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e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399. Volume 7, Issue 1 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 54-62
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Abstract : The present research was subjected to screen invitro antioxidant activity of the seed and leaf extract
of Syzygium cumini. The antioxidant activity was determined by in vitro methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, ABTS Assay, Total antioxidant activity (Phosphomolybdic acid
method), Nitric oxide radical scavenging, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, Hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity, Total Reducing antioxidant potential, Reducing power. The extract showed significant
antioxidant activity in all antioxidant assays when compared to ascorbic acid. The results of this research work
are promising thus indicating the utilisation of the seed and leaf of Syzygium cumini as a significant source of
natural antioxidants
Keywords: Antioxidant activity, ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, NOS, TRAP, Total antioxidant activity, Reducing
power, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Syzygium cumini.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Plants are the potential source of natural antioxidants. Natural antioxidants or phytochemical
antioxidants are the secondary metabolites of plants (Walton, and Brown, 1999). Antioxidant agents like
tannins, flavonoids, phenols, polyphenols, and nitric acid, scavengers of free radicals such as peroxidase,
hydrogen peroxidase or lipid peroxyl thus inhibits the oxidative mechanism that lead to degenerative diseases.
Antioxidants are found in all parts of plants such as bark, stalks, leaves, fruits, roots, flowers, pods and seeds.
The most effective components seem to be flavonoids and phenolic compound of many plant raw materials,
particularly in herbs, seeds and fruits. Increasing the antioxidants intake can prevent diseases and lower the
health problems. Research is increasingly showing that antioxidant rich foods, herbs reap health benefits.
Syzygium cumini seeds are extensively used for various ailments such as anti-inflammatory,
hypolipidaemic, antidiabetic and antioxidant, neuroprotective and recently it has been reported (Patel et al,
2010) for the DNA protection against radiation. Although the syzygium cumini seeds were used for several
biological activities; the possible cardioprotective (Oliver, 1980) reported the effect of the syzygium cumini
(Jamun) seeds against the DOX induced acute myocardial stress in rats. Phytochemicals such as saponins,
terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and alkaloids have antiinflammatory effects .Glycosides, flavaloids,
tannins and alkaloids have hypoglycemic activities. Syzygium cumini might be responsible for its high
antioxidant activity. This activity was observed when an increase in levels of plasma glucose, vitamin-E,
ceruloplasmin, lipid peroxides and a decrease in levels of vitamin C and glutathione observed in diabetic rats,
recover back to the normal levels after treatment with Syzgium cumi seed kernel extract (Warrier et al, 1996).
Histopathological studies also promise its protective effect on pancreatic -cells. Ethanolic extract of Syzgium
cumini seed kernel also lowering the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and increased in reduced
glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalyse (CAT).
II.
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III.
In the present study the extracts prepared from dried parts of the plant Syzygium cumini were subjected
to Pharmacognostical, Preliminary, Phytochemical anaylsis and Antimicrobial and Invitro-Antioxidant Acitivity
study was done.
Pharmacognostical Studies
Table 1 reveals the % extractability with the various solvents used for the study. Ethyl acetate
extended higher % extractability (1.2%). The other chemical constituents, such as total ash, acid insoluble and
water soluble ash value and loss of moisture content are also depicted in the same table. Table 2 reveals the
physical nature of the ethyl acetate extract of S.cumini.
Phytochemical Studies
Table 3 depicts the result of qualitative analysis of Ethyl acetate extract of S.cumini. The study
confirms the presence of Alkaloids and Glycosides to a larger extent. Table 4 reveals the R f value of the
phytochemical constituents with respective solvent system.
Invitro-Antioxidant Activity
In the present work, the Ethyl acetate extract of Syzygium cumini was evaluated for their DPPH
Radical scavenging activity. It was observed that the DPPH Radical scavenging activity of S.cumini was as
comparable to that of standard ascorbic acid (Table 05 and Figure 1).
Total antioxidant capacity of the Ethyl acetate extract of Syzygium cumini, expressed as the number of
gram equivalents of ascorbic acid. Ethyl acetate extract of S.cumini showed higher total antioxidant capacity
when compare to standard Ascorbic acid (Table 6 and Fig 2).
Table 7 and Figure 3 shows that the FRAP values of the Ethyl acetate extract of Syzygium cumini
are significantly lower than that of ascorbic acid.Table 8 reveals the % of reducing power assay of Ethyl acetate
extract of S.cumini against standard ascorbic acid (Table 8 and Fig 4).
Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was comparatively lower than that of standard ascorbic acid
(Table 9 and Figure 5).The scavenging activity of ABTS radical assay showed that Ethyl acetate extract had
higher activity when compared to ascorbic acid (Table 10 and Fig 6).
Percent inhibition of the nitrite oxide generated is measured by comparing the absorbance values of
control and test preparations and ascorbic acid can be used as a positive control. The % inhibition was increased
with increasing concentration of the extract. The syzygium cumini Ethyl acetate extract had better reducing
power (Table 11 and Fig 7).The Total reducing antioxidant potential activity was evaluated. It was observed that
Ethyl acetate extract had higher activity when compared to ascorbic acid (Table 12 and Fig 8).
Table-1- Physicochemical Parameters Value of S.cumini Ethyl acetate extract.
Parameters
Extractive
Petroleum ether
Chloroform
Ethyl acetate
% of w/w
Methanol
Water
Ash value
0.6%
1%
1.2%
0.07%
1.16%
Total ash
Acid insoluble ash value
Water soluble ash value
Moisture content
Loss of moisture content
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25%
2.5%
5.25%
0.1gram
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Phytoconsituents
Alkaloids
Glycosides
Sterols
Tannin
Resins
Carbohydrates
Protein & Amino acids
Saponins
Gum &mucilage
Flavaloids
Vitamin-C
Compounds
Alkaloids
Tolune:Ethyl
acetate
Diethyl amine(7:2:1)
Glycosides
Benzene: Ethanol(19:2)
Ultra violet
Spectroscopy
4.8
Flavaloids
Ultra violet
Spectroscopy
5.8
Steroids
Petroleum Ether:
acetate(7:3)
Chloroform:Ethyl
acetate(9:1)
Ultra violet
Spectroscopy
Ultra violet
Spectroscopy
4.3
Triterprinoids
Solvent system
Detecting agent
:
Ethyl
Ultra violet
Spectroscopy
Solvent
front
3.9
4.5
No of
spots
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
Rf
value
1.20
2.00
2.30
2.2.
3.67
4.49
2.41
3.44
4.56
0.94
1.54
2.47
Absorbance
Ascorbic acid
0
20
40
60
80
Sample
100
Concentration (Ug/ml)
Table 5- Percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity of Ethyl acetate extract of S.cumini
S.no
1
Concentration
(ug/ml)
20
% of inhibion
Ascorbic acid
49.4
40
90.2
87.5
60
93.3
93.4
80
93.9
94.0
100
95.8
94.2
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sample
44.2
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Concentration
(ug/ml)
1
2
3
4
5
20
40
60
80
100
sample
16.6
17.5
25.6
33.6
47.5
Concentration
(ug/ml)
20
Ascorbic acid
185.06
sample
185.89
40
185.89
186.3
60
186.72
186.32
80
187.55
186.35
100
188.79
189.21
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Concentration
(ug/ml)
% of reducing power
Ascorbic acid
sample
20
1.89
2.28
40
1.99
2.32
60
2.05
2.34
80
2.35
2.36
100
2.55
2.38
Concentration
(ug/ml)
sample
20
12.2
14.2
40
16.3
14.5
60
26.2
14.7
80
40.0
14.9
100
80.5
15.4
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Concentration
(ug/ml)
1
2
20
40
Ascorbic acid
0. 1
0. 2
Sample
0. 8
3.1
3
4
60
80
0. 3
0. 8
3.3
3.4
100
1.0
4.3
Concentration
(ug/ml)
20
40
60
80
100
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Figure 8-Total reducing antioxidant potential activity of Ethyl acetate extract of S.cumini
Table 12- Percentage of TRAP activity assay of Ethyl acetate extract of S.cumini
S.No
Concentration
(ug/ml)
% of inhibition
1.
20
Ascorbic acid
3.125
sample
68.75
2.
40
17.18
90.62
3.
60
18.75
150
4.
80
29.68
159.3
5.
100
35.93
212.5
IV.
CONCLUSION
In the present study, the extracts prepared from dried seeds and leaves of the plant S.cumini were
subjected to phytochemical screening , antibacterial activity and invitro antioxidant activity.
It was observed that the Ethyl acetate extract of S.cumini extended higher extractive value, when compared
with Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Methanol and Water. Therefore Ethyl acetate extract was chosen for in depth
study.
The Ethyl acetate extract of S.cumini was subjected to Thin layer chromotograpy using silica gel-G.
The Rf value were calculated and the study reveals the presence of Flavaloids, glycosides, Alkaloids, Steroids
and Triterprioids .
The various phytochemical compounds detected are known to have beneficial importance in
medicinal sciences.The flavonoids have been referred to as natures biological response modifiers, because of
their inherent ability to modify the bodys reaction to allergies and virus and their anti-allergic, antiinflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer activities(Aiyelaagbe and Osamudiamen, 2009). The steroids are
known to be important for their cardiotonic activities and also insecticidal and antimicrobial properties. They are
also used in nutrition, herbal medicine and cosmetics(Callow,1936).The Tannins were reported to exhibit
antiviral, antibacterial and anti-tumour activities. It was also reported that certain tannins were able to inhibit
HIV replication selectively and was also used as diuretic(Callow,1936). The Saponin is used as mild detergents
and in intracellular histochemistal staining. It is also used to allow antibody access in intracellular proteins. In
medicine, it is used in hypercholestrolaemia, hyperglycaemia, antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammatory, weight
loss, etc. It is also known to have antifungal properties(Haslem,1989).
In vitro antioxidant activity of the seed and leaf extract of Syzygium cumini was performed .The
results of different assays potrays that the extract has maximum antioxidant activity and reducing power.
Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of ethyl acetate extract of Syzygium cumini shows a steady state increase
when compared to the standard ascorbic acid. All the other assays confirms the free radical scavenging activity
of the extract.
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