Ans Forcenmotion PDF

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Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2.
FORCE AND MOTION
2.1
ANALYSING LINEAR MOTION
Distance and displacement

1.
Types of physical quantity:

has only a magnitude
(i)
Scalar quantity: .
(ii)
2.
has both magnitude and direction

Vector quantity:
The difference between distance and displacement:

length of the path taken
(i)
Distance:
(ii)
distance of an object from a point in a certain direction

Displacement:
3.
Distance always longer than displacement.
4.
Example:
The following diagram shows the location of Johor Bahru and Desaru.
You can travel by car using existing road via Kota Tinggi, or travel by a
small plane along straight path.
Calculate how far it is from Johor Bahru to Desaru if you traveled by:
a. The car
b. The plane
Kota Tinggi
41 km
Solution:
a.
by car
= 41 + 53
= 94 km
b.
by plane = 60 km
53 km
Johor
60 km
Desaru
Bahru
The path traveled by the plane is shorter than travelled by
the car.
So, Distance = 94 km
Displacement = 60 km
Hands-on Activity 2.2 pg 10 of the practical book.

Idea of distance and displacement, speed and velocity.
Speed and velocity
1.
2.
the distance traveled per unit time or rate of change of distance

Speed is ..
the speed in a given direction or rate of change of displacement
Velocity is: .....
3.
total distance traveled, s (m) , v = s m s-1

Average of speed:
time taken, t (s)
t
4.
displacement, s (m) , v = s ms-1

Average of velocity: ...
Time taken, t (s)
t
1
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5.
Example:

An aeroplane flies from A to B, which is located 300 km east of A. Upon reaching B, the
aeroplane then flies to C, which is located 400 km north. The total time of flight is 4
hours. Calculate
i.
The speed of the aeroplane
ii.
The velocity of the aeroplane
Solution:
C
400 km
300 km
B
C
400 km
i. Speed = Distance
Time
= 300 + 400
4
= 175 km h-1
ii. velocity = displacement

time
(Determine the displacement denoted by AC and
its direction)
= . 500 .
4
= 125 km h-1 (in the direction of 0530)
300 km
Acceleration and deceleration
1.
Study the phenomenon below;
0 m s-1
2.
3.
20 m s-1
40 m s-1
The velocity of the car increases.

Observation:
the rate of change of velocity
Acceleration is, .
Final velocity initial velocity
Or, a = v u
Then, a =
Time of change
t
Example of acceleration;
t=2s
t=2s
A
0 m s-1
20 m s-1
2
40 m s-1
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Calculate the acceleration of car;
4.
5.
aAB
i)
from A to B
ii)
From B to C aBC
= 10 m s-2
= 20 0
2
=
= 10 m s-2
40 20
2
when the velocity of an object decreases, In calculations, a

Deceleration happens ...
will be negative
Example of deceleration;
A lorry is moving at 30 m s-1, when suddenly the driver steps on the brakes and it stop 5
seconds later. Calculate the deceleration of lorry.
Answer : v = 0 m s-1, u = 30 m s-1, t = 5 s
Then ,
a = 0 30
5
= -6 m s-2
Analysing of motion
1.
Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape.
Refer text book photo picture 2.4 page 26.
(i)
Determination of time:
the frequency of the ticker timer

= 50 Hz ( 50 ticks in 1 second)
so, 1 tick = 1 second = 0.02 seconds
50
(ii)
Determination of displacement as the length of ticker tape over a period of time.
(iii)
xy = displacement over time t

t = 7 ticks
= 0.14 s
Determine the type of motion;
.y
. . . .
. . . .
Uniform velocity
..
. . . . . .
.
.
Acceleration
......
. . .
.
. . . .
Acceleration, then deceleration
...
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(iv)

Determination of velocity
12.6 cm
10 x 0.02 = 0.2 s
displacement = time = ..
Velocity, v
(v)
12.6 = 63.0 cm s-1

0.2
Determine the acceleration

Length/cm
v
8
7
6
5
= 25.0 m s-2
4
3
a= vu
t
= 40.0 15.0 ..
5(0.2)
25.0
=
1.0
2
1
0
ticks
s : displacement,
v : final velocity
The important symbols : ..
u : initial velocity,
t : time,
a : acceleration
The equation of motion

1.
2.
3.
The list of important formula;

1
1. s (u v)t
2.
2
3.
v u at
5.
v 2 u 2 2as
4.
vu
t
1
s ut at 2
2
Example 1 : A car traveling with a velocity of 10 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3

m s-2 for 20 s. Calculate the displacement of the car while it is accelerating.
given : u = 10 m s-1 ,
a = 3 m s-2 , t = 20 s.
s = ut + at2
s = (10)(20) + (3)(20)2
s=?
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Example 2 : A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to rest.
If the distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.
given : u = 16 m s-1 ,
v = 0(rest) , s = 8 m
a=?
v2 = u2 + 2 as
02 = 162 + 2 a(8)
a = -16 ms-2
Execise 2.1
1.
Length / cm
Figure 2.1 shows a tape chart
consisting of 5-tick strip. Describe
16
the motion represented by AB and BC.
In each case, determine the ;
12
(a)
(b)
displacement
s = 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 16 + 16
= 72.0 cm
average velocity
8
4
72.0
6(0.1)
= 120.0 cm s-1
vaverage =
(c)
acceleration
Note : v =
v u 1. 6 0. 4
=
t
0.5
-2
= 2.4 cm s
C Time/s
16.0
= 1.6 cm s-1
0.1
4. 0
= 0.4 cm s-1
0.1
t = 5 (0.1) = 0.5 s
a=
2.
Figure 2.1
A
B
u=
A car moving with constant velocity of 40 ms-1 . The driver saw and obtacle in front and
he immediately stepped on the brake pedal and managed to stop the car in 8 s. The
distance of the obstacle from the car when the driver spotted it was 180 m. How far is the
obstacles from the car has sttoped.
u = 40 ms-1
v=0
t=8s
s initial = 180 m (from car to obstacle when the driver start to step on the brake)
sfinal = ? ( from car to abstacle when the stopped)
obstacle
sinitial
s
sfinal
1
1
s = u v t 40 0 8 160m
2
2
sfinal = sinitial s
= 180 160
= 20 m
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2.2
ANALYSING MOTION GRAPHS
0m
0s

100m
10s
200m
20s
300m
30s
400m
40s
500m
50s
displacement
time
in the form of graph called a motion graphs

The data of the motion of the car can be presented.
The displacement-time Graph
a)
displacement (m)
Graph analysis:
Uniform displacement all the time
Graph gradient = velocity = 0
time (s)
b)
displacement (m)
The object is stationary or is not moving

...
Graph analysis:
Displacement increases uniformly
..
Graph gradient is fixed
time (s)
c)
displacement (m)
The object move with uniform velocity

.
Graph analysis:
The object moves with uniform velocity for t seconds.
.
d)
time (s)
Displacement (m)
After t seconds, the object returns to origin (reverse) with
uniform velocity
Total displacement is zero
..
Graph analysis:
.
Graph is quadratic form
.
..
Displacement increases with time.
time (s)
Graph gradient increases uniformly
The object moves with increasing velocity with uniform

acceleration.
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e)

displacement (m)
Graph analysis:
Graph is quadratic form.
..
Displacement increases with time.
..
Graph gradient decreases uniformly
..
The object moves with decreasing velocity, with uniform
deceleration.
..
time (s)
f) displacement (m)
A
Graph analysis:
OA = uniform velocity (positive move ahead)
..
AB = velocity is zero (rest)
..
BC = uniform velocity (negative reverse)
C time (s)
O
The velocity-time Graph
a)
v/ m s-1
Graph analysis:
No change in velocity
..
Zero gradient the object moves with a constant velocity or
..
the acceleration is zero.
The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of

the moving object :
s=vxt
t /s
v/ m s-1
b)
Graph analysis:
Its velocity increases uniformly
....
The graph has a constant gradient
The object moves with a uniform acceleration
c)
The area under the graph is equal to the
displacement, s of the moving object :

s = ( v x t)
t /s
v (m s-1)
Graph analysis:
The object moves with a uniform acceleration for t1 s
...
After t1 s, the object decelerates uniformly (negative
gradient ) until it comes to rest.
t1
t2
t (s)
The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of

the moving object :
s = vt2
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v (m s-1)
d)
Graph analysis:
The shape of the graph is a curve
.......
Its velocity increases with time.
..
The gradient of the graph increases.
t (s)
v (m s-1)
e)
The object moves with increasing acceleration.
The area under the graph is equal to the total displacement

....
of the moving object.
Graph analysis:
The shape of graph is a curve
......
Its velocity increases with time.
...
The gradient of the graph decreases uniformly.
The object moves with a decreasing acceleration.
The area under the graph is the total displacement of the
moving object.
Calculate:(i) Velocity over OP, QR and RS
(ii) Displacement
t (s)
Examples
s/m
Solution :
t/s
v/m s-1
10
5
O
Calculate:(i) acceleration,a over OP, PQ and QR

(ii) Displacement
Given : VO = 0 m s-1, VP = 10 m s-1 ,
Q
Solution :
VQ = 10 m s-1 VR = 0 m s-1
tOP = 4 s
tPQ = 4 s
tQR = 2 s
(i) aOP = 10 0 2.5ms 2 aPQ=10 10 0 ms 2

R
4
4
0 10
2
8
10 t/s
aQR =
5.0 ms
2
(ii) S = 1 4 10)
2
(
2.
Given : SOP = 20 m SOQ = 20 m SOR = 0 m

SOS = - 10 m
tOP = 2 s tPQ = 3 s
tQR = 2 s
tRS = 1 s
(i) VOP = 20 10ms 1 VQR = 0 20 10ms 1

2
2
VRS = - 10 0 10ms 1
1
(ii) S = 20 10 = 10 m
1.
10) 70.0m
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Excercise 2.2
1.
(a) s/m
(b) s/m
(c)
s/m
10
t/s
-5
4 t/s
t/s
-10
Figure 2.21
Describe and interpret the motion of a body which is represented by the displacement
time graphs in Figure 2.21
a) The body remains in rest 5 m at the back of initial point
b) The body start move at 10 m infront of the initial point, then back to initial
point in 2 s. The body continue it motion backward 10 m..
The body move with uniform velocity.
c) The body move with inceresing it velocity.
2.
Describe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the velocity-time
graphs shown in figure 2.22. In each case, find the distance covered by the body and its
displacement
(a)
v/m s-1
(b)
v/m s-1
10
t/s
-5
t/s
-10
Figure 2.22
(a)
The body move with uniform velocity , 5 m s-1 backward.
(b)
The body start it motion with 10 m s-1 backward and stop at initial
point in 2 s, then continue it motion forward with increasing the
velocity until 10 m s-1 in 2 s.
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2.3
UNDERSTANDING INERTIA

Idea of inertia
A pillion rider is hurled backwards when the motorcycle starts to move.
1.
2.
3.
Bus passengers are thrust forward when the bus stop immediately.
Large vehicle are made to move or stopped with greater difficulty.
Hand-on activity 2.5 in page 18 of the practical book to gain an idea of inertia
4.
Meaning of inertia :
The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to
...
continue its uniform motion in a straight line
Mass and inertia

1.
Refer to figure 2.14 of the text book, the child and an adult are given a push to swing.
(i)
(ii)
2.
An adult
which one of them will be more difficult to be moved ...
An adult
which one of them will be more difficult to stop? .
The relationship between mass and inertia :

The larger the mass, the larger its inertia.
...
3.
have the tendency to remain its situation either at rest or in

The larger mass .
moving.
Effects of inertia
1.
Application of inertia
Positive effect :
off an umbrella by moving and stopping it quickly.
(i) Drying
Building
a floating drilling rig that has a big mass in order to be stable and safe.
tight the loose hammer

(iii) To
We should take a precaution to ovoid the effect.
Negative effect : .
(ii)
2.
(i)
During
a road accident, passengers are thrust forward when their
...
car
is suddenly stopped.
..
(ii)
Passengers
are hurled backwards when the vehicle starts to move and are hurled
forward
when it stops immediately.
person with a heavier/larger body will find it move difficult to stop his movement.
(iii) A
A heavier vehicle will take a long time to stop.

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(iv)

Execise 2.3
1.
What is inertia? Does 2 kg rock have twice the inertia of 1 kg rock?

Inetia is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue its
uniform motion in a straight line.
Yes, the inertia increase with the mass increased.
2.
Figure 2,3
A wooden dowel is fitted in a hole through a wooden block as shown in figure 2.31.
Explain what happen when we
(a)
strike the top of the dowel with a hammer,

A wooden block move up of a wooden dowel.
A wooden block has inertia to remains at rest.
(b)
hit the end of the dowel on the floor.

The wooden block move downward of a wooden dowel.
A wooden block has inertia to continue it motion.
2.4
ANALYSING MOMENTUM
Idea of momentum
1.
2.
3.
it has momentum.
When an object ic moving, ...
defends on its mass and velocity.
The amount of momentum ...
as the product of its mass and its velocity, that is
Momentum is defined.
Momentum, p = m x v
Unit= kg m s-1
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Conservation of momentum
mg
mb
vg = 0
vb
Momentum = mbvb
(mb + mg)
vb&g
Starting position before

she catches the ball
Momentum =
(mb+mg)vb&g
Receiving a massive ball
vb
vg
mb
Momentum = mbvb
Throwing a massive ball
mg
Starting position
before she throws
the ball
Momentum = mgvg
The principle of conservation of momentum :

In the absence of an external force, the total momentum of a system remains
unchanged.
The colliding objects move separately after collision.

1.
Elastic collision ...
u1
m1
v2
u2
m1
m2
Before collision
Momentum :
m1u1 + m2u2
=
12
m1v1
m2
after collision
+ m2v2
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2.
The colliding objects move together after collision.

Inelastic collision :...
u1
m
1
u2 = 0
m2
m1 + m2
Before collision
after collision
Momentum :
m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v
3.
explosion :
The objects involved are in contact with each other before explosion and
........
are separated after the explosion.
v1
v2
(m1 + m2), u = 0
m2
Before explosion
after explosion
Momentum : (m1 + m2)u = m1 vv - m2 v2

Example 1 :
Car A
Car B
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20 m s-1 in front of it. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A is still moving at
25 m s-1 after collision, determine the velocity of Car B after collision.
, uA = 30 m s-1, vA = 25 m s-1, mB = 90 kg,
Solution : Given : mA = 100 kg-1
uB = 20 m s , vB = ?
mAuA + mBuB
= mAvA + mBvB
(100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100)(25) + (90)(vB)
vB = 25.56 m s-1
Example 2 :
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20 m s-1 in front of it. Car A is pulled by Car B after collision. Determine the common velocity
of Car A and B after collision.
-1
Solution : Given : mA = 100 kg , uA = 30 m s , mB = 90 kg,
mAuA + mBuB
= (mA + mB ) v (B+A)
(100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100 + 90) v (B+A)
v(A + B) = 25.26 m s-1
13
uB = 20 m s-1 , v(A+B) = ?
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Example 3 :
A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s -1 . Calculate the
velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing.
Solution :
Given ; mb = 2 g = 0.002 kg,

vg = ?
0 = mgvg mb vb,
0 = (1)(vg) (0.002)(150),
mg = 1 kg,
u(g+b) = 0 , vb = 150 m s-1
vg = 0.3 m s-1
Exercise 2.4
1.
An arrow of mass 150 g is shot into a wooden block of mass 450 g lying at rest on a
smooth surface. At the moment of impact, the arrow is travelling horizontally at 15 ms-1.
Calculate the common velocity after the impact.
ma = 150 g
mwb = 450 g
m (a+wb) = 600 g
va = 15 m s-1
vwb = 0
v(a+ wb) = ?
mava + mwbvwb = m(a+wb)v(a+wb) ,
2.
(0.15 x 15) + (0.450 x 0) = 0.6 v(a+ wb)

v(a+ wb) = 3.75 m s-1 -1
A riffle of mass 5.0 kg fires a bullet of mass 50 g with a velocity of 80 m s .Calculate
the recoil velocity. Explain why the recoil velocity of a riflle is much less than the
velocity of the bullet.
mr vr = mb vb ,
2.5
mr = 5.0 kg
vr = ?
( 5.0 ) vr = ( 0.05)(80)
vr = 0.8 m s-1
mb = 50 g
vb = 80 m s-1
UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECT OF A FORCE
Idea of force
1.
What will happen when force act to an object?

Force can make an object;
1. Move
2.
Stop the moving
3. Change the shape of the object

4.
Hold the object at rest
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Idea of balanced forces

1.
An object is said to be in balance when it is:

1. In a stationary state
2. Moving at uniform velocity
2.
Stationary object
Normal reaction, N
explanation :
Magnitude R = W but R acts in an
Stationary object
opposite direction to the weight.
( object is in equilibrium )
...
weight, w = mg
3.
An object moving with uniform velocity

Normal reaction, N
..
Frictional force
...
Force, F
explanation :
Force , F = Friction
..
Resultant = F Friction
..
= 0 (object is in equilibrium)
..
weight, w = mg
Examples :
...
1.A car move at constant velocity.
..
2.A plane flying at constant velocity.
..
Idea of unbalanced forces

1.
2.
when it is moving in acceleration.

A body is said to be in unbalanced..
Resultant
force
..
Explanation;
The ball move in acceleration
because the forces act are not balanced.
F > F
So, the ball move in F direction
F
..
Relationship between forces, mass and acceleration (F = ma)

Experiment 2.2 page 29.
Aim : To investigate the relationship between acceleration and force applied on a constant
mass.
Experiment 2.3 page 31
Aim: To investigate the relationship between mass and acceleration of an object under
constant force.
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1.
Refer to the result of experiment 2.2 and 2.3,

it is found that; a F when m is constant and a 1/m when F is constant.
Therefore,
a F/m
From a F/m,
F ma
Therefore, F = kma k =constant
2.
1 newton (F = 1 N) is defined as the force required to produce an acceleration of 1 m s -2

(a=1 m s-2) when its acting on an object of mass 1 kg ( m = 1 kg)
F = ma
So,
3.
Example 1 :
Calculate F, when a = 3 m s-2 dan m = 1000 kg

F = ma
F = (1000)(3)
F = 3000 N
Example 2 :
m = 25 kg
F = 200 N
Calculate the acceleration, a of an object.

F = ma
200 = 25 a
a = 8.0 ms-2
Exercise 2.5
1.
A trolley of mass 30 kg is pulled along the ground by horizontal force of 50 N. The

opposing frictional force is 20 N. Calculate the acceleration of the trolley.
m = 30 kg ,
F Ff = ma ,
2.
F = 50 N ,
Ff = 20 N ,
a =?
50 20 = 30 a
a = 1.0 m s2
A 1000 kg car is travelling at 72 km h-1 when the brakes are applied. It comes to a stop in
a distance of 40 m. What is the average braking force of the car?
m = 1000 kg , u = 72 km h-1, v = 0, s = 40 m, F = ?
F = ma,
= 1000 x 5.0
= 5000.0 N
16
Note : u = 72 km h-1 =20 m s-1

v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = 202 + 2a(40)
a = 5.0 m s2
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2.6
ANALYSING IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE
Impulse and impulsive force

The change of momentum
1.
Impulse is .
2.
The large force that acts over a short period of time during
Impulsive force is
collision and explosion.
3.
Formula of impulse and impulsive force:

It is known that
Refer, F = ma
a= (vu)/t
Therefore,
So,
F = m( v u)
t
Ft = mv mu ,
Unit = N s
Ft is defined as impulse, which is the change in momentum.

F = mv mu ,
t
Ft = mv mu
Unit : newton (N)
F is defined as impulsive force which is the rate of change of momentum over the
short period of time
Example 1;
wall
If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg
Impulse, Ft = 5(10) - (- 5(10))
=
Example 2;
and t = 1 s
and impulsive force, F =
100 Ns
v
100 = 100 N
1
Wall with a soft surface

If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg
Impulse, Ft = 5(10) - (- 5(10))
=
4.
and t = 2 s
and impulsive force, F =
100 Ns
100 = 50 N
2
The relationship between time of collision and impulsive force.

Impulsive force , F 1 / t
Therefore, F decreases when the time of collision increases ( refer to examples )
17
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Exercise 2.6
1.
A force of 20 N is applied for 0.8 s when a football player throws a ball from the sideline.
What is the impulse given to the ball?
Fimpulse = Ft
= 20 x 0.8
= 16.0 Ns
2.
A stuntman in a movie jumps from a tall building an falls toward the ground. A large
canvas bag filled with air used to break his fall. How is the impulsive force reduced?
1.
2.
A large canvas bag will increase the time of collision.

When the time of collision increase the impulsive force will decrease.
2.7 BEING AWARE OF THE NEED FOR SAFETY FEATURES IN VEHICLES

Safety features in vehicles
Reinforced passenger compartment
Head rest
Crash resistant door

pillars
Windscreen
Crumple zones
Anti-lock brake
system (ABS)
Traction control
bumpers
Air bags
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Importance of safety features in vehicles

Safety features
Importance
Padded dashboard
Increases the time interval of collision so the impulsive force

produced during an impact is thereby reduced
Rubber bumper
Absorb impact in minor accidents, thus prevents damage to the car.
Shatter-proof windscreen
Prevents the windscreen from shattering
Air bag
Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus
prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
Prevents the passengers from being thrown out of the car. Slows
down the forward movement of the passengers when the car stops
abruptly.
Safety seat belt
Side bar in doors
Prevents the collapse of the front and back of the car into the
passenger compartment. Also gives good protection from a side-on
collision.
Exercise 2.7
1.
By using physics concepts, explain the midifications to the bus that help to improve that
safety of passengers and will be more comfortable.
- The absorber made by the elastic material
: To absorb the effect of impact (hentaman) during it moving
- Made by the soft material of bumper
: To increase the time during collision, then the impulsive
force will be decreased.
- The passengers space made by the strength materials.
: To decrease the risk trap to the passenger during accident.
- Keep an air bag at the in front of dash board and infront of passengers
: Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and
thus prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
- Shatter-proof windscreen
: Prevents the windscreen from shattering.
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2.8
UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY
Carry out hands-on activity 2.8 on page 35 of the practical book.

Acceleration due to gravity.
1.
2.
It pulled by the force of gravity.

An object will fall to the surface of the earth because...
as earths gravitational force.
The force of gravity also known ...
3.
the object is said to be free

When an object falls under the force of gravity only, ...
falling
4.
known as acceleration due to gravity.

The acceleration of objects falling freely is
5.
The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends ...

on the strength of the gravitational field
. field
Gravitational
2.
the gravitational field of the earth.

The region around the earth is .
is on the force of gravity.
The object in gravitational field
3.
as the gravitational force acting on a 1 kg mass.

The gravitational field strength is defined ..
4.
The gravitational field strength, g can be calculate as;

.
g=
F . where, F : gravitational force
m
m : mass of an object
At the surface of the earth,
g = 9.8 N kg-1
...
1.
5.
6.
This means
that an object of mass 1 kg will experience a gravitational force of 9.8 N.
..
7.
Example 1.
Can you estimate the gravitational force act to your body?
mass = 60 kg, g = 9.8 N kg-1, F = ?
Solution :
F = mg
= (60) (9.8)
= 588.0 N
Example 2,
A satellite of mass 600 kg in orbit experiences a gravitational force of 4800 N. Calculate
the gravitational field strength.
Given : m = 600 kg. F = 4800 N, g = ?
g = F = 4800 .
m
600
20
= 8 N kg-1
JPN
Teachers guide

Example 3,
Example 3:
A stone is released from rest and falls into a well. After 1.2 s, it hits the bottom of the
well.
(a) What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the bottom?
(b) Calculate the depth-1of the well.
Given : u = 0 ms , t = 1.2 s,
(a) v = ?
a = g = 9.8 ms-2
v = u + at
= 0 + (9.8)(1.2)
= 11.76 ms-1
(b) Depth = s = ?
s = ut + at2
= (0)(1.2) + (9.8)(1.2)2
= 7.1 m
Weight
1.
as the gravitational force acting on the object.

The weight of an object is defined ..
2.
For an object of mass m, the weight can be calculate as :

weight, W = mg
where, g = acceleration due to gravity.
Example :
The mass of a helicopter is 600 kg. What is the weight of the helicopter
when it land on the peak of a mountain where the gravitational field is
= mg
9.78 N kg-1? W
= 6000 x 9.78
= 58 680 N
Exercise 2.8
1.
Sketch the following graphs for an object that falling freely.

(a)
(b)
(c)
Displacement-time graph,
Velocity-time graph
Acceleration-time graph
(a) s / m
(b) v / m s-1
t/s
(c) a / m s2
t/s
21
t/s
JPN
Teachers guide
2.
The following data was obtained from an experiment to measure the acceleration due to
gravity.
Mass of steel bob = 200 g, distance covered = 3.0 m, time of fall = 0.79 s.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of steel bob.
Give the explanation why your answer different with the constant of gravitational
acceleration, g = 9.8 m s-2.
m = 200 g
= 0.2 kg

s = 3.0 m
t = 0.79 s
u=0
g=?
s = ut + g t2
3.0 = 0 (0.7) + g (0.792)
g = 9.6 m s-2
The answer less than the constant because of the air frictional force.
2.9
IDEA OF EQUILIBRIUM FORCES
An object is in equilibrium when :

It is in a stationary state
1.
2.
It is moving with uniform velocity
Normal reaction, R
Normal reaction, R
Weight, W=mg
weight, W=mg
stationary object
Magnitude of R = W
Magnitude of R = mg cos
R and W acts in opposite direction. And acts in opposite direction.
So,
Resultant force = W R = 0
So,Resultant force = mg cos R = 0
( object in equilibrium )
( object in equilibrium )
normal reaction, R
friction force
force, F
Weight, W
An object moving with uniform velocity
Force , F = Frictional force

Resultant force = F Frictional force
=0
(object in equilibrium)
22
JPN
Teachers guide

Addition of Force
1.
a resultant force is a single force the

Addition of force is defined as .....
represents in magnitude and direction two or more forces acting on an object
F resultant = the total of forces (including the directions of the forces)
Examples : the forces are acting in one direction

F1 = 10 N
F2 = 5 N
Resultant force, F
= F1 + F2
= 10 + 5 = 15 N
Example : the forces are acting in opposite directions

F1 = 10 N
F2 = 5 N
Resultant force, F = F1 - F2
= 10 - 5 = 5 N
Example : the forces are acting in different directions
F2 = 5 N
500
F1 = 10 N
Parallelogram method:
1.
Draw to scale.
2.
Draw the line parallel with F1 to the edge of F2, and the line parallel with F2 to the
edge of F1
3.
Connect the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the initial point.
4.
Measure the length of the diagonal from the initial point as the value of the
resultant force.
23
JPN
Teachers guide

F2
F
F1
Triangle method
1.
Draw to scale.
2.
Displace one of the forces to the edge of another force.
3.
Complete the triangle and measure the resultant force from the initial
point.
Example 1:
During Sport Day two teams in tug of war competition pull with forces of
6000 N and 5300 N respectively. What is the value of the resultant force?
Are the two team in equilibrium?
Solution :
Example 2:
Resultant force, F = 6000 5300

=700 N
They mere not in equilibrium
A boat in a river is pulled horizontally by two workmen. Workmen A

pulls with a force of 200 N while workmen while workmen B pulls with a
force of 300 N. The ropes used make an angle 250 with each other. Draw a
parallelogram and label the resultant force using scale of
1 cm : 50 N.
Determine the magnitude of resultant force.

Resultant force, F = 10.5 x 50
= 525 N
250
10.5 cm
24
JPN
Teachers guide

Resolution of a force
1.
reverse process of finding the resultant force

Resolution of a force is
Fy
F is the resultant force of Fx and Fy

Therefore, F can be resolved
into Fx and Fy
F
Vertical
Component
Fx
Refer to trigonometric formula:
horizontal component
Cos =
Sin =
Example :
Fx
F
, therefore Fx = F cos
Fy
, therefore Fy = F sin
F
The figure below shows Ali mopping the floor with a force 50 N
at an angle of 600 to the floor.
Fx = F cos = 50 cos 60
= 50 (0.5)
= 25 N
Fx
F = 50 N
Fy
600
Fy = F Sin = 50 sin 600

= 50 (0.8660)
= 43.3 N
Example of resolution and combination of forces

F=?
F = mg sin 400 + 200

= 800(0.6427) + 200
= 514.2 + 200
= 714.2 N
200 N
400
400
mg = 800 N
25
JPN
Teachers guide

Problem solving
1.
the resultant force is equal to zero.

When a system is in equilibrium, .
2.
If all forces acting at one point are resolved into horizontal and vertical
the sum of each component is equal to zero.
components,
3.
Example 1; Show on a figure;
a) the direction of tension force, T of string

b) the resultant force act to lamp
0
0
70
70
c) calculate the magnitude of tension force, T
a) T b) T T
(c )
T = 2T sin 700
Therefore, mlampg = 2T sin 700
mlamp g
mlamp = 1.5 kg
T=
2sin70 0
Wlamp = 14.7 N
1.5(9.8)
=
= 7.82 N
2sin70 0
Exercise 2.9
1.
2.
Two force with magnitude 18 N and 6 N act along a straight line. With the aid of
diagrams, determine the maximun possible value and the minimum possible value of the
resultant force.
Fmaximum when both of forces act in same direction;
Fmaximum = 18 + 6
18 N
= 24 N
6N
24 N
Fminimum when the forces act in opposite direction ;

Fminimum = 18 6
18 N
= 12 N
6N
12 N
A football is kicked simultaneously by two players with force 220 N and 200 N
respectively, as shown in Figure 2.9. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force.
F = Resultant of Force
F2 = 2202 + 2002
F = 297.32 N
220 N
F
900
200 N
26
JPN
Teachers guide

2.10
UNDERSTANDING WORK, ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY
Work
1.
When a force that acts on an object moves the object through a

Work is done, ..
distance in the direction of the force.
2.
of a force and the distance traveled in the direction of

WORK is the product..
the force.
3.
The formulae of work;
WORK = FORCE X DISPLACEMENT

W =Fxs
W : work in Joule/J
F : force in Newton/N
s : displacement in meter/m
4.
Example 1;
Force, F
s
W = Fs
If, F = 40 N and s = 2 m
Hence, W = 40 x 2
= 80 J
Example 2;
80 N
600
W = Fs
s= 5m
= 80 cos 600 (5)

= 80 (0.5) (5)
= 200 J
27
JPN
Teachers guide

Example 3;
T
F = 30 N
h = 1.5 m
W=Fs=Fh
= 30 (1.5)
= 45.0 J
Example 4;
W=Fs
= 600 x 0.8
= 480 J
F = 600 N
S = 0.8 m
Energy
1.
It is the potential to do work.

Energy is .................................................................................................................
2.
created nor be destroyed.

Energy cannot be ....................................................................................................
3.
potential energy, kinetic energy, electrical

Exist in various forms such as ...
energy, sound energy, nuclear energy and chemical energy.
4.
5.
Example of the energy transformation;

When we are running up a staircase the work done consists of energy change from
Chemical Energy Kinetic Energy Potential Energy
The energy quantity consumed is equal to the work done.
Example :
If 100 J of work is done, it means 100 J of energy is consumed.
28
JPN
Teachers guide

Work done and the change in kinetic energy

Force, F
s
1.
energy of an object due to its motion.

Kinetic energy is
2.
Refer to the figure above,

Work = Fs
= mas
= m ( v2)
Through, v2 = u2 +2as
u=0
and, as = v2
The formulae of Kinetic energy, Ek = mv2

3.
Example 1;
A small car of mass 100 kg is moving along a flat road. The

resultant force on the car is 200 N.
a) What is its kinetic energy of the car after moving through 10 m?
b) What is its velocity after moving through 10 m?
Solution :
Given : m = 100 kg , F = 200 N

a. Kinetic energy,
Ek = Fs
= 200 x 10= 2000 J
b. Velocity, v mv2 = 2000

v = 6.32 m s-1
Work done and gravitational potential energy
h = 1.5 m
1.
energy of an object due to its position.

Gravitational potential energy is...
(possessed by an object due to its position in a gravitational field)
2.
Refer to the figure above;
3.
Example; If m = 10 kg
W = Fs = mg h
where, F = mg
So, Gravitational energy, Ep = mgh
W = 10 (10) 1.5
= 1500 J
Therefore Work done = 1500J
And,
Ep = 1500 J
29
JPN
Teachers guide

Principle of conservation of energy

Carry out hands-on activity 2.10 on page 38 of the practical book.
To show the principle of conservation of energy.
created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to
1.
Energy cannot be
another form.
2.
Example : a thrown ball upwards will achieve a maximum height before changing its
direction and falls
Maximum Potential energy
Kinetic energy decrease

and potential energy
Increase
potential energy decrease

and kinetic energy
increase
Maximum kinetic energy
3.
Example in calculation : A coconut falls from a tree from a height of 20 m. What is the
velocity of coconut just before hitting the earth?
Given : h = 20 m, u = 0 , g = 9.8 ms-2 , v = ?
Ep = Ek
mgh = mv2
m(9.8)(20) = mv2
v2 = 392,
v = 19.8 m s-1
Power
1.
the rate of doing work.

Power is
workdone
W
Therefore,
power, P =
, so, P =
timetaken
t
Where, P : power in watt/W
W : work in joule/J
t : time to do work in seconds/s
2.
A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights from the floor to a height of 2 m above his head in a
time of 0.8 s. What is the power generated by the weightlifter during this time?
g = 9.8 ms-2) Solution : Given : m = 180 kg, h = 2 m, t = 0.8 s and g = 9.8 ms-2. P = ?
W
mgh
P=
=
t
t
=
30
180 9.8 2
0.8
= 4 410 W
JPN
Teachers guide

Efficiency
1.
as the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy.
Defined...
2.
Formulae of efficiency :
Efficiency
3.
Useful energy output

100%
Energy input
Analogy of efficiency;
unwanted energy
Energy input, Einput
Useful energy, Eoutput
Device/
mechine
Energy transformation
4.
Example; An electric motor in a toy crane can lift a 0.12 kg weight through a height of
0.4 m in 5 s. During this time, the batteries supply 0.8 J of energy to the motor. Calculate
(a) The useful of output of the motor.
(b) The efficiency of the motor
Solution : Given : m = 0.12 kg, s= 0.4 m, t = 5 s,
Einput = 0.8 J
(a) Eoutput = ?
Eoutput = F x s
= (0.12 x 10) x 0.4
= 0.48 J
(b) Efficiency = ?
Efficiency
Eoutput
Einput
x 100%
0.48 x 100%
0.80
60%
Carry out hands-on activity 2.11 on page 39 of the practical book to measure the power.
31
JPN
Teachers guide

Exercise 2.10
1.
What is the work done by a man when he pushes a box with a force of 90 N through a
distance of 10 m? State the amount of energy transferred from the man to the force.
W=Fs
= 90 x 10
= 900 J
2.
The energy transferred to the force = 900 J
A sales assistant at a shop transfers 50 tins of milk powder from the floor to the top shelf.
Each tin has a mass of 3.0 kg and the height of thee top shelf is 1.5 m.
(a)
Calculate the total work done by the sales assistant.
m = 3.0 x 50 = 150 kg
h = 1.5 m
W = mhg = 150 x 9.8 x 1.5

= 2205 J
(b)
P=
2.11
What is his power if he completes this work in 250 s?

W
= 2205 = 8.82 w
t
250
APPRECIATING THE IMPORTANCE OF MAXIMISING THE EFFICIENCY

OF DEVICES
1.
During the process of transformation the input energy to the useful output
some of energy transformed into unwanted forms of energy.
energy,..
2.
The efficiency of energy converters is always less than 100%.

...
The unwanted energy produced in the device goes to waste.
3.
Example of wasting the energy;

Kinetic energy
..
Input enegy
from the petrol
output
energy
Energy loss due to

Energy loss Energy loss
Energy loss due to friction at
. .
friction in
as heat
as sound
other parts in the
.... .. .. .
moving parts
engine
.... . . .
4.
The world we are living in face acute shortage of energy.
32
JPN
5.
Teachers guide

It is very important that a device makes

the
best possible use of the input energy.
Engine must be designed with the capability to produce greater amount of mechanical
work.
Light Fittings
- replace filament light bulb with fluorescent lamps which have higher efficiency.
- use a lamp with a reflector so that the illumination can be directed to specific areas
of the user.
Air-conditioners.
- choose a model with a high efficiency.
- accommodate the power of air-conditioner and the size of the room
- Ensure that the room totally close so that the temperature in the room can be
maintained.
Ways of increasing the efficiency of devices

1.
Heat engines ..
2.
Electrical devices. ......
Refrigerators
- choose the capacity according to the size of the family.
- installed away from source of heat and direct sunlight.
- the door must always be shut tight.
- more economical use a large capacity refrigerator.
- use manual defrost consumption.
Washing machines
- use a front loading as such more economical on water and electricity
- front loading use less detergent as compared to a top loading machine.
33
JPN
Teachers guide

Operation of electrical devices

1.
2.
when they are in good operating

The electrical devices increase the efficiency.
condition.will increase the life span of device.
Proper management .....
3.
Example
:
-the filter in an air-conditioner and fins of the cooling coil of a
..
refrigerator
must be periodically cleaned.
2.12
UNDERSTANDING ELASTICITY
Carry out Hands-on activity 2.12 page 40 of the practical book.

the property of an object that enables it to return its original shape and
1.
Elasticity is ...
2.
dimensions after an applied external force is removed.
The property of elasticity is caused by the existence of forces of

Forces between atoms ..
repulsion and attraction between molecules in the solid material.
3.
Forces between atoms in equilibrium condition

Force of attraction
Force of repulsion
Force of repulsion
Explanation :
1. The atoms are separated by a distance called the equilibrium distance and vibrate
at it position.
2. Force of repulsion = Force of attraction
4.
Forces between atoms in compression

compressive force
compressive force
Force of repulsion
Force of repulsion
Explanation ;
1. Force of repulsion takes effect.
2. When the compressive force is removed, force of repulsion between the atoms
pushes
the atom back to their equilibrium positions.
34
JPN
Teachers guide

5.
Forces between atoms in tension

force of attraction
stretching force
stretching force
Explanation ;
1. Force of attraction takes effect.
2. When the compressive force is removed, force of repulsion between the
atoms pushes the atom back to their equilibrium positions.
Carry out Experiment 2.4 on page 41 of the practical book

To investigate the relationship between force and extension of a spring
Hookes Law
that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied
1.
Hookes Law states
2.
force provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded.
as the maximum force that can be applied to

Elastic limit of a spring is defined.
3.
spring such that the spring will return to its original length when the force released.
when the length of the

The spring is said to have a permanent extension,...
spring longer than the original length even though the force acts was released and the
4.
elastic limit is exceeded.
When the spring obey Hookes Law.

The elastic limit is not exceeded,.
The mathematical expression for Hookes Law is :
F x
F = kx,
k = Force constant of the spring
Force constant, k =
5.
with unit N m-1, N cm-1 or N mm-1
F
x
Graf F against x
F/ N
P
Q
F = kx
E
Spring obeying
Hookes Law
Spring not obeying Hookes law
(exceeded the elastic limit)
Force constant,
0
k =
x (cm)
35
F with unit N m-1, N cm-1 or N mm-1

x
JPN
Teachers guide

6.
Spring Constant, k
k is the gradient of the F - x graph
F/N
F
x
= 0.8
8
= 0.01 N cm-1
k=
0.8
0
Example 1;
x/cm
A spring has an original length of 15 cm. With a load of mass 200 g

attached, the length of the spring is extend to 20 cm.
a.
Calculate the spring constant.
b.
What is the length of the spring when the load is in increased
by 150 g? [assume that g = 10 N kg-1]
Given : lo = 15 cm,
a.
b.
m = 200 g , F = 2.0 N, l = 20 cm x = 5 cm
k = F 2.0
0.4Ncm 1
x
5
l = ? , when m = 150 g, F = 1.5 N From a, k = 4.0 N cm-1
k = ?,
x=
F 1.5
3.75cm
k 0.4
= 18.75 cm
The graph shows the relationship between the
Graph F against x of
stretching force, F and the spring extension, x.
F (N)
spring P and spring Q
(a) Calculate the spring constant of P and Q.
(b) Using the graph, determine the
stretching force acts to spring P and
8
P
spring Q, when their extension are 0.5 cm
7
Solution
6
a. Spring constant, k = gradient of graph
Q
5
kP = 6 15.79 N cm 1
4
0.38
3
kQ = 3 6.0 N cm 1
2
0.5
b. When x = 0.5, FP = 8.0 N
1
( extrapolation of graph P)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
FQ = 3.0 N
x (cm)
Example 2;
l = 15 + 3.75
36
JPN
Teachers guide

Elastic potential energy

1.
the energy stored in a spring when it is extended or compressed

Elastic potential energy ..
spring with the original length
F compression
x
spring compressed
x = compression
spring extended
x = extension
F, extension
Other situation where the spring extended

and compressed
Relationship between work and elastic potential energy
F/N
Graph F against x
F
x
Area under the graph
= work done
= Fx
So, Elastic potential energy = Fx
x / cm
Example ;
5 kg
15 cm
8 cm
x = 15 8
= 7 cm
= 0.07 m
Force act to the spring,
F = 5 x 10 = 50 N
Elastic potential energy = Fx
= 50 (0.07)
= 1.75 J
Factors that effect elasticity

Hands-on activity 2.13 on page 42 the practical book to investigate the factors that affect
elasticity.
Type of material
different
same
same
same
Diameter of spring wire
same
different
same
same
Diameter of spring
same
same
different
same
Length of spring
same
Same
same
different
Summarise the four factors that affect elasticity
37
JPN
Teachers guide
Factor
Length
Diameter of spring
Diameter of spring wire

Type of material

Change in factor
Effect on elasticity
Shorter spring
Less elastic
Longer spring
More elastic
Smaller diameter
Less elastic
Larger diameter
More elastic
Smaller diameter
More elastic
Larger diameter
Less elastic
the elasticity changes with the type of materials
Exercise 2.12
1.
A 6 N force on a spring produces an extension of 2 cm. What is the extension when the
force is increased to 18 N? State any assumption you made in calculating your answer.
To solve the problem, determine the spring constant to use the formula F = k x
F = 6 N , x = 2 cm
F = kx
When, F = 18 N, x = ?
6 = k (2)
18 = 3 x
k = 3 N cm-1
x = 6 cm
2.
If a 20 N force extends a spring from 5 cm to 9 cm,

(a)
what is the force constant of the spring?
F = 20 N,
x = 9 5 = 4 cm,
k=?
(b)
F = kx
20 = k (4)
k = 5 N cm-1
Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.

E = Fx
= (20)(4)
= 40 J
Reinforcement Chapter 2
Part A : Objective Questions
1.
When a coconut is falling to the

ground, which of the following
quantities is constant?
A.
B.
C.
D.
38
Velocity
Momentum
Acceleration
Kinetic energy
JPN
Teachers guide
2.
In an inelastic collision, which of the

following quantities remains
constant before and after the
collision?
A.
Total acceleration
B.
Total velocity
C.
Total momentum
D.
Total kinetic energy
Calculate the weight of a stone with
mass 60 g on the surface of the
moon.
(The gravitational acceleration of the
moon is 1/6 that of the Earth.)
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
4.
Calculate the momentum of the

trolley from t = 2s to t = 4s.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
7.
A.
2N
2N
B.
12 N
7N
C.
12 N
14 N
D.
20 N
17 N
This figure shows an aircraft flying

in the air.
Lift
A.
B.
C.
D.
8.
Air friction
Lift Weight
Thrust Lift
Lift Air friction
Thrust Air friction
m = 0.3 kg
5m
What is the momentum of the stone

just before it hits the ground?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
0.15 kg m s-1
0.3 kg m s-1
1.5 kg m s-1
3.0 kg m s-1
15.0 kg m s-1
Solution :
P = mv (find v first to calculate the P)
Ep = Ek mgh = mv2
(0.3)(10)(5) = (0.3) v2
v = 10 m s-1
P = (0.3)(10)
= 3.0 kg m s-1
P = mv
= 1.5 x 4
= 6.0 kg ms-1
Weight
The aircraft above accelerates if
The graph below shows the motion

of a trolley with mass 1.5 kg.
Velocity / ms-1
1.5 kg m s-1
3.0 kg m s-1
4.0 kg m s-1
6.0 kg m s-1
7.5 kg m s-1
Thrust
60 g = 0.06 kg
W = 0.06 (1/6)(10)
= 0.1 N
The momentum of a particle is

dependent on
A.
mass and acceleration
B.
weight and force
C.
mass and velocity
Which of the following diagrams
shows a body moving at constant
velocity?
5.
6.
0.1 N
0.2 N
0.4 N
0.6 N
0.8 N

Time / s
39
JPN
9.
Teachers guide
A big ship will keep moving for some

distance when its engine is turned off.
This situation happens because the ship
has
A.
B.
C.
D.
10.

Calculate the time needed for the

iron ball to land.
(Gravitational acceleration of the
moon is 1/6 that of the Earth and
g = 9.8 N kg-2)
great inertia
great acceleration
great momentum
great kinetic energy
A
B
C
D
E
An iron ball is dropped at a height of

10 m from the surface of the moon.
0.6 s
1.4 s
1.7 s
3.5 s
12.0 s
s = ut + gt2
= (0)t +
(9.8/6)t2
t = 3.5 s
Part B : Structure Questions

1.
(i) Car A
(ii) Car B
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) and (ii) show two methods used by the mechanic to move a breakdown
car. A constant force, F = 500 N is used to push and pull the car in method A and B.
(a)
(i)
Which method is easier to move the car?
Method (a)
(ii)
(b)
State a reason for your answer in (a)(i).

The forces given parallel with the surface of motion,
So, all the forces given used to move the car.
The frictional force acting between the car and track surface in both methods is
200 N. Calculate, the
(i)
horizontal resultant force in method A.
F = Fgiven - Ffriction
= 500 200
(ii)
= 300 N
horizontal resultant force in method B.
F = Fgiven Cos 500 Ffriction
= 500 cos 600 200
= 50.0 N
F=ma
50.0 = 1000 a
a = 0.05 m s-2
40
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Teachers guide
(iii)
(c)

acceleration of the car in method B.
Suggest a method to move Car B so that the acceleration produced is equal to that
of method A.
....
2.
ceiling
Tin
water
P
b)
c)
d)
Q
(i)
a)
hand
Diagram 2.1
(ii)
Diagram 2.1(i) shows tin P that is empty and tin Q that is filled with water. A
student find difficult to pushed tin Q. Write the inference about the observation.
The difficulty to move the tin depends to its mass.
Diagram 2.1(ii) shows a tin being released from the different positions M and N.
The hand of a student at position R needs greater force to stop the motion of the
tin falling from position M. Explain this observation.
From position M the velocity of tin is more than the velocity compare when it is
from N. Ek increase then the force to stop it will be increased.
Based on the observation (i) and (ii), state two factors that affect the magnitude of
the momentum of the object.
mass and velocity
If water flows out from a hole at the bottom of the tin Q, how would the inertia of
Tin Q depends on time ?
inertia of tin Q will decrease because the mass of tin decreased.
41
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Teachers guide

2 ms-1
3.
P
iron ball ( 2 kg )
S
3.0 m
smooth surface
1.0 m
Q
Diagram 3
2.0 m
R
Rough surface
The figure shows a iron ball that is rolled through PQRST. The rough surface of QR has
frictional force of 4 N.
a)
Calculate
(i)
the kinetic energy of the iron ball at P.
Ek = mv2
= (2)(22) = 4.0 J
(ii)
(iii)
b)
c)
(i)
(ii)
the potential energy of the iron ball at P.

Ep = mgh
= (2) (10) (3.0)
= 60.0 J
the total of energy of the iron ball at P.
E = Ek + Ep
= 4.0 + 60.0
= 64.0 J
Calculate the total of energy of the iron ball when it reaches at Q ?
64.0 J ( the conservation of energy )
Calculate the work done against friction along QR.
W = Ff x s
= 4 x 1.0
= 4.0 J
d)
Calculate the total kinetic energy of the iron ball at S.

Es = E Ef
Ek at S = Es - Ep at s
= 64.0 4.0
= 60.0 (2)(10)(2.0)
= 60.0 J
= 20.0 J
e)
Calculate the speed of the ball at position T.

v2 = 20
v = 4.5 m s-1
Ek at T = 20.0 J
= m v2
= (2)(v2)
42
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Teachers guide

Part C : Essay Questions

1.
(i)
(ii)
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car moving at high velocity when it suddenly
crashes into a wall.
Diagram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player.
a)
(i)
What is the meaning of momentum?
(ii)
b)
Based on the observations of Diagram (i) and (ii), compare the

characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when
it is hit with a racquet. Hence, relate these characteristics to clarify a
physics concept, and name this concept.
Explain why a tennis player uses a taut racquet when playing.
c)
In launching a rocket, a few technical problems have to be overcome before the

rocket can move upright to the sky. By using appropriate physics concepts,
describe the design of a rocket and the launch techniques that can launch the
rocket upright.
a)
(i)
momentum is product of mass and velocity
(ii)
- The shape of car changed but the shape of wall remained.

- The shape of ball remained but the shape of the racquet string was
changed. (The racquet string is elastic but the wall is harder)
- The time taken of collision between the ball and racquet string more than
the time taken when the car hit the wall.
- The impulsive force will decrease when the time of collision increased.
- The concept is the impulsive force.
Answer
b)
- To decrease the time of collision between the ball and the racquet string.
- Impulsive force will be increased.
- The force act to the ball will be increased.
- The velocity of ball will be increased.
c)
- Make a gradually narrower at the front shape (tapering)

: To decrease air friction
43
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Teachers guide

- Made by the high strength and high rigidity of materials

: To decrease the probability to become dented (kemik).
- Made by the low density of material.
: To reduce the mass/weight
- The structure is fractional engine
: The mass will be decreased and the velocity will increase.
- Made by the high of heat capacity of materials
: It will be high heat resistance.
2.
Properties
Brand
Reaction time / s
Mass / kg
A
B
C
D
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.6
1.5
1.8
0.9
2.5
Engine thrust
force / N
10.0
12.5
6.5
16.0
Resistance force
/N
4.0
2.4
2.2
6.5
In a radio-controlled car racing competition, 4 mini-cars branded A, B, C and D took

part. The information of the 4 cars is given in the table above. Details of the above
information are given as below;
Reaction time - Duration between the moment the radio-controlled is switched on and
the moment the car starts moving.
Resistance
- Average value of opposing forces includes the friction between
wheels and track, and air resistance.
(a)
What is the meaning of acceleration?
(b)
Draw a graph of velocity against time that shows a car moving initially with
constant acceleration, then moving with constant velocity and followed by
constant deceleration until it stops.
(c)
Explain the suitability of the properties in the above table in constructing a radiocontrolled car racing purpose. Hence, determine which brand of car will win the
50-metre race.
(c)
If Car B in the above table is moved up the plane at the angle of 30o to the
horizon,
(i)
Show that the car is able to move up the plane.
(ii)
Determine the acceleration of the car.
Answer :
(a)
Increase the velocity
(b)
v / ms-1
displacement = area under the graph
t/s
44
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Teachers guide
(c)
(d)

- time reaction mast be short : fast to detect the signal to start its move
- has a small of mass : to decrease the inertia, then easier to start move and to
stop its moving.
- thrust force is high : has more power during its moving / increase the
acceleration
- friction force is low : decrease the lost of force
- the best car is A : because it has short of time reaction, small of mass, high of
thrust force and low friction of force.
(i)
EB = (12.5 2.4 ) (50) = 505.0 J
50 m
50Sin300 E (suitable to move up) = 1.8 (10)(50Sin300)
= 450 .0 J
300
EB> E ( car B can move up the plane)
(ii) F = ma , 12.5 2.4 = 1.8 a,
a = 5.61 ms-1
45

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JPN

Physics Module Form 4

FORCE AND MOTION

ANALYSING LINEAR MOTION

Distance and displacement

Types of physical quantity:

has both magnitude and direction

The difference between distance and displacement:

distance of an object from a point in a certain direction

Distance always longer than displacement.

Hands-on Activity 2.2 pg 10 of the practical book.

the distance traveled per unit time or rate of change of distance

total distance traveled, s (m) , v = s m s-1

displacement, s (m) , v = s ms-1

Physics Module Form 4

ii. velocity = displacement

= 125 km h-1 (in the direction of 0530)

Study the phenomenon below;

The velocity of the car increases.

Physics Module Form 4

Calculate the acceleration of car;

when the velocity of an object decreases, In calculations, a

the frequency of the ticker timer

Determination of displacement as the length of ticker tape over a period of time.

xy = displacement over time t

Physics Module Form 4

12.6 = 63.0 cm s-1

Determine the acceleration

The equation of motion

The list of important formula;

Example 1 : A car traveling with a velocity of 10 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3

Physics Module Form 4

ANALYSING MOTION GRAPHS

Physics Module Form 4

in the form of graph called a motion graphs

Graph gradient = velocity = 0

The object is stationary or is not moving

The object move with uniform velocity

After t seconds, the object returns to origin (reverse) with

Graph gradient increases uniformly

The object moves with increasing velocity with uniform

Physics Module Form 4

The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of

The object moves with a uniform acceleration

The area under the graph is equal to the

displacement, s of the moving object :

gradient ) until it comes to rest.

The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of

Physics Module Form 4

The object moves with increasing acceleration.

The area under the graph is equal to the total displacement

The object moves with a decreasing acceleration.

The area under the graph is the total displacement of the

Calculate:(i) acceleration,a over OP, PQ and QR

(i) aOP = 10 0 2.5ms 2 aPQ=10 10 0 ms 2

Given : SOP = 20 m SOQ = 20 m SOR = 0 m

(i) VOP = 20 10ms 1 VQR = 0 20 10ms 1

Physics Module Form 4

The body move with uniform velocity , 5 m s-1 backward.

Physics Module Form 4

Large vehicle are made to move or stopped with greater difficulty.

Mass and inertia

The relationship between mass and inertia :