:<; B?

ADCEAGFIHJLK<A8CEM<AOGAPKQCEF^RdJLSeR$TCIM<AWLJ/K<AXYZ \^CEF^AGCIO_M<JLK<`TbF^RdHCIM<ARdF^JL`dJ/KCER

CIM<Af1R$JLKQChg j:kH;
y

(2,4) m

n5oiphqsrstu N: x;

v RdWLwNCIJLRdK x n FIR$Hz{`dw<F^A v :N;/=mCEM<AS<J/1APF^APKQCEJL|$WAPW/APHAPKQCaRUTWLAGK<`$CEMO|$K1A

Af<FIAG\I\IAGS@|$\B"Y QZ75+X";M<AAPw{|CEJLR$KR$T
CEM<AW/JLK<AJL\XYZ RdF
wNf1RdKS<J/1APF^APKQCEJL|UCEJ/K<`<xQXY Z*dZ; v w<<\iCEJ/CIwNCEJ/RdK@R$TCIM<JL\JLKQCER" JLAGWLS<\
Y :$Z dZ dZ Yg =9+:$Z kiQZ;
8R[TbFIR$HCEM<AS<ADz{K<J>CEJLR$K

Z*Y ^P= Z*Y Z =9=++:U:$Z Z ddZ Z Y=d $d H

MNAPFIACIM<AJ/KCIAP`dFI|$WM{|$\@*APAGKAGU|$WLw<|UCEAGS |UCIM<O|US}g(\IAGAOPRdHf<wNCIAPF
\^APODCEJLR$K7k<wNCH| *AAGU|$W/w{|UCEAGS C_|$<W/AP\Gj}R$FR$CEMNAPFf<F^Rd`dFE|UH\
g |UCIM<APH|UCEJ/O|Nj B j7ADCEO$;kD; JLUAGJ/\IA

X$Y = XN@Y Z =9=9++:$:$Z Z7 Qd Z Y=d $ H

:<;

r
APf*A|Cf<FIRdNWLAPH :<; TbRdFaCEMNAO|$\^A]CIM{|UCCIM<A]WLJ/K<AACIAPK<SN\mCIR@CEM<Af*RdJLKQC
ZeY=j<XY=$Hm;
v RdWLwNCIJLRdK x$w<\iCO_q M<|$K<`dACEM<Aw<f<f*APFW/JLHJ/CI\BR$TJ/KCIAP`dFI|UCEJ/RdK]JLKCEM<Af<FIAD"JLRdw<\
fNFIRd<W/APHCIR=; \IJ/K<`CEM<A |UCEMNO|$Sf<FIRd`$FE|$H~F^APw<JLF^AP\sK<RaF^AGC f<JLKN`aRdK<W
O_M<|$K<`dAG\8TbF^RdH CER=x
Z7VY[N d H X$Y: dQH

dd

:<;:?BADCEAGFIHJLK<A8CEM<AOGAPKQCEF^RdJLSeR$TCIM<AWLJ/K<AXYZ7\^CEF^AGCIO_M<JLK<`TbF^RdHCIM<ARdF^JL`dJ/KCER

CIM<Af1R$JLKQChg jQkH;
v RdWLwNCIJLRdK x `d|$JLKCEMNAAGWLAGHAGKC-R$TN|S<J/1APF^APKQCEJL|$WdWLAGK<`$CIMhJ/\Y dZ75QX";
MNAF^APW|CEJLR$K<\IM<J/f]1ADClq AGAPKX]|$K<SZ0JL\XYZ \^RCIM{|UCQXY Z dZ|$KNS
Y =9 Z{DdZ; \IJ/K<`@CEMNJL\e|$KNSXYZ J/KCEM<AS<ADz{K<J>CEJLR$KR$TCEM<A
OGAPKQCEF^RdJLSN\ J/APWLS

Z7Y Z*" Y Z =9=9 Z{Z{DDddZ Z Y=$: H

X$Y X Y Z =9=l Z Z Q dZ Z Y :d:H

MNAPFIACEMNAJ/KQCEAP`$FE|$W/\M{|dA1AGAPKADU|$WLw{|CEAPS]Kw<HAPF^JLO|UWLW g(\^APACEM<AJ/KCIAP`dFI|$W

OGRdHf<wNC_|CEJLR$K{|$W1J/K<S<RskD;
:<;?BADCEAGFIHJLK<ABCIM<AOPAPKQCIFIRdJ/SR$T-CEM<AhWLJ/K<AXY[\IJ/KZ\iCEFIADCEO_M<J/K<`TbF^RdHCIM<AR$FIJL`$JLK
CIRCEM<Af*RdJLKQCgb =&kHH; |$UA\^w<FIACIRWL|$*APW CIM<Aw<K<J/CI\P;
y
y = sin x

n5oiphqs/2rstu N: ; x
v RdWLwNCIJLRdK x `Q|$J/KCEM<ASNJ/1APFIAGKQCEJ|UWsAGWLAPHAPKQCeRUThCIM<AWLAGK<`$CIMR$TCEM<AW/JLK<AJL\
$eY QZ QX ;M<AeF^APWL|UCEJ/RdK<\IMNJLf*AGC9APAGK+Z|$K<SXJL\XY\IJLKZ+\^R
CIM{|UCQXYOPRd\<Z*dZ|$K<SQX YOPRd\ Z*dZ\^RCEM<|UC$]Y =l0OPRd\ Z*dZ;
v w<<\^CIJ/CIwNCEJ/RdKTbRdF$h|$K<SXJ/KeCEAPF^H\RUT5ZJLKQCERAPw{|CEJLR$K<\: v ; J/APW/S<\

Z7Y < Z =+OPR$\ Z dZ Y[N $ =HH

<  =9+OGRd\ Z1dZ

X$Y N g(\IJ/K Z1kPg =9+OGRd\ Z1k^dZ YN$N=HH

{ =9+OGRd\ Z1dZ
MNAPFIACEMNAJ/KCIAP`dFI|$WL\|UFIAAGU|$W/w{|UCEAGSKw<HAPF^JLOP|$WLW w<\^JLK<` |UCIM<O|US; u WLAP|$\IA
AGK<OPR$w<FE|$`$Ah\iCEw<SNAPKQCE\CER\IAGAhJ>T5CIM<AKw<H*APFI\H|$$A\^APK<\^A$;
0

d$

:<;>=|UWLOPwNW|UCIACIM<AmOPAPKQCIFIRdJ/SR$TsCEM<AmFIAGOGC_|UK<`dw<WL|$Fa|UFIA|]\IMNR&KFIAPWL|UCEJ>dACER]CEM<A
OGRR$FIS<J/K{|UCEA\ \^CIAPHJLW/WLw<\iCEFE|CEAPSa SNJLFIAGOGCJ/KCIAP`dFI|UCEJ/RdK;
y
b

n5oiphqsrstu :N;/=

v RdWLwNCIJLRdK x

Z7VY      Z*QdZ*Z*QQX X Y    QX Y    Y 

QX







X
d

*
Z
Q

X
Y g  k Y 

XUVY
Y

 


MNJLO_M|$`Q|$J/KeJL\CEMNAhf*RdJ/KCRUTJ/KCIAPF^\IAPODCEJ/RdKR$T5CIM<AClRa|JL\R$T5\ HHADCEF ;

d$

:<;>=d=lR$Hf<wCEACEM<AOPAGKCIFIRdJ/SRUTVCEM<A|$F^A|R$T|CEFIJL|$K<`dW/ABR$TMNAPJL`$MC!|$KNS{|$\^A  j
wN\IJLKN`CIM<AOPR"RdFISNJLK{|UCIA\ \^CIAPH~J/WLWLwN\^CEFI|UCEAGS;
y
h

n5oiphqsrstu :N;/=d=

v RdWLwNCIJLRdK x q \IJ/K<`|\IJ/K<`dWLAJLKQCEAG`dFE|UW j1F^J/CIAJL\|CBCEM<A|$FIAP|R$T9|adAPFiCEJ/O|$W

\iCEF^JLfe*AGC9APAPKmCEM<ABC9RWLJLKNAP\XY"NZ1  |$K<SXYM<APF^AZFE|UK<`dAP\TbF^RdHc
CIR  ;M<AGKTbRdW/WLRJLK<`|C f<J/O|$W OP|$WLOGw<WLw<\*R"Rde|$f<fNFIRQ|$O_MCEMNAhOGAPKQCEF^RdJLSTbRdF
|f<WL|$K<A|$F^A|*Rdw<K<S<AGS*AGC9APAGKX$
Y #gbZ1k|$*RdA|$K<SXYX gbZ1kl*APW/R&JL\
Z7VY Z &%&%gbZ1gbZ1kkVX X gbZ1gbZ1k k d dZ Z
|UK<S


X$Y '( &)%%ag Z1g Z1kVk@XX g Z1g k Z1 dk Z dZ
Mw<\

Z7Y Z +* @  dZ Y * - , Y  Y  
*
 * QZ
/ .

X$Y /g * k  0 dZ Y *  , Y =

:<;>=|UWLOPwNW|UCIACIM<AB|UFIA||$K<SCEM<AsOPAPKQCIFIRdJ/SR$T CIM<AB|UFIA|h1ADClAGAPKeCEMNAsC9ROPw<FidAG\
J/WLW/w<\^CIFE|UCIAPS;-M<ABCER$fOPw<FidAJ/\lXY * Z|$KNSaCEM<A1R$C^CERdHOGw<F^$AJL\lXY * Z j

*AGC9APAGKCIM<ARdFIJ/`dJLK|$KNSCIM<Af1R$JLKQC g  7kD;
y
h

n5oiphqsrstu N: b ;/=

A|TbRdF|Hw<W/CIJLf<W/AsJ/KCIAP`dFI|UCEJ/RdKJ/\YXdZ;
ov KQRdCIWLAPwN`dCIFIJLRd|UKCEJ/xK<`M<z<AFI\^APCW/AP|$HW/RdAPK<KQ`CXaR$T5TbFI|$R$F^H~
XYK<Z  CERXYLNZ1  j*|$K<SmCEM<AGK|$W/RdK<`

ZTbFIRdHCER JLAGWLS<\
Y Y * QXQZaY 
*
Z7Y  = * Z*QXNdZY 
*
XUVY  = * XNQXQZY
*
MNAPFIACIM<AJLKQCEAG`dFE|$W/\M{|dAh1AGAPKmAGU|$W/w{|UCEAGS\ H*RdWLJ/O|$W/W ;

:<; :|UWLOPwNW|UCIACIM<AdRdW/w<HA8|$KNSaOPAGKQCEFIR$JLSTbR$F
CIM<Af<|$FE|$*RdW/JLO^OGRdK<AGJLW/WLw<\iCEFI|UCEAGS;
MNAhAGw{|UCEJ/RdKmR$T5CIM<AWLJ/K<ABJLKeCIM<AZaXfNW|$K<AJ/\X Y * Z;
y

z
R

n5oiphqsrstu :N; :
h

v dR WLwNCIJLRdK x-MNA$RdWLwNHAAGWLAPHAPKQC
J/\PjdTbRdW/WLRJLK<`8CEM<AHAGCIM<RSRUT f<F^Rd<W/APH:N;
[ZYh= dZmM<APF^Ae=hYX\IRCEM<|UCi= YX Y * Z|$KNSjZY[ * * Z*QZeY
* M<AOGAPKQCEF^RdJLSN\|UWLRdK<`k\m|$K<SX|$F^A|UClfPAGFIR<;M{|UC|$W/RdK<`ZJL\BTbRdw<KNS
TbF^RdH
ZY Z = * g Z1k Z*dZY Y

$Q

:<; d HR$w<KQCEJLKN`<FI|$O_$ADCJL\aH|$O_M<J/K<APSRdwNCeR$Th| P |UCfNJLAPOGAR$THAGCE|$W ;M<JL\

O_M<|$K<`dAG\8CIM<AOGAPKQCEF^RdJLS j1|UK<SMNAPK<OGAOPAGKQCEAPF8R$THa|$\^\R$TCIM<AfNJLAPOGA$;llRdHf<wNCEA
CIM<ABK<ADOPAPKQCIFIRdJ/S|$K<SeOPR$Hf{|UFIAJ>ClCIRCEM{|CR$TCEMNAB\E|$HAfNJLAPOGAJ/CIM<RdwNC9CEM<A
MNRdWLAG\P;M<AS<JLHAPKN\IJLR$KmJ/KmCIM<Az<`dw<FIA|$F^A|$W/WJLKHADCEAGFI\P;lM<AM<R$WLAP\s|$F^A|$W/W
RUTFI|$S<JLwN\NdHm;
0.2 m

0.2 m

0.1
4

0.2 m
0.4 m

0.1

n5oiph0.8qsrsm tu :N; d

v dR WLwNCIJLRdK x?BAGK<R$CEAsCEM<ABOGAPKQCEF^RdJLS|$K<S|$F^A|R$T CIM<AB<FI|$O_$ADC CEMNAB\Iw<N\IOPF^JLfNC
=a\IRCEM<|UCZ Y HmjVX Y:|$K<S0 Y Q ;M<AeMNRdWLAG\|$F^AA|$O_MRUT
FI|$S<J/w<w\ =YcQaH\IReCEM<|UCBZ Yc " X Y>=|$K<S Y
giQdk Yd $ ;
J/$AGJ/\IAZ Yc Hj X Y Hmhj  YcgiQdk jZ Yc X Yc H|$KNS
 Yd U H

Y  YN $ H

ZY  = Z  YN:QQH

MNJLO_MmJL\dAGF OGWLRd\^ABCERJ/CE\U|$W/w<Agi;:kl*AGTbRdF^ACEM<AM<RdW/AP\|$F^AS<FIJ/WLWLAGSj|$K<S

XY = X  Y[N H

MNJLO_MJ/\ADN|$OGCIW CIM<A9\I|$HAl|$\-*AGTbRdF^A
CIM<AlMNRdWLAG\5|UFIAS<FIJ/WLWLAGS; M<J/\5J/\-*APOP|$w<\^A
RUTVCEM<A\ HHAGCIF CEM<|UCBF^APH|$JLK<\|$*RdwNC8CEM<J/\WLJ/K<AhXY |UT CIAPFSNFIJLW/WLJ/K<`CEM<A
MNRdWLAG\P;

:<;: |UWLOPwNW|UCIACEM<AOGAPKQCEF^RdJLSmR$T-CEM<AOPF^Rd\I\8\IAGOGCIJLRdKR$T-CEM<A o *A|$Hm;

y
6 in

6 in
4 in

10 in

4 in

n5oiphqsrstu :N;:

v RdWLwNCIJLRdK x AGO|$w<\^AR$T\ HHAGCIF j5CEM<AOPAPKQCIFIRdJ/S@JL\|UChCEM<AJLKQCEAGFI\IAGOGCIJLRdK@RUT

CIM<AsC9R|JL\R$T\ HHAGCEF RdF ZY XY ; `dR"RSf<FIRdNWLAPHCIRCEMNFIR
J/KCERHa|U$A\IwNFIACEM<A\^CIw<S<AGKCI\sOP|$Km\IAPACEMNATbR$FIFIAG\^CTbFIR$HCEMNACIFIAGAP\P;

:<;: HRdwNKCIJLK<`NFE|$O_UAGCmJL\H|$KwNT(|$ODCEw<F^APSRdwNCRUT=7U:J/K;yJLS<A\iCEAGAPW|$KNS

TbR$FIHAPSJ/KCIRCEMNA\IM{|Uf1AJ/WLWLwN\^CEFI|UCEAGS;ylR$Hf<wCEAJ>CE\aOGAPKQCEF^RdJLS ;?BR"AP\CEM<A
OGAPKQCEF^RdJLSW/JLABRdKCEMNAhR$[b^APODC

y
6 in

1 in

n5oiphqs3rsintu :N;:

v RdWLwNCIJLRdK xCEMNAPFIA|$FIA FIAGOGCE|$K<`dW/AP\CIR@OPR$K<\IJ/S<APFGx{

Y Y d= UJ/K j
Z Y X Y  Y Y Z Y =d X Y Y
>= ^  Ygi=&kGg kY>= H Z Y>= X Y

Y  Y Q JLK

ZeY  = Z  Y $ JLK

=
XY  X  Y=d N=JLK

MNJLO_MmJL\K<R$C R$KmCIM<ARd[ b^APODC8J/CE\^APW>T;

Wh'qry}s"4

:<;: 9ROPR$K<OPF^AGCEA[OPRdW/w<HKN\|$F^AOPR$K<K<APODCEAGScCERd`dADCEM<AGFCERTbRdFIH |\^w<f<f*RdF^C

\iCEF^w<OGCIw<FIAmTbRdFa|S<R"O_*;lRdHf<wNCIAmCIM<AOGAPKQCEF^RdJLSR$TBCIM<AOGRdHf1Rd\^J/CIA*RS ;
MNAhSNJLHAPK<\^JLRdK<\|UFIAJLKHAGCIAPFI\G;
3

15

3.5
5

z
10

n5oiphqsrstu :N;: 3

v RdWLwNCIJLRdK xM<AdRdW/w<HAR$T5CIM<AM<RdF^JfPR$KCE|$WOGRdWLw<HKeJL\

Z Yg kPg dkPg=QkY=&$H
J>CEMOPAGKQCEFIR$JLSx
Z Y = Y[H
X Y Y H
\ Y Y=dH
J/$AGJ/\IATbRdFCIM<AdAPFiCEJ/O|$W OGRdWLw<HKj
Z Yg kPg kPg dkY:QUH
Z Y YUHmj<X Y Y= H~|UK<j
S \ Y Y=dHm;VMw<\

ZY Z Y=&$0:hY= H

gbOPRdKQCEJ/Kw<APS7k
=&

ZeY Z =
XY Z = g(X Z
\Y = g/\

=
kY = g^g dkGgi=&$dk[g dkPgb:dkIkYH
= gIg dkGgi=&UQk[g= dkPgb:dk^kVY:<ddH
=
= gIgi=$dkGgi=&UQk[g=ddkPgb:dkIkY=dH
Z
Q

\
Z

k
Y

Z
=
8R$CEABCIM{|UCCEMNAhW/ROP|UCEJ/RdKR$T Z|UK<S \|$F^AhR$"J/Rdw<\TbFIR$Hc\ HHADCEF ;
g Z Z 0Z Z
+X Z kY

=