTM SHAH ALAM