CHNH HP LP - T HP LP

Trn Th Thanh Hng, Trn c Duy, Mai Hu Nhn, 11T

THPT chuyn Nguyn Bnh Khim, Vnh Long
Bi ton m u. C bao nhiu cch xp 4 vin bi ging nhau vo 3 hp khc nhau.
Li gii. bi ton by chng ta c th lit k cc trng hp c th xy ra nh sau: Gi s vin bi
xp vo hp 1, hp 2, hp 3, ln lt l x, y, z . Cc trng hp c th xy ra i vi ( x, y, z ) l: (4;0;0),
(0;4;0), (0;0;4), (1;1;2), (1;2;1), (2;1;1), (1;3;0), (1;0;3), (0;1;3), (0;3;1), (3;0;1), (3;1;0), (0;2;2), (2;2;0),
(2; 0; 2). Vy c 15 cch xp.
Nhn xt. Vi bi ton ny c th lit k tt c cc trng hp, nhng vi nhng bi ton tng t
nh th nhng s bi v s hp ln hn rt nhiu th chng ta s gp nhiu kh khn trong vic lit k. Vy
c mt phng php no gip chng ta gii nhng bi ton nh th n gin hn khng?
Sau y chng ta hy cng nhau tm hiu v T hp lp Chnh hp lp, chng s gip chng ta
gii cc bi ton phc tp mt cch d dng hn.
1. Chnh hp lp
a) nh ngha. Cho tp X gm n (n N * ) phn t. Mt dy c di m (m N * ) cc phn t ca X ,
trong mi phn t c th lp li nhiu ln, sp xp theo th t nht nh gi l mt chnh hp lp chp m
ca n phn t. K hiu s chnh hp lp chp m ca n phn t l Fnm .
b) Cng thc. Fnm = n m .
Chng minh. Cho X = {x1 ; x2 ;......; xn } . Dy c di m l a1a2 .......am (m N * ) .
a1 c n cch chn , a2 cng c n cch chn (v a2 cng c th ging a1 ), ... am cng c n cch chn.
Vy dy c di m c n m cch chn, hay Fnm = n m .
c) Cc v d
V d 1. Bin ng k t c 6 ch s v 2 ch ci u tin trong 26 ch ci (khng dng ch O v I ).
Hi s t c ng k nhiu nht l bao nhiu?
Li gii. Gi X l tp hp cc ch ci dng trong bng ng k, suy ra X c 24 phn t ( v khng dng
O v I ). V vy ta c F242 = 242 cch chn cho hai ch ci u tin. Gi Y l tp hp cc ch s dng trong
bng ng k, suy ra Y c 10 phn t. V vy c F106 = 106 cch chn cho 6 ch s cn li. Do c tt c
106.242 bin s.
V d 2. Hi c bao nhiu s c 10 ch s m 3 ch s u v 3 ch s cui tng ng ging nhau?
Li gii. Ta thy vi 1 cch chn cho 3 ch s u cng ch c 1 cch chn cho 3 ch s cui chng
tng ng ging nhau. Ta c F103 = 103 cch chn ty cho 3 ch s u. Ta phi loi trng hp s 0 ng

u, suy ra c F102 = 102 cch b loi. Nh vy ta c F103 F102 = 103 102 = 900 cch chn cho 3 ch s u.
Nn ta c 900 cch chn cho 3 ch s u v 3 ch s cui tng ng ging nhau. Ta cn li 4 trng, m t
4 trng ta lp c F104 = 104 = 10000 . Vy ta c 900.10000 = 9000000 s cn tm.
Nhn xt. T ta c th tng qut bi ton ln nh sau: Cho n > 2m > 2 (n, m N * ) . Hi c bao nhiu
s c n ch s m m ch s u v m ch s cui tng ng ging nhau.
Li gii. Chng ta cng l lun nh trn. Ta c c ( F10m F10m1 ).F10n2 m s cn tm.
2. T hp lp
a) nh ngha. Mi cch chn ra k vt t n loi vt khc nhau (trong mi loi vt c th c chn li
nhiu ln) c gi l t hp lp chp k ca n . S cc t lp chp k ca n c k hiu l K nk .
b) Cng thc. K nk = Cnk+k 1 .
1

c) Cc v d.
V d u tin s l mt h qu quan trng.
V d 1. Gi s c n vin bi ging nhau v m ci hp, ta xp bi vo cc hp. Gi xi vi i = 1, 2, 3..., m l
s bi hp i. Chng minh rng
a) S cch xp khc nhau n vin bi vo m ci hp l Cmn +n1 .
b) Trong Cmn +n1 cch xp c Cnm11 cch xp cho tt c cc hp u c bi.
Li gii. a) Ta biu din m ci hp t m + 1 gch thng ng, cn cc vin bi biu din bng cc ngi
sao (*). Chng hn nh
|**|*|***|*|.|***|
Nh vy ngoi cng lun lun l cc vch thng ng, cn li m 1 vch thng ng v n vin bi c
sp xp theo th t ty . Nh vy s cch sp xp khc nhau bng s cch chn n phn t trong tp hp
m 1 + n phn t (c vch v ngi sao) chnh l Cmn +n1 .
b) Trng hp mi hp c t nht 1 vin bi tng ng vi cch biu din mi vch phi bao gm gia hai
ngi sao. Nhng c tt c n 1 khong trng gia n ngi sao. V vy phi xp m 1 vch vo n 1 khong
trng . Vy c tt c Cnm11 cch xp.
Nhn xt. T bi ton trn ta suy ra mt h qu th v.
a) S cc nghim t nhin ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + ... + xm = n (n, m N * ) l Cmn +n1 .
b) S cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + ... + xm = n ( m n, n, m N * ) l Cnm11 .
thy c ng dng ca h qu trn ta xt v d sau.
V d 2. Tm s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 20 (1) tha iu kin
x1 3; x2 2; x3 > 4 (*)
Li gii. Ta vit iu kin cho thnh x1 3; x2 2; x3 5 . Xt cc iu kin sau
x2 2; x3 5 (**), x1 4; x2 2; x3 5 (***).
Gi p, q, r ln lt l cc s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh (1) tha cc iu kin (*), (**),
(***). Ta c p = q r . t x1, = x1 ; x2, = x2 2; x3, = x3 5; x4, = x4 , kt hp vi (**), phng trnh (1) tr
thnh x1, + x2, + x3, + x4, = 13 (2).
S nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh (1) tha iu kin (**) bng s nghim nguyn khng m
ca phng trnh (2). Theo h qu trn s nghim l K 413 = C413+131 = C1613 . Vy q = C1613 .
L lun tng t, ta c r = K 49 = C49+91 = C129 . Suy ra p = q r = C1613 C129 = 560 220 = 340 .
Vy s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh (1) tha iu kin (*) l 340.
V d 3. Tm s cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1c nht 5 bi, bit rng
hp 2 v hp 3 khng cha qu 6 bi.
Li gii. Trc ht ta tm s cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 c t nht
5 bi. Nhn xt rng ta cn ly 5 bi xp trc vo hp 1, do s bi cn li l 25. Suy ra s cch xp trong
trng hp ny bng s cch xp 25 bi vo 5 hp m khng c iu kin g thm. S cch xp l
K 525 = C525+251 = C2925 = 23751 . Tng t ta c:
- S cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 cha t nht 5 bi, hp cha t nht
18
7 bi l K 518 = C518+181 = C22
.
- S cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 cha t nht 5 bi, hp 3 cha t
18
nht 7 bi l K 518 = C518+181 = C22
.

- S cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 cha t nht 5 bi, mi hp 2 v 3
cha t nht 7 bi l K 511 = C511+111 = C1511 .
S dng cng thc A B = A + B A B ta suy ra s cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc
nhau sao cho hp 1 cha t nht 5 bi, ng thi hp 2 hay hp 3 cha t nht 7 bi l
18
18
K 518 + K 518 K 511 = C22
+ C22
C1511 = 13265 (2)

Theo yu cu ca bi ton, khi xp 30 vin bi vo 5 hp th hp 1 phi c t nht 5 bi cn mi hp 2 v 3

phi c khng qu 6 bi. Do s cch xp ny s bng hiu ca hai cch xp (1) v (2), tc l bng:
2375113265 = 10486 .
3. Bi tp
Bi 1. Tm s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 40 trong mi trng hp
sau
a) x1 3, x2 4 ,
b) x1 > 3, x2 < 4 ,
c) 2 x1 8, x2 4, x3 > 3, x4 < 6 .
Bi 2. [ thi i hc nm 2007 ] C bao nhiu b ba s nguyn khng m ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) tha iu kin
x1 + x2 + x3 15 , vi x1 > 2 , x2 < 4 .
Bi 3. Mi kha gm 5 vng s ghi 0, 1, 2, ..,9. Mi dy 5 ch s cho mt cch m kha. C bao
nhiu kha c cch m khc nhau.
Bi 4. C bao nhiu cch pht 100 phn thng ging nhau cho 60 hc sinh. Mi hc sinh c t nht 1
phn thng.
Bi 5. C bao nhiu s c 6 ch s m
a) Ch s u v ch s cui ging nhau.
b) Ch s u v ch s cui ging nhau
c) Hai ch s u v hai ch s cui ging nhau
Bi 6. C bao nhiu cch xp kn vt khc nhau thnh k nhm, mi nhm c n vt?
Bi 7. Ngi ta lm mt b hoa t 18 hoa. Cho bit khng c b hoa no di 3 hoa. Hi c bao nhiu
cch lm mt b hoa?
Bi 8. Trong t c n i gng tay. Ly t ra mt cch ngu nhin 2r chic gng tay (2r < n) . Tm
xem c bao nhiu kh nng trong s tt ly ra
a) Khng lp thnh mt i no c.
b) C ng 1 i.
c) C ng 2 i
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn V Thanh, Chuyn bi dng chuyn ton cp 2-3 S Hc, Nh xut bn tr, 2001
[2] Ng Th Phit, 250 bi ton Gii Tch T Hp, Nh xut bn ng Nai,1994
[3] TS.Trn Vn Hoi, [pdf] T hp v php m, 20072008
[4] TS. Nguyn Vit ng, [pdf] Tp hp, nh x, php m
V cc ti liu trn: www.diendantoanhoc.net
www.onthi.com.vn
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinations
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