Eurocode 3 - Design of Steel Structures - Part 6 - Crane Supporting Structures

10/12/2016
Eurocode3DesignofsteelstructuresPart6:Cranesupportingstructures
PREAMBLE(NOTPARTOFTHESTANDARD)
Inordertopromotepubliceducationandpublicsafety,equaljusticeforall,abetterinformedcitizenry,theruleoflaw,worldtrade
andworldpeace,thislegaldocumentisherebymadeavailableonanoncommercialbasis,asitistherightofallhumanstoknowand
speakthelawsthatgovernthem.
ENDOFPREAMBLE(NOTPARTOFTHESTANDARD)
EUROPEANSTANDARD
NORMEEUROPENNE
EUROPISCHENORM
EN19936
April2007
ICS53.020.2091.010.3091.080.10
SupersedesENV19936:1999
IncorporatingcorrigendumJuly2009
EnglishVersion
Eurocode3DesignofsteelstructuresPart6:Cranesupporting
structures
Eurocode3CalculdesstructuresenacierPartie6:Cheminsde
Eurocode3BemessungundKonstruktionvonStahlbautenTeil6:
roulement
Kranbahnen
ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon12June2006.
CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthis
EuropeanStandardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Uptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcerning
suchnationalstandardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCENManagementCentreortoanyCENmember.
ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadeby
translationundertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCENManagementCentrehasthesame
statusastheofficialversions.
CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,
France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,
Romania,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom.
ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels
2007CENAllrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreservedworldwideforCENnationalMembers.
Ref.No.EN19936:2007:E
1
Contents
Page
Foreword
General
1.1
Scope
1.2
Normativereferences
https://law.resource.org/pub/eu/eurocode/en.1993.6.2007.svg.html
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1.3
Assumptions
1.4
Distinctionbetweenprinciplesandapplicationsrules
1.5
Termsanddefinitions
1.6
Symbols
Basisofdesign
2.1
Requirements
2.1.1
Basicrequirements
2.1.2
Reliabilitymanagement
2.1.3
Designworkinglife,durabilityandrobustness
2.2
Principlesoflimitstatedesign
2.3
Basisvariables
2.3.1
Actionsandenvironmentalinfluences
2.3.2
Materialandproductproperties
2.4
Verificationbythepartialfactormethod
2.5
Designassistedbytesting
10
2.6
Clearancestooverheadtravellingcranes
10
2.7
Underslungcranesandhoistblocks
10
2.8
Cranetests
10
Materials
11
3.1
General
11
3.2
Structuralsteels
11
3.2.1
Materialproperties
11
3.2.2
Ductilityrequirements
11
3.2.3
Fracturetoughness
11
3.2.4
Throughthicknessproperties
11
3.2.5
Tolerances
11
3.2.6
Designvaluesofmaterialcoefficients
11
3.3
Stainlesssteels
11
3.4
Fastenersandwelds
11
3.5
Bearings
11
3.6
Otherproductsforcranesupportingstructures
12
3.6.1
General
12
3.6.2
Railsteels
12
3.6.3
Specialconnectingdevicesforstructures
12
Durability
12
Structuralanalysis
13
5.1
Structuralmodellingandbasicassumptions
13
5.1.1
Structuralmodellingandbasicassumptions
13
5.1.2
Jointmodelling
13
5.1.3
Groundstructureinteraction
13
5.2
Globalanalysis
13
5.2.1
Effectsofdeformedgeometryofthestructure
13
5.2.2
Structuralstabilityofframes
13
5.3
Imperfections
13
5.3.1
Basis
13
5.3.2
Imperfectionsforglobalanalysisofframes
13
5.3.3
Imperfectionsforanalysisofbracingsystems
13
5.3.4
Memberimperfections
13
5.4
Methodsofanalysis
13
5.4.1
General
13
5.4.2
Elasticglobalanalysis
13
5.4.3
Plasticglobalanalysis
13
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5.5
Classificationofcrosssections
14
5.6
Runwaybeams
14
5.6.1
Effectsofcraneloads
14
5.6.2
Structuralsystem
14
5.7
Localstressesinthewebduetowheelloadsonthetopflange
15
5.7.1
Localverticalcompressivestresses
15
5.7.2
Localshearstresses
17
5.7.3
Localbendingstressesinthewebduetoeccentricityofwheelloads
17
5.8
Localbendingstressesinthebottomflangeduetowheelloads
18
5.9
Secondarymomentsintriangulatedcomponents
20
Ultimatelimitstates
22
6.1
General
22
6.2
Resistanceofcrosssection
22
6.3
Bucklingresistanceofmembers
22
6.3.1
General
22
6.3.2
Lateraltorsionalbuckling
23
6.4
Builtupcompressionmembers
23
6.5
Resistanceofthewebtowheelloads
23
6.5.1
General
23
6.5.2
Lengthofstiffbearing
24
6.6
Bucklingofplates
24
6.7
Resistanceofbottomflangestowheelloads
24
Serviceabilitylimitstates
27
7.1
General
27
7.2
Calculationmodels
27
7.3
Limitsfordeformationsanddisplacements
27
7.4
Limitationofwebbreathing
29
7.5
Reversiblebehaviour
30
7.6
Vibrationofthebottomflange
30
Fasteners,welds,surgeconnectorsandrails
31
8.1
Connectionsusingbolts,rivetsorpins
31
8.2
Weldedconnections
31
8.3
Surgeconnectors
31
8.4
Cranerails
32
8.4.1
Railmaterial
32
8.4.2
Designworkinglife
32
8.4.3
Railselection
32
8.5
Railfixings
33
8.5.1
General
33
8.5.2
Rigidfixings
33
8.5.3
Independentfixings
33
8.6
Railjoints
Fatigueassessment
34
9.1
Requirementforfatigueassessment
34
9.2
Partialfactorsforfatigue
34
9.3
Fatiguestressspectra
34
9.3.1
General
34
9.3.2
Simplifiedapproach
34
9.3.3
Localstressesduetowheelloadsonthetopflange
35
9.3.4
Localstressesduetounderslungtrolleys
35
9.4
Fatigueassessment
35
9.4.1
35
33
General
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9.4.2
9.5
Fatiguestrength
Multiplecraneactions
AnnexA[informative]Alternativeassessmentmethodforlateraltorsionalbuckling
3
35
36
37
Foreword
ThisEuropeanStandardEN19936,Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures:Part6Cranesupportingsrtuctures,hasbeenprepared
byTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC250StructuralEurocodes,theSecretariatofwhichisheldbyBSI.
CEN/TC250isresponsibleforallStructuralEurocodes.
ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofaNationalStandard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextorby
endorsement,atthelatestbyOctober2007,andconflictingNationalStandardsshallbewithdrawnatlatestbyMarch2010.
ThisEurocodesupersedesENV19936.
AccordingtotheCENCENELECInternalRegulations,theNationalStandardOrganizationsofthefollowingcountriesareboundto
implementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,
Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,
Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom.
BackgroundoftheEurocodeprogramme
In1975,theCommissionoftheEuropeanCommunitydecidedonanactionprogrammeinthefieldofconstruction,basedonarticle
95oftheTreaty.Theobjectiveoftheprogrammewastheeliminationoftechnicalobstaclestotradeandtheharmonisationoftechnical
specifications.
Withinthisactionprogramme,theCommissiontooktheinitiativetoestablishasetofharmonisedtechnicalrulesforthedesignof
constructionworkswhich,inafirststage,wouldserveasanalternativetothenationalrulesinforceintheMemberStatesand,ultimately,
wouldreplacethem.
Forfifteenyears,theCommission,withthehelpofaSteeringCommitteewithRepresentativesofMemberStates,conductedthe
developmentoftheEurocodesprogramme,whichledtothefirstgenerationofEuropeancodesinthe1980s.
In1989,theCommissionandtheMemberStatesoftheEUandEFTAdecided,onthebasisofanagreement1betweenthe
CommissionandCEN,totransferthepreparationandthepublicationoftheEurocodestotheCENthroughaseriesofMandates,inorder
toprovidethemwithafuturestatusofEuropeanStandard(EN).ThislinksdefactotheEurocodeswiththeprovisionsofalltheCouncils
Directivesand/orCommissionsDecisionsdealingwithEuropeanstandards(e.g.theCouncilDirective89/106/EEConconstruction
productsCPDandCouncilDirectives93/37/EEC,92/50/EECand89/440/EEConpublicworksandservicesandequivalentEFTA
Directivesinitiatedinpursuitofsettinguptheinternalmarket).
TheStructuralEurocodeprogrammecomprisesthefollowingstandardsgenerallyconsistingofanumberofParts:
EN1990Eurocode:Basisofstructuraldesign
EN1991Eurocode1:Actionsonstructures
EN1992Eurocode2:Designofconcretestructures
EN1993Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures
EN1994Eurocode4:Designofcompositesteelandconcretestructures
EN1995Eurocode5:Designoftimberstructures
EN1996Eurocode6:Designofmasonrystructures
EN1997Eurocode7:Geotechnicaldesign
EN1998Eurocode8:Designofstructuresforearthquakeresistance
EN1999Eurocode9:Designofaluminiumstructures
EurocodestandardsrecognisetheresponsibilityofregulatoryauthoritiesineachMemberStateandhavesafeguardedtheirrightto
determinevaluesrelatedtoregulatorysafetymattersatnationallevelwherethesecontinuetovaryfromStatetoState.
1AgreementbetweentheCommissionoftheEuropeanCommunitiesandtheEuropeanCommitteeforStandardisation(CEN)
concerningtheworkonEUROCODESforthedesignofbuildingandcivilengineeringworks(BC/CEN/03/89).
4
StatusandfieldofapplicationofEurocodes
TheMemberStatesoftheEUandEFTArecognisethatEurocodesserveasreferencedocumentsforthefollowingpurposes:
asameanstoprovecomplianceofbuildingandcivilengineeringworkswiththeessentialrequirementsofCouncilDirective
89/106/EEC,particularlyEssentialRequirementN1MechanicalresistanceandstabilityandEssentialRequirementN2Safetyincase
offire
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asabasisforspecifyingcontractsforconstructionworksandrelatedengineeringservices
asaframeworkfordrawingupharmonisedtechnicalspecificationsforconstructionproducts(ENsandETAs)
TheEurocodes,asfarastheyconcerntheconstructionworksthemselves,haveadirectrelationshipwiththeInterpretative
Documents2referredtoinArticle12oftheCPD,althoughtheyareofadifferentnaturefromharmonisedproductstandard3.Therefore,
technicalaspectsarisingfromtheEurocodesworkneedtobeadequatelyconsideredbyCENTechnicalCommitteesand/orEOTA
WorkingGroupsworkingonproductstandardswithaviewtoachievingafullcompatibilityofthesetechnicalspecificationswiththe
Eurocodes.
TheEurocodestandardsprovidecommonstructuraldesignrulesforeverydayuseforthedesignofwholestructuresandcomponent
productsofbothatraditionalandaninnovativenature.Unusualformsofconstructionordesignconditionsarenotspecificallycovered
andadditionalexpertconsiderationwillberequiredbythedesignerinsuchcases.
NationalStandardsimplementingEurocodes
TheNationalStandardsimplementingEurocodeswillcomprisethefulltextoftheEurocode(includinganyannexes),aspublished
byCEN,whichmaybeprecededbyaNationaltitlepageandNationalforeword,andmaybefollowedbyaNationalAnnex.
TheNationalAnnexmayonlycontaininformationonthoseparameterswhichareleftopenintheEurocodefornationalchoice,
knownasNationallyDeterminedParameters,tobeusedforthedesignofbuildingsandcivilengineeringworkstobeconstructedinthe
countryconcerned,i.e.:
valuesand/orclasseswherealternativesaregivenintheEurocode,
valuestobeusedwhereasymbolonlyisgivenintheEurocode,
countryspecificdata(geographical,climaticetc.)e.g.snowmap,
theproceduretobeusedwherealternativeproceduresaregivenintheEurocode,
referencestononcontradictorycomplementaryinformationtoassisttheusertoapplytheEurocode.
2AccordingtoArt.3.3oftheCPD,theessentialrequirements(ERs)shallbegivenconcreteformininterpretativedocumentsforthe
creationofthenecessarylinksbetweentheessentialrequirementsandthemandatesforhENsandETAGs/ETAs.
3AccordingtoArt.12oftheCPDtheinterpretativedocumentsshall:
a.giveconcreteformtotheessentialrequirementsbyharmonisingtheterminologyandthetechnicalbasesandindicatingclassesor
levelsforeachrequirementwherenecessary
b.indicatemethodsofcorrelatingtheseclassesorlevelsofrequirementwiththetechnicalspecifications,e.g.methodsofcalculation
andofproof,technicalrulesforprojectdesign,etc.
c.serveasareferencefortheestablishmentofharmonisedstandardsandguidelinesforEuropeantechnicalapprovals.
TheEurocodes,defacto,playasimilarroleinthefieldoftheER1andapartofER2.
5
LinksbetweenEurocodesandharmonisedtechnicalspecifications(ENsandETAs)forproducts
Thereisaneedforconsistencybetweentheharmonisedtechnicalspecificationsforconstructionproductsandthetechnicalrules
forworks4.Furthermore,alltheinformationaccompanyingtheCEMarkingoftheconstructionproductswhichrefertoEurocodes
shouldclearlymentionwhichNationallyDeterminedParametershavebeentakenintoaccount.
AdditionalinformationspecifictoEN19936
EN19936isoneofthesixpartsofEN1993DesignofSteelStructuresandgivesprinciplesandapplicationrulesforthesafety,
serviceabilityanddurabilityofcranesupportingstructures.
EN19936givesdesignrulesthatsupplementthegenericrulesinEN19931.
EN19936isintendedforclients,designers,contractorsandpublicauthorities.
EN19936isintendedtobeusedwithEN1990,EN1991andEN19931.Mattersthatarealreadycoveredinthosedocumentsare
notrepeated.
Numericalvaluesforpartialfactorsandotherreliabilityparametersarerecommendedasbasicvaluesthatprovideanacceptable
levelofreliability.Theyhavebeenselectedassumingthatanappropriatelevelofworkmanshipandqualitymanagementapplies.
NationalAnnexforEN19936
Thisstandardgivesalternativeprocedures,valuesandrecommendationsforclasseswithnotesindicatingwherenationalchoices
maybemade.SotheNationalStandardimplementingEN19936shouldhaveaNationalAnnexcontainingallNationallyDetermined
Parameterstobeusedforthedesignofcranesupportingmembersinsteelstructurestobeconstructedintherelevantcountry.
NationalchoiceisallowedinEN19936through:
2.1.3.2(1)P
Designworkinglife.
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2.8(2)P
PartialfactorF,testforcranetestloads.
3.2.3(1)
Lowestservicetemperatureforindoorcranesupportingstructures.
3.2.3(2)P
Selectionoftoughnesspropertiesformembersincompression.
3.2.4(1)table3.2
RequirementZEdforthroughthicknessproperties.
3.6.2(1)
Informationonsuitablerailsandrailsteels.
3.6.3(1)
Informationonspecialconnectingdevicesforrails.
6.1(1)
PartialfactorsMiforresistanceforultimatelimitstates.
6.3.2.3(1)
Alternativeassessmentmethodforlateraltorsionalbuckling
7.3(1)
Limitsfordeflectionsanddeformations.
7.5(1)
PartialfactorM,ser forresistanceforserviceabilitylimitstates.
8.2(4)
Craneclassestobetreatedashighfatigue.
9.1(2)
LimitfornumberofcyclesC 0withoutafatigueassessment.
9.2(1)P
PartialfactorsFfforfatigueloads.
9.2(2)P
PartialfactorsMfforfatigueresistance.
9.3.3(1)
Craneclasseswherebendingduetoeccentricitymaybeneglected.
9.4.2(5)
Damageequivalencefactors dupformultiplecraneoperation.
4SeeArt.3.3andArt.12oftheCPD,aswellasclauses4.2,4.3.1.4.3.2and5.2ofID1.
1General
1.1Scope
1.ThisPart6ofEN1993providesdesignrulesforthestructuraldesignofrunwaybeamsandothercranesupportingstructures.
2.TheprovisionsgiveninPart6supplement,modifyorsupersedetheequivalentprovisionsgiveninEN19931.
3.Itcoversoverheadcranerunwaysinsidebuildingsandoutdoorcranerunways,includingrunwaysfor:
a.overheadtravellingcranes,either:
supportedontopoftherunwaybeams
underslungbelowtherunwaybeams
b.monorailhoistblocks.
4.Additionalrulesaregivenforancillaryitemsincludingcranerails,structuralendstops,supportbrackets,surgeconnectorsandsurge
girders.However,cranerailsnotmountedonsteelstructures,andrailsforotherpurposes,arenotcovered.
5.Cranesandallothermovingpartsareexcluded.ProvisionsforcranesaregiveninEN13001.
6.Forseismicdesign,seeEN1998.
7.Forresistancetofire,seeEN199312.
1.2Normativereferences
ThisEuropeanStandardincorporatesbydatedorundatedreference,provisionsfromotherpublications.Thesenormative
referencesarecitedattheappropriateplacesinthetextandthepublicationsarelistedhereafter.Fordatedreferences,subsequent
amendmentsto,orrevisionsof,anyofthesepublicationsapplytothisEuropeanStandardonlywhenincorporatedinitbyamendmentor
revision.Forundatedreferencesthelatesteditionofthepublicationreferredtoapplies(includingamendments).
EN1090Executionofsteelstructuresandaluminiumstructures:
Part2Technicalrequirementsforsteelstructures
EN1337Structuralbearings
ENISO1461Hotdipgalvanisedcoatingsonfabricatedironandsteelarticlesspecificationsandtestmethods
EN1990Eurocode:Basisofstructuraldesign
EN1991Eurocode1:Actionsonstructures:
Part11
ActionsonstructuresDensities,selfweightandimposedloadsforbulidings
Part12
ActionsonstructuresActionsonstructuresexposedtofire
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Part14
Actionsonstructureswindloads
Part15
ActionsonstructuresThermalactions
Part16
ActionsonstructuresConstructionloads
Part17
ActionsonstructuresAccidentalactions
Part3
ActionsonstructuresActionsinducedbycranesandmachinery
EN1993Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures:
Part11
Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings
Part12
Structuralfiredesign
Part14
Stainlesssteels
Part15
Platedstructuralelements
Part18:
Designofjoints
Part19:
Fatigue
Part110:
Materialtoughnessandthroughthicknessproperties
EN1998Eurocode8:Designprovisionsforearthquakeresistanceofstructures
EN10164Steelproductswithimproveddeformationpropertiesperpendiculartothesurfaceoftheproduct
Technicaldeliveryconditions
ISO/DIS11660CranesAccess,guardsandrestraints:
Part5Bridgeandgantrycranes.
TS13001CranesGeneraldesign
Part3.3Limitstatesandproofofcompetenceofwheel/railcontacts
1.3Assumptions
1.InadditiontothegeneralassumptionsofEN1990thefollowingassumptionsapply:
execution
complieswithEN10902.
1.4Distinctionbetweenprinciplesandapplicationrules
1.See1.4inEN1990.
1.5Termsanddefinitions
1.See1.5inEN199311.
2.SupplementarytoEN19913,forthepurposesofthisPart6thefollowingterminologyapplies:
1.5.1cranesurge
Horizontaldynamicactionsduetocraneoperation,actinglongitudinallyand/orlaterallytotherunwaybeams.
NOTE:Thetransverseactionsinducedbycranesapplylateralforcestotherunwaybeams.
1.5.2elastomericbearingpad
Resilientreinforcedelastomericbeddingmaterialintendedforuseundercranerails.
1.5.3surgeconnector
Connectionthattransmitscranesurgefromarunwaybeam,orasurgegirder,toasupport.
1.5.4surgegirder
Beamorlatticegirderthatresistscranesurgeandcarriesittothesupports.
1.5.5StructuralendStop.
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Componentintendedtostopacraneorhoistreachingtheendofarunway.
1.6Symbols
1.ThesymbolsaredefinedinEN199311andwheretheyfirstoccurinthisEN19936.
NOTE:ThesymbolsusedarebasedonISO3898:1987.
8
2Basisofdesign
2.1Requirements
2.1.1Basicrequirements
1.See2.1.1ofEN199311.
2.1.2Reliabilitymanagement
1.See2.1.2ofEN199311.
2.1.3Designworkinglife,durabilityandrobustness
2.1.3.1General
1.See2.1.3.1ofEN199311.
2.1.3.2Designworkinglife
1.PThedesignworkinglifeofacranesupportingstructureshallbespecifiedastheperiodduringwhichitisrequiredtoprovideitsfull
function.Thedesignworkinglifeshouldbedocumented(forexampleinthemaintenanceplan).
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmayspecifytherelevantdesignworkinglife.Adesignworkinglifeof25yearsisrecommended
forrunwaybeams,butforrunwaysthatarenotintensivelyused,50yearsmaybeappropriate.
2.PFortemporarycranesupportingstructures,thedesignworkinglifeshallbeagreedwiththeclientandthepublicauthority,taking
accountofpossiblereuse.
3.Forstructuralcomponentsthatcannotbedesignedtoachievethetotaldesignworkinglifeofthecranesupportingstructure,see
4(6).
2.1.3.3Durability
1.PCranesupportingstructuresshallbedesignedforenvironmentalinfluences,suchascorrosion,wearandfatiguebyappropriate
choiceofmaterials,seeEN199314andEN1993110,appropriatedetailing,seeEN199319,structuralredundancyand
appropriatecorrosionprotection.
2.PWherereplacementorrealignmentisnecessary(e.g.duetoexpectedsoilsubsidence)suchreplacementorrealignmentshallbe
takenintoaccountinthedesignbyappropriatedetailingandverifiedasatransientdesignsituation.
2.2Principlesoflimitstatedesign
1.See2.2ofEN199311.
2.3Basicvariables
2.3.1Actionsandenvironmentalinfluences
1.PThecharacteristicvaluesofcraneactionsshallbedeterminedbyreferencetoEN19913.
NOTE1:EN19913givesrulesfordeterminingcraneactionsinaccordancewiththeprovisionsinEN130011andEN13001
2tofacilitatetheexchangeofdatawithcranesuppliers.
NOTE2:EN19913givesvariousmethodstodeterminereliableactions,dependinguponwhetherornotfullinformationon
cranespecificationsareavailableatthetimeofdesignofcranesupportingstructures.
2.POtheractionsoncranesupportingstructuresshallbedeterminedbyreferencetoEN199111,EN199112,EN199114,EN
199115,EN199116orEN199117asappropriate.
3.PPartialfactorsandcombinationrulesshallbetakenfromAnnexAofEN19913.
4.ForactionsduringerectionstagesseeEN199116.
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5.Foractionsfromsoilsubsidencesee2.3.1(3)and(4)ofEN199311.
2.3.2Materialandproductproperties
1.See2.3.2ofEN199311.
2.4Verificationbythepartialfactormethod
1.See2.4ofEN199311.
9
2.ForpartialfactorsforstaticequilibriumandupliftofbearingsseeAnnexAofEN19913.
2.5Designassistedbytesting
1.See2.5ofEN199311.
2.6Clearancestooverheadtravellingcranes
1.Theclearancesbetweenalloverheadtravellingcranesandthecranesupportingstructure,andthedimensionsofallaccessroutesto
thecranesfordriversorformaintenancepersonnel,shouldcomplywithISO/DIS116605.
2.7Underslungcranesandhoistblocks
1.
Wherethebottomflange
ofarunwaybeamdirectlysupportswheelloadsfromanunderslungcraneorhoistblock,a
serviceabilitylimitstatestresscheck,see7.5,shouldbeearnedout.
2.Theultimatelimitstateresistanceofthisflangeshouldalsobeverifiedasspecifiedin6.7.
2.8Cranetests
1.Whereacraneorahoistblockisrequiredtobetestedaftererectiononitssupportingstructure,aserviceabilitylimitstatestress
check,see7.5,shouldbecarriedoutonthesupportingmembersaffected,usingtherelevantcranetestloadsfrom2.10ofEN1991
3.
2.PTheultimatelimitstateverificationsspecifiedin6shallalsobesatisfiedunderthecranetestloads,appliedatthepositions
affected.ApartialfactorF,testshallbeappliedtothesetestloads.
NOTE:Thenumericalvaluefor
F,test
maybedefinedintheNationalAnnex.Thevalueof1,1is
recommended.
10
3Materials
3.1General
1.See3.1ofEN199311.
3.2Structuralsteels
3.2.1Materialproperties
1.See3.2.1ofEN199311.
3.2.2Ductilityrequirements
1.See3.2.2ofEN199311.
3.2.3Fracturetoughness
1.See3.2.3(1)and(2)ofEN199311.
NOTE:Thelowestservicetemperaturetobeadoptedindesignforindoorcranesupportingstructuresmaybegiveninthe
NationalAnnex.
2.PForcomponentsundercompressionasuitableminimumtoughnesspropertyshallbeselected.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmaygiveinformationontheselectionoftoughnesspropertiesformembersincompression.The
useoftable2.1ofEN1993110for
Ed=0,25fy(t)
isrecommended.
3.Forthechoiceofsteelssuitableforcoldforming(e.g.forprecambering)andsubsequenthotdipzinccoatingseeEN1461.
3.2.4Throughthicknessproperties
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1.See3.2.4(1)ofEN199311.
NOTE1:Particularcareshouldbegiventoweldedbeamtocolumnconnectionsandweldedendplateswithtensioninthe
throughthicknessdirection.
NOTE2:TheNationalAnnexmayspecifytheallocationoftargetvaluesZEdaccordingto3.2(3)ofEN1993110tothe
qualityclassinEN10164.Theallocationintable3.2isrecommendedforcranesupportingstructures.
Table3.2ChoiceofqualityclassaccordingtoEN10164
TargetvalueofZEdaccording
RequiredvalueofZRdaccording
toEN1993110
toEN10164
10
11to20
Z15
21to30
Z25
>30
Z35
3.2.5Tolerances
1.See3.2.5ofEN199311.
3.2.6Designvaluesofmaterialcoefficients
1.See3.2.6ofEN199311.
3.3Stainlesssteels
1.ForstainlesssteelsseetherelevantprovisionsinEN199314.
3.4Fastenersandwelds
1.See3.3ofEN199311.
3.5Bearings
1.BearingsshouldcomplywithEN1337.
11
3.6Otherproductsforcranesupportingstructures
3.6.1General
1.Anysemifinishedorfinishedstructuralproductusedinthestructuraldesignofacranesupportingstructureshouldcomplywiththe
relevantENProductStandardorETAGorETA.
3.6.2Railsteels
1.Purposemadecranerailsandrailwayrailsshouldbothbemadefromspecialrailsteels,withaspecifiedminimumtensilestrengths
ofbetween500N/mm2and1200N/mm2.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmaygiveinformationforsuitablerailsandrailsteels,pendingtheissueofappropriateproduct
specifications(ENproductstandards,ETAGsorETAs).
2.
Rectangularbars
andothersectionsusedasrailsmayalsobeofstructuralsteelsasspecifiedin3.2.
3.6.3Specialconnectingdevicesforrails
1.Specialconnectingdevicesforrails,includingpurposemadefixingsandelastomericbearingpadsshouldbesuitablefortheirspecific
useaccordingtotherelevantproductspecifications.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmaygiveinformationforspecialconnectingdevices,wherenoappropriateproductspecification
(ENproductstandard,ETAGorETA)exists.
4Durability
1.Fordurabilityofsteelstructuresgenerally,see4(1),4(2)and4(3)ofEN199311.
2.Forcranesupportingstructuresfatigueassessmentsshouldbecarriedoutaccordingtosection9.
3.Wherecranerailsareassumedtocontributetothestrengthorstiffnessofarunwaybeam,appropriateallowancesforwearshould
bemadeindeterminingthepropertiesofthecombinedcrosssection,see5.6.2(2)and5.6.2(3).
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4.Whereactionsfromsoilsubsidenceorseismicactionsareexpected,tolerancesforverticalandhorizontalimposeddeformations
shouldbeagreedwiththecranesupplierandincludedintheinspectionandmaintenanceplans.
5.Theexpectedvaluesofimposeddeformationsshouldbetakenintoaccountbyappropriatedetailingforreadjustment.
6.Structuralcomponentsthatcannotbedesignedwithsufficientreliabilitytoachievethetotaldesignworkinglifeofthecrane
supportingstructure,shouldbereplaceable.Suchpartsmaybe:
expansionjoints,
cranerailsandtheirfixings,
elastomericbearingpads,
surgeconnections.
12
5Structuralanalysis
5.1Structuralmodellingforanalysis
5.1.1Structuralmodellingandbasicassumptions
1.See5.1.1(1),(2)and(3)ofEN199311.
2.SeealsoEN199315forshearlageffectsandplatebuckling.
5.1.2Jointmodelling
1.See5.1.2(1),(2)and(3)ofEN199311.
2.ThemodellingofjointsthataresubjecttofatigueshouldbesuchthatsufficientfatiguelifecanbeverifiedaccordingtoEN199319.
NOTE:Incranesupportingstructures,boltsactinginshearinboltedconnectionswheretheboltsaresubjecttoforcesthat
includeloadreversals,shouldeitherbefittedboltsorelsebepreloadedboltsdesignedtobeslipresistantatultimatelimitstate,
CategoryCofEN199318.
5.1.3Groundstructureinteraction
1.See5.1.3ofEN199311.
5.2Globalanalysis
5.2.1Effectsofdeformedgeometryofthestructure
1.See5.2.1ofEN199311.
5.2.2Structuralstabilityofframes
1.See5.2.2ofEN199311.
5.3Imperfections
5.3.1Basis
1.See5.3.1ofEN199311.
5.3.2Imperfectionsforglobalanalysisofframes
1.See5.3.2ofEN199311.
2.Theimperfectionsforglobalanalysisneednotbecombinedwiththeeccentricitiesgivenin2.5.2.1(2)ofEN19913.
5.3.3Imperfectionsforanalysisofbracingsystems
1.See5.3.3ofEN199311.
5.3.4Memberimperfections
1.See5.3.4ofEN199311.
2.Thememberimperfectionsneednotbecombinedwiththeeccentricitiesgivenin2.5.2.1(2)ofEN19913.
5.4Methodsofanalysis
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5.4.1General
1.See5.4.1ofEN199311.
2.Incranesupportingstructureswherefatigueresistanceisrequired,elasticglobalanalysisisrecommended.Ifplasticglobalanalysisis
usedfortheultimatelimitstateverificationofarunwaybeam,aserviceabilitylimitstatestresscheckshouldalsobecarriedout,see
7.5.
5.4.2Elasticglobalanalysis
1.See5.4.2ofEN199311.
5.4.3Plasticglobalanalysis
1.See5.4.3and5.6ofEN199311.
13
5.5Classificationofcrosssections
1.See5.5ofEN199311.
5.6Runwaybeams
5.6.1Effectsofcraneloads
1.Thefollowinginternalforcesandmomentsduetocraneloadsshouldbetakenintoaccountinthedesignofrunwaybeams:
biaxialbendingduetoverticalactionsandlateralhorizontalactions
axialcompressionortensionduetolongitudinalhorizontalactions
torsionduetotheeccentricityoflateralhorizontalactions,relativetotheshearcentreofthecrosssectionofthebeam
verticalandhorizontalshearforcesduetoverticalactionsandlateralhorizontalactions.
2.Inaddition,localeffectsduetowheelloadsshouldbetakenintoaccount.
5.6.2Structuralsystem
1.Ifacranerailisrigidlyfixedtothetopflangeoftherunwaybeam,bymeansoffittedbolts,preloadedboltsinCategoryC
connections(designedtobenonslipatultimatelimitstates,see3.4.1ofEN199318)orbywelding,itmaybeincludedaspartof
thecrosssectionthatistakenintoaccounttocalculatetheresistance.Suchboltsorweldsshouldbedesignedtoresistthe
longitudinalshearforcesarisingfrombendingduetoverticalandhorizontalactions,togetherwiththeforcesduetohorizontal
craneactions.
2.Toallowforwear,thenominalheightoftherailshouldbereducedwhencalculatingthecrosssectionproperties.Thisreduction
shouldgenerallybetakenas25%oftheminimumnominalthicknesstrbelowthewearingsurface,seefigure5.1,unlessotherwise
statedinthemaintenanceplan,see4(3).
3.Forfatigueassessmentsonlyhalfofthereductiongivenin(2)needbemade.
Figure5.1:Minimumthicknesstrbelowthewearingsurfaceofacranerail
14
4.Exceptwhenboxsectionsareused,itmaybeassumedthatcraneloadsareresistedasfollows:
verticalwheelloadsareresistedbythemainverticalbeamlocatedundertherail
lateralloadsfromtopmountedcranesareresistedbythetopflangeorsurgegirder
lateralloadsfromunderslungcranesorhoistblocksareresistedbythebottomflange
a.torsionalmomentsareresistedbycouplesactinghorizontallyonthetopandbottomflanges.
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5.Alternativelyto(4),theeffectsoftorsionmaybetreatedasinEN199311.
6.InservicewindloadsFw*andlateralhorizontalcraneloadsHT,3duetoaccelerationorbrakingofthecrabhoistblockshouldbe
assumedtobesharedbetweentherunwaybeamsinproportiontotheirlateralstiffnessesifthecranehasdoublyflangedwheels,but
shouldallbeappliedtotherunwaybeamsononesideifthecraneusesguiderollers.
5.7Localstressesinthewebduetowheelloadsonthetopflange
5.7.1Localverticalcompressivestresses
1.Thelocalverticalcompressivestressoz,Edgeneratedinthewebbywheelloadsonthetopflange,seefigure5.2maybedetermined
from:
where:
Fz,Ed
isthedesignvalueofthewheelload
eff
istheeffectiveloadedlength
tw
isthethicknessofthewebplate.
2.Theeffectiveloadedlengtheffoverwhichthelocalverticalstress0z,Edduetoasinglewheelloadmaybeassumedtobeuniformly
distributed,maybedeterminedusingtable5.1.Cranerailwearinaccordancewith5.6.2(2)and5.6.2(3)shouldbetakeninto
account.
3.Ifthedistancexwbetweenthecentresofadjacentcranewheelsislessthaneffthestressesfromthetwowheelsshouldbe
superposed.
Figure5.2:Effectiveloadedlengtheff
4.Thelocalverticalstress0Z,Edatotherlevelsinthewebmaybecalculatedbyassumingafurtherdistributionateachwheelloadat
15
45fromtheeffectiveloadedlengtheffattheundersideofthetopflange,seefigure5.3,providedthatifthetotallengthof
dispersionexceedsthedistancexwbetweenadjacentwheels,thestressesfromthetwowheelsaresuperposed.
5.Remotefromthesupports,thelocalverticalstress0z,Edcalculatedusingthislengthshouldbemultipliedbythereductionfactor[1
(z/hw)2]wherehwistheoveralldepthofthewebandzisthedistancebelowtheundersideofthetopflange,seefigure5.3.
6.Closetothesupports,thelocalverticalcompressivestressduetoasimilardispersionofthesupportreactionshouldalsobe
determinedandthelargervalueofthestress0z,Edadopted.
Table5.1:Effectiveloadedlengtheff
Case
Description
Effectiveloadedlengtheff
(a)
Cranerailrigidlyfixedtotheflange
eff=3,25[Irf/tw]
(b)
Cranerailnotrigidlyfixedtoflange
eff=3,25[(Ir +If,eff)/tw]
(c)
Cranerailmountedonasuitableresilientelastomericbearingpadatleast6mmthick.
eff=4,25[(Ir +If,eff)/tw]
If,eff
isthesecondmomentofarea,aboutitshorizontalcentroidalaxis,ofaflangewithaneffectivewidthofbeff
Ir
isthesecondmomentofarea,aboutitshorizontalcentroidalaxis,oftherail
Irf
isthesecondmomentofarea,aboutitshorizontalcentroidalaxis,ofthecombinedcrosssection
comprisingtherailandaflangewithaneffectivewidthofbeff
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tw
isthewebthickness.
beff=bfr +hr +tfbutbeffb

where:
b
istheoverallwidthofthetopflange
bfr
isthewidthofthefootoftherail,seefigure5.2
hr
istheheightoftherail,seefigure5.1
tf
istheflangethickness.
Note:Allowforcranerailwear,see5.6.2(2)and5.6.2(3)indeterminingIr ,Irfandhr.
Figure5.3:Distributionat45fromeffectiveloadedlengtheff
16
5.7.2Localshearstresses
1.Themaximumvalueofthelocalshearstressoxz,Edduetoawheelload,actingateachsideofthewheelloadposition,maybe
assumedtobeequalto20%ofthemaximumlocalverticalstressoz,Edatthatlevelintheweb.
2.Thelocalshearstressoxz,Edatanypointshouldbetakenasadditionaltotheglobalshearstressduetothesamewheelload,see
figure5.4.Theadditionalshearstressoxz,Edmaybeneglectedatlevelsinthewebbelowz=0,2hw,wherehwandzareasdefinedin
5.7.1(5).
Figure5.4:Localandglobalshearstressesduetoawheelload
5.7.3Localbendingstressesinthewebduetoeccentricityofwheelloads
1.ThebendingstressT,Edinatransverselystiffenedwebduetothetorsionalmomentmaybedeterminedfrom:
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where:
a
isthespacingofthetransversewebstiffeners
hw
istheoveralldepthoftheweb,clearbetweenflanges
It
isthetorsionconstantoftheflange(includingtherailifitisrigidlyfixed).
2.ThetorsionalmomentTEdduetothelateraleccentricityeyofeachwheelloadFz,Ed,seefigure5.5,shouldbeobtainedfrom:
where:
ey
istheeccentricityeofthewheelloadgivenin2.5.2.1(2)ofEN19913,butey0,5tw,
tw
isthethicknessoftheweb.
17
Figure5.5:Torsionofthetopflange
5.8Localbendingstressesinthebottomflangeduetowheelloads
1.ThefollowingmethodmaybeusedtodeterminethelocalbendingstressesinthebottomflangeofanIsectionbeam,duetowheel
loadsappliedtothebottomflange.
2.Thebendingstressesduetowheelloadsappliedatlocationsmorethanbfromtheendofthebeam,wherebistheflangewidth,can
bedeterminedatthethreelocationsindicatedinfigure5.6:
location0:thewebtoflangetransition
location1:centrelineofthewheelload
location2:outsideedgeoftheflange.
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Figure5.6:Locationsfordeterminingstressesduetowheelloads
3.Providedthatthedistancexwalongtherunwaybeambetweenadjacentwheelloadsisnotlessthan1,5b,wherebistheflangewidth
ofthebeam,thelocallongitudinalbendingstressox,Edandtransversebendingstressoy,Edinthebottomflangeduetothe
applicationofawheelloadmorethanbfromendofthebeamshouldbeobtainedfrom:
where:
18
Fz,Ed
istheverticalcranewheelload
t1
isthethicknessoftheflangeatthecentrelineofthewheelload.
4.Generallythecoefficientscxandcyfordeterminingthelongitudinalandtransversebendingstressesatthethreelocations0,1and2
showninfigure5.6maybedeterminedfromtable5.2dependingonwhetherthebeamhasparallelflangesortaperflanges,andthe
valueoftheratiogivenby:
where:
n
isthedistancefromthecentrelineofthewheelloadtothefreeedgeoftheflange
tw
isthethicknessoftheweb.
Table5.2:Coefficientscxiandcyiforcalculatingstressesatpointsi=0,1and2
Stress
Longitudinal
bendingstress
ox,Ed
Transverse
bendingstress
oy,Ed
Parallelflangebeams
Taperflangebeams(SeeNote)
cx0=0,0500,580+0,148e3015
cx0=0,9811,479+1,120e1,322
cx1,=2,230l,490+l,390e18,33
cx1=1,8101,150+1,060e7,700
cx2=0,7301,580+2,910e6,000
cx2=1,9902,810+0,840e4,690
cy0=2,110+1,977+0,0076e6,530
cy0=1,096+1,095+0,192e6,000
cy1=10,1087,40810,108e1,364
cy1=3,9654,8353,965e2,675
cy2=0,0
cy2=0,0
Signconvention:cx,iandcyiarepositivefortensilestressesatthebottomfaceoftheflange.
NOTE:Thecoefficientsfortaperflangebeamsareforaslopeof14%or8.Theyareconservativeforbeamswithalargerflangeslope.Forbeams
withasmallerflangeslope,itisconservativetoadoptthecoefficientsforparallelflangebeams.Alternativelylinearinterpolationmaybeused.
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5.Alternatively,inthecaseofwheelloadsappliedneartheoutsideedgesoftheflange,thevaluesofthecoefficients
cxandcy
givenintable5.3maybeused.
Table5.3:Coefficientsforcalculatingstressesneartheoutsideedgesofflanges
Stress
Coefficient
Longitudinal
cx0
bendingstress
ox,Ed
Transverse
bendingstress
oy,Ed
Parallelflangebeams
Taperflangebeams(SeeNote)
=0,10
=0,15
=0,15
0,2
0,2
0,2
cx1
2,3
2,1
2,0
cx2
2,2
1,7
2,0
cy0
1,9
1,8
0,9
cy1
0,6
0,6
0,6
cy2
0,0
0,0
0,0
Signconvention:cx,iandcyiarepositivefortensilestressesatthebottomfaceoftheflange.
NOTE:Thecoefficientsfortaperflangebeamsareforaslopeof14%or8.Theyareconservativeforbeamswithalargerflangeslope.Forbeams
withasmallerflangeslope,itisconservativetoadoptthecoefficientsforparallelflangebeams.Alternativelylinearinterpolationmaybeused.
6.Intheabsenceofbetterinformation,thelocalbendingstressoy,end,Edinunstiffenedbottomflangeduetotheapplicationofwheel
loadsataperpendicularendofthebeamshouldbedeterminedfrom:
where:
tf
19
isthemeanthicknessoftheflange.
7.Alternatively,ifthebottomflangeisreinforcedattheendbyweldingonaplateofsimilarthicknessextendingacrossitswidthband
foradistanceofatleastbalongthebeam,seefigure5.7,thelocalbendingstressoy,end,Edmaybeassumednottoexceedox,Ed
andoy,Edfrom(3)or(5).
Figure5.7:Optionalreinforcementattheendofthebottomflange
8.Ifthedistancexwbetweenadjacentwheelloadsislessthan1,5b,aconservativeapproachmaybeadoptedbysuperposingthe
stressescalculatedforeachwheelloadactingseparately,unlessspecialmeasures(suchastesting,see2.5)areadoptedtodetermine
thelocalstresses.
5.9Secondarymomentsintriangulatedcomponents
1.Secondarymomentsduetojointrigidityinmembersoflatticegirders,latticesurgegirdersandtriangulatedbracingpanelsmaybe
allowedforusingk1factorsasspecifiedin4(2)ofEN199319.
2.Formembersofopencrosssectionthek1factorsgivenintable5.4maybeused.
3.Formembersmadefromstructuralhollowsectionswithweldedjoints,thek1factorsgivenintable4.1andtable4.2ofEN199319
maybeused.
20
Table5.4:Coefficientsk1forsecondarystressesinmembersofopencrosssection
(a)Latticegirdersloadedonlyatnodes
RangeofL/yvalues
Chordmembers
L/y20
1,57
20<L/y<50
L/y50
1,1
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Endandinternalmembers
Secondarymembers,seeNote
1,35
1,35
1,35
(b)Latticegirderswithchordmembersloadedbetweennodes
RangeofL/yvalues
L/y<15
Loadedchordmembers
L/y15
1,0
UnloadedchordmembersSecondarymembers,seeNote
1,35
1,35
Endmembers
2,50
2,50
Internalmembers
1,65
1,65
Key:
Listhelengthofthememberbetweennodes
yistheperpendiculardistance,intheplaneoftriangulation,fromthecentroidalaxisofthemembertoitsrelevantedge,measured,asfollows:
compressionchord:inthedirectionfromwhichtheloadsareapplied
tensionchord:inthedirectioninwhichtheloadsareapplied
othermembers:thelargerdistance.
NOTE:Secondarymemberscomprisemembersprovidedtoreducethebucklinglengthsofothermembersortotransmitappliedloadstonodes.Inan
analysisassuminghingedjoints,theforcesinsecondarymembersarenotaffectedbyloadsappliedatothernodes,butinpracticetheyareaffecteddue
tojointrigidityandthecontinuityofchordmembersatjoints.
21
6Ultimatelimitstates
6.1General
1.ThepartialfactorsMforresistanceapplytothevariouscharacteristicvaluesinsection6asindicatedintable6.1.
Table6.1Partialfactorsforresistance
a)resistanceofmembersandcrosssection:
resistanceofcrosssectionstoexcessiveyieldingincludinglocalbuckling
M0
resistanceofmemberstoinstabilityassessedbymemberchecks
M1
resistanceofcrosssectionsintensiontofracture
M2
b)resistanceofjoints
resistanceofbolts
M2
resistanceofrivets
resistanceofpinsatultimatelimitstates
resistanceofwelds
resistanceofplatesinbearing
slipresistance:
atultimatelimitstate(categoryC)
atserviceabilitylimitstate(categoryB)
M3
M3,ser
bearingresistanceofaninjectionbolt
M4
resistanceofjointsinhollowsectionlatticegirders
M5
resistanceofpinsatserviceabilitylimitstates
preloadofhighstrengthbolts
M6,ser
M7
Note:ThepartialfactorsMiforcranesupportingstructuresmaybedefinedintheNationalAnnex.Thefollowingnumericalvalues
arerecommended:
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M0
1,00
M1
1,00
M2
1,25
M3
1,25
M3,ser
1,10
M4
1,00
M5
1,00
M6,ser
1,00
M7
1,10
6.2Resistanceofcrosssection
1.See6.2ofEN199311.
6.3Bucklingresistanceofmembers
6.3.1General
1.See6.3ofEN199311.
22
6.3.2Lateraltorsionalbuckling
6.3.2.1General
1.Incheckingthelateraltorsionalbucklingresistanceofarunwaybeam,thetorsionalmomentsduetotheeccentricitiesofvertical
actionsandlateralhorizontalactionsrelativetotheshearcentreshouldbetakenintoaccount.
NOTE:Themethodsgivenin6.3ofEN199311donotcovertorsionalmoments.
6.3.2.2Effectivelevelofapplicationofwheelloads
1.Ifthecranewheelloadsareappliedtoarunwaybeamthrougharailwithoutanelastomericbearingpad,allowancemaybemadefor
thestabilizingeffectofthehorizontalshiftinthepointofapplicationoftheverticalwheelreactiontotherail,thatoccurswhen
thereistorsionalrotation.ProvidedthatthecrosssectionofthebeamisaplainorlippedIsection,intheabsenceofamoreprecise
analysisitmaybeassumedtobeconservativetotaketheverticalwheelreactionasbeingeffectivelyappliedattheleveloftheshear
centre.
2.Ifthecranewheelloadsareappliedthrougharailsupportedonanelastomericbearingpad,orapplieddirectlytothetopflangeofa
runwaybeam,thesimplificationdetailedin(1)shouldnotbereliedupon,andtheverticalwheelreactionshouldbetakenasbeing
effectivelyappliedatthelevelofthetopoftheflange.
3.Inthecaseofwheelloadsfromamonorailhoistblockoranunderslungcrane,thestabilizingeffectofapplyingtheloadstothe
bottomflangeshouldbeallowedfor.Howeverduetothepossibleeffectsofswinginghoistloads,intheabsenceofamoreprecise
analysistheverticalreactionshouldnotbetakenasbeingeffectivelyappliedbelowthelevelofthetopsurfaceofthebottomflange.
6.3.2.3Assessmentmethods
1.Thelateraltorsionalbucklingresistanceofasimplysupportedrunwaybeammaybeverifiedbycheckingthecompressionflange
plusonefifthofthewebagainstflexuralbucklingasacompressionmember.Itshouldbecheckedforanaxialcompressiveforce
equaltothebendingmomentduetotheverticalactions,dividedbythedepthbetweenthecentroidsoftheflanges.Thebending
momentduetothelateralhorizontalactionsshouldalsobetakenintoaccount,togetherwiththeeffectsoftorsion.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmayspecifyalternativeassessmentmethods.ThemethodgiveninAnnexAisrecommended.
6.4Builtupcompressionmembers
1.See6.4ofEN199311.
6.5Resistanceofthewebtowheelloads
6.5.1General
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1.Thewebofarunwaybeamsupportingatopmountedcraneshouldbecheckedforresistancetothetransverseforcesappliedbythe
cranewheelloads.
2.Inthischeck,theeffectsofthelateraleccentricityofthewheelloadsmaybeneglected.
3.Theresistanceofthewebofarolledorweldedsectiontoatransverseforceapplied
determinedusingsection6ofEN199315.
throughatopflange
shouldbe
4.Fortheinteractionoftransverseforceswithmomentsandaxialforce,see7.2inEN199315.
23
6.5.2Lengthofstiffbearing
1.Thelengthofstiffbearingssontheuppersurfaceofthetopflange,duetoacranewheelloadappliedthrougharail,tobeusedin
6.5ofEN199315,maybeobtainedbyusing:
where:
eff
istheeffectiveloadedlengthattheundersideofthetopflange,fromtable5.1
tf
ifisthethicknessofthetopflange.
6.6Bucklingofplates
1.Forbuckling
ofplatesinsections
therulesinEN199315shouldbeapplied.
2.Theplatebucklingverificationofmembersattheultimatelimitstateshouldbecarriedoutusingoneofthefollowingmethods:
resistancestodesigndirectstresses,shearstressesandtransverseforcesaredeterminedaccordingtosection4,5or6
respectivelyofEN199315,andcombinedusingtheappropriateinteractionformulaeinsection7ofEN199315,
theresistanceisdeterminedonthebasisofclass3crosssectionswithstresslimitsgovernedbylocalbucklingaccordingto
section10ofEN199315.
3.Forstiffenersinstiffenedplatesloadedincompressionwhichreceiveadditionalbendingmomentsfromloadstransversetothe
planeofthestiffenedplate,thestabilitymaybeverifiedaccordingto6.3.3ofEN199311.
6.7Resistanceofbottomflangestowheelloads
1.ThedesignresistanceFf,RdofthebottomflangeofabeamtoawheelloadFz,Edfromanunderslungcraneorhoistblocktrolley
wheel,seefigure6.1,shouldbedeterminedfrom:
where:
eff
istheeffectivelengthofflangeresistingthewheelload,see(3)
istheleverarmfromthewheelloadtotherootoftheflange,see(2)
tf
istheflangethickness
f,Ed
isthestressatthemidlineoftheflangeduetotheoverallinternalmomentinthebeam.
2.Theleverarmmfromthewheelloadtotherootoftheflangeshouldbedeterminedasfollows:
where:
a
isthethroatsizeofafilletweld
istheflangewidth
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n
isthedistancefromthecentrelineofthewheelloadtotheedgeoftheflange
therootradius
tw
isthewebthickness.
3.Theeffectivelengthofflangeeffresistingonewheelloadshouldbedeterminedfromtable6.2.
24
Table6.2:Effectivelengtheff
Case
Wheelposition
eff
(a) Wheeladjacenttoanon
2(m+n)
reinforcedsimplejoint
(b) Wheelremotefromtheendof
amember
(c) Wheeladjacentto
anendstopat
adistance
from
theendofthemember
(d) Wheeladjacenttoanendthat
isfullysupportedeitherfrom
beloworbyaweldedcloser
plate,seefigure6.2,ata
distance
from
theendofthemember
where:
xe
isthedistancefromtheendofmembertothecentrelineofthewheel
xw
isthewheelspacing.
25
Figure6.1:Bendingofbottomflangeremotefromendsandatnonreinforcedjoints
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Figure6.2:Bendingofbottomflangeatfullysupportedends
26
7Serviceabilitylimitstates
7.1General
1.Inadditiontotheultimatelimitstatecriteria,thefollowingserviceabilitylimitstatecriteriashouldalsobesatisfied:
a.deformationsanddisplacements,see7.3:
verticaldeformationofrunwaybeams,toavoidexcessivevibrationscausedbyhoistorcraneoperationortravel
verticaldeformationofrunwaybeams,toavoidexcessiveslopeoftherunway
differentialverticaldeformationofapairofrunwaybeams,toavoidexcessiveslopeofthecrane
horizontaldeformationofrunwaybeams,toreduceskewingofthecrane
lateraldisplacementofsupportingcolumnsorframesatcranesupportlevel,toavoidexcessiveamplitudeofframe
vibrations
differentiallateraldisplacementofadjacentcolumnsorframes,toavoidabruptchangesinhorizontalalignmentof
cranerails,causingincreasedskewingandpossibledistortionofcranebridges
lateralmovementsthatchangethespacingofapairofcranebeams,toavoiddamagetowheelflanges,railfixingsor
cranestructures
b.plateslenderness,inordertoexcludevisiblebucklingorbreathingofwebplates,see7.4
c.stresses,inordertoensurereversiblebehaviour,see7.5:
wherewheelsaresupporteddirectlyontheflangeofarunwaybeam,see2.7
undercranetestloading(from2.10ofEN19913),see2.8(1)
whereplasticglobalanalysisisusedfortheultimatelimitstateverification,see5.4.1(2).
7.2Calculationmodels
1.Stressesanddisplacementsatserviceabilitylimitstatesshouldbedeterminedbylinearelasticanalysis,seeEN199311.
NOTE:Simplifiedcalculationmodelsmaybeusedforstresscalculations,providedthattheeffectsofthesimplificationsare
conservative.
7.3Limitsfordeformationsanddisplacements
1.Thespecificlimits,togetherwiththeserviceabilityloadcombinationsunderwhichtheyapply,shouldbeagreedforeachproject.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmayspecifythelimitsforverticalandhorizontaldeflections.Thelimitsgivenintable7.1are
recommendedforhorizontaldeflectionsunderthecharacteristiccombinationofactions.Thelimitsgivenintable7.2are
recommendedforverticaldeflectionsunderthecharacteristiccombinationofactionswithoutanydynamicamplificationfactors.
27
Table7.1:Limitingvaluesofhorizontaldeflections
Descriptionofdeflection(deformationordisplacement)
Diagram
a)Horizontaldeformationyofarunwaybeam,measuredatthelevelofthetopofthecranerail:
yL/600
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b)Horizontaldisplacementyofaframe(orofacolumn)atcranesupportlevel,duetocraneloads:
yhC/400
where: hc istheheighttothelevelatwhichthecraneissupported(onarailoronaflange)
c)Differenceybetweenthehorizontaldisplacementsofadjacentframes(orcolumns)supporting
thebeamsofanindoorcranerunway:
yL/600
d)Differenceybetweenthehorizontaldisplacementsofadjacentcolumns(orframes)supporting
thebeamsofanoutdoorcranerunway:
duetothecombinationoflateralcraneforcesandtheinservicewindload:
yL/600
duetotheoutofservicewindload
yL/400
e)Changeofspacingsbetweenthecentresofcranerails,includingtheeffectsofthermalchanges:
s10mm[seeNote]
NOTE:Horizontaldeflectionsanddeviationsofcranerunwaysareconsideredtogetherincrane
design.Acceptabledeflectionsandtolerancesdependonthedetailsandclearancesintheguidance
means.Providedthattheclearancecbetweenthecranewheelflangesandthecranerail(orbetween
thealternativeguidancemeansandthecranebeam)isalsosufficienttoaccommodatethe
necessarytolerances,largerdeflectionlimitscanbespecifiedforeachprojectifagreedwiththe
cranesupplierandtheclient.
28
Table7.2:Limitingvaluesofverticaldeflections
Descriptionofdeflection(deformationordisplacement)
Diagram
a)Verticaldeformationzofarunwaybeam:
zL/600andz25mm
Theverticaldeformationzshouldbetakenasthetotaldeformationduetoverticalloads,
lessthepossibleprecamber,asformaxinfigureA1.1ofEN1990.
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b)Differencehcbetweentheverticaldeformationsoftwobeamsformingacranerunway:
hcs/600
c)Verticaldeformationpayofarunwaybeamforamonorailhoistblock,relativetoitssupports,
duetothepayloadonly:
payL/500
7.4Limitationofwebbreathing
1.Theslendernessofwebplatesshouldbelimitedtoavoidexcessivebreathingthatmightresultinfatigueat,oradjacentto,theweb
toflangeconnections.
2.Excessivewebbreathingmaybeneglectedinwebpanelswherethefollowingcriterionissatisfiedunderthefrequentload
combination,seeEN1990:
where:
b
isthesmallerdimensionofthewebpanel
k,k
arethelinearelasticbucklingcoefficientsgiveninEN199315
=
x,Ed,ser
isthedirectstressinthewebpanel
Ed,ser
istheshearstressinthewebpanel.
3.Excessivewebbreathingmaybeneglectedinwebpanelswithoutlongitudinalstiffeners,inwhichtheratiob/twislessthan120,
wheretwisthewebthickness.
29
7.5Reversiblebehaviour
1.Toensurereversiblebehaviour,thestressesEd,serEd,serandresultingfromtherelevantcharacteristicloadcombinationortest
loadcombination,calculatedmakingdueallowancewhererelevantfortheeffectsofshearlaginwideflangesandforthesecondary
effectsinducedbydeformations(forinstancesecondarymomentsintrusses)shouldbelimitedasfollows:
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where:
x,Ed,ser
isthedirectstressinthelongitudinaldirection
y,Ed,ser
isthedirectstressinthelateraldirection
z,Ed,ser
isthedirectstressinthetransversedirection
Ed,ser
isthecoexistingshearstress.
NOTE:ThenumericalvalueforM,sermaybedefinedintheNationalAnnex.Therecommendedvalueis1,00.
2.Thenominalstressesforrunwaybeamssupportingtopmountedcranesshouldincludethelocaldirectstressoz,Ed,serintheweb,
see5.7.1,inadditiontotheglobalstressesx,Ed,serandEd,ser.ThebendingstressT,Edduetotheeccentricityofthewheelloads,
see5.7.3,maybeneglected.
3.Thenominalstressesforrunwaybeamswithamonorailhoistblockoranunderslungcraneshouldincludethelocalstresses
ox,Ed,serandoy,Ed,serinthebottomflange,see5.8,inadditiontotheglobalstressesx,Ed,serandEd,ser.
7.6Vibrationofthebottomflange
1.Thepossibilityofnoticeablelateralvibrationofthebottomflangeofasimplysupportedcranerunwaybeam,inducedbycrane
operationormovement,shouldbeavoided.
2.ThismaybeassumedtobesatisfiediftheslendernessratioL/izofthebottomflangeisnotmorethan250,whereizistheradiusof
gyrationofthebottomflangeandLisitslengthbetweenlateralrestraints.
30
8Fasteners,welds,surgeconnectorsandrails
8.1Connectionsusingbolts,rivetsorpins
1.SeeChapter3ofEN199318.
2.Ifamomentisappliedtoajoint,thedistributionofinternalforcesinthatjointshouldbelinearlyproportionaltothedistancefrom
thecentreofrotation.
8.2Weldedconnections
1.SeeChapter4ofEN199318.
2.Incranesupportingstructures,intermittentfilletweldsshouldnotbeusedwheretheywouldresultintheformationofrustpockets.
NOTE:Theycanbeusedwheretheconnectionisprotectedfromtheweather,e.g.insideboxsections.
3.Intermittentfilletweldsshouldnotbeusedforthewebtoflangeconnectionsofrunwaybeamswheretheweldsaresubjecttolocal
stressesduetothewheelloads.
4.Forhighfatiguecraneclasses,transversewebstiffenersorotherattachmentsshouldnotbeweldedtothetopflangesofrunway
beams.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmayspecifythecraneclassestobetreatedashighfatigue.ClassesS7toS9accordingtoAnnex
BofEN19913arerecommended.
8.3Surgeconnectors
1.Surgeconnectorsattachingthetopflangeofarunwaybeamtothesupportingstructureshouldbecapableofaccommodating:
themovementsgeneratedbytheendrotationoftherunwaybeamduetoverticalloading,seefigure8.1
themovementsgeneratedbytheendrotationofthetopflangeoftherunwaybeamduetolateralcraneforces,seefigure8.2
theverticalmovementsassociatedwiththeverticalcompressionoftherunwaybeamanditssupport,pluswearand
settlementofthebearingsoftherunwaybeam.
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Figure8.1:Endrotationofrunwaybeams
31
Figure8.2:Endrotationofrunwaybeamsduetolateralcraneforces
2.Thedetailingofthe
surgeconnectors
andtheirconnectionsshouldtakeintoaccountthepossibleneedforlateraland
verticaladjustmentoftherunwaybeamsinordertomaintainthealignmentofthecranerunway,whilstalsorespectingthe
toleranceonlocationoftherailrelativetothecentrelineoftheweboftherunwaybeam.
3.Atsupportswherenosurgeconnectorsareused,therunwaybeamandthefastenersshouldbedesignedtotransmitallverticaland
horizontalforcesfromthecranewheelstothesupport.
8.4Cranerails
8.4.1Railmaterial
1.Therailsteelshouldcomplywith3.6.2.
8.4.2Designworkinglife
1.GenerallythegradeofrailsteelshouldbeselectedtogivetherailanappropriatedesignworkinglifeLr.Wherethedesignworking
lifeoftherailislessthanthatoftherunwaybeam,see2.1.3.2,accountshouldbetakenoftheneedforrailreplacementin
selectingtherailfixings,see8.5.
8.4.3Railselection
1.Theselectionofcranerailsshouldtakeintoaccountthefollowing:
therailmaterial
thewheelload
thewheelmaterial
thewheeldiameter
thecraneutilisation.
2.Thecontactpressure(Hertzbearingpressure)betweencranewheelsandrailsshouldbelimitedtoanappropriatevalueinorder:
toreducefriction
toavoidexcessivewearoftherail
toavoidexcessivewearofthewheels.
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3.Themethodgivenin
32
ISO168811
shouldbeapplied.
8.5Railfixings
8.5.1General
1.Dependingontheirdetails,cranerailfixingsmaybeclassifiedasrigidorindependent.
2.Eachmechanicalrailfixingshouldnormallybedesignedtoresistthemaximumlateralhorizontalforcefromonecranewheel.Ifthe
wheelspacingislessthanthespacingbetweenfixings,theirresistanceshouldbeincreasedaccordingly.
8.5.2Rigidfixings
1.Thefollowingtypesofcranerailfixingsmaybeclassifiedasrigid:
railsweldedtorunwaybeams,
railsfixedtorunwaybeamsbyfitbolts,preloadedboltsorrivetsthatpassthroughtheflangeoftherail.
2.Cranerailsthathaverigidrailfixingsmaybetreatedaspartofthecrosssectionoftherunwaybeam,providedthatdueallowanceis
madeforwearoftherail,see5.6.2(2)and5.6.2(3).
3.Rigidrailfixingsshouldbedesignedtoresistthelongitudinalforcesdevelopedbetweentherailandtherunwaybeamplusthelateral
forcesappliedtotherailbythecranewheels.
4.Rigidrailfixingsshouldalsobecheckedagainstfatigue.
8.5.3Independentfixings
1.Allcranerailfixingsthatarenotclassifiedasrigidshouldbeclassifiedasindependentfixings.
2.Independentrailfixingsshouldbedesignedtoresistthelateralforcesappliedtotherailbythecranewheels.
3.Acranerailwithindependentrailfixingsmayhavesuitableelastomericbearingpadsbetweentherailandthebeam.
8.6Railjoints
1.Railsmaybeeither:
continuousoverthejointsofrunwaybeams
discontinuous,withexpansionjoints.
2.Inthecaseofcontinuousrails,theanalysisofthecranesupportingstructureshouldbebasedupontherelevantvaluesofthe
propertiesoftherailfixingsandbeddingfor:
differentialthermalmovement
transmissionofaccelerationandbrakingforcesfromtherailtothebeam.
3.Railjointsshouldbedetailedtominimiseimpact.Asaminimum,abeveljointoffsetfromtheendsoftherunwaybeams(seefigure
8.3)shouldbeused.
Figure8.3:Offsetbeveljointincranerail
33
9Fatigueassessment
9.1Requirementforfatigueassessment
1.FatigueassessmentsaccordingtoEN199319shouldbecarriedoutforallcriticallocations.
2.Fatigueassessmentneednotbecarriedoutforcranesupportingstructuresifthenumberofcyclesatmorethan50%offullpayload
doesnotexceedC0 .
NOTE:ThenumericalvalueforC0 maybedefinedintheNationalAnnex.Therecommendedvalueis104.
3.Afatigueassessmentisgenerallyrequiredonlyforthosecomponentsofthecranesupportingstructurethataresubjecttostress
variationsfromverticalcraneloads.
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NOTE:Stressvariationsfromhorizontalcraneloadsarenormallynegligible.However,insomecasessurgeconnectionscan
sufferfatigueduetolateralcraneloads.Also,forsometypesofcranesupportingstructuresandcraneoperations,fatiguecanresult
frommultipleaccelerationandbrakingactions.
4.Formembersthatmightbesubjecttowindinducedvibrations,seeEN199114.
9.2Partialfactorsforfatigue
1.PThepartialfactorforfatigueloadsshallbetakenasFf.
NOTE:ThenumericalvalueforFfmaybedefinedintheNationalAnnex.Therecommendedvalueis1,0.
2.PThepartialfactorforfatigueresistanceshallbetakenasMf.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmaydefinethevaluesforMf.Theuseoftable3.1inEN199319isrecommended.
9.3Fatiguestressspectra
9.3.1General
1.Thestressespandptakenintoaccountinfatigueverificationsshouldbethenominalstresses(includingbothglobalandlocal
effects)determinedusingelasticanalysis.
2.Wherefullinformationonthedetailsofcraneoperationanddataonthecranesareallavailableduringdesign,fatiguestress
historiesfromcraneoperationsshouldbedeterminedforeachcriticaldetail,usingAnnexAofEN199319.
3.Wheresuchinformationdoesnotexistorwhereasimplifiedapproachneedstobeused,thefatigueloadsfromcraneoperations
maybetakenfrom2.12.1(4)ofEN19913.
4.Thesecondarymomentsduetojointrigidityandchordmembercontinuityinmembersoflatticegirders,latticesurgegirdersand
triangulatedbracingpanelsshouldbeincludedasspecifiedin5.9.
9.3.2Simplifiedapproach
1.Forthesimplifiedfatigueloadingspecifiedin2.121(4)ofEN19913,thefollowingproceduremaybeusedtodeterminethedesign
stressrangespectrum.
NOTE:Thesimplifiedfatigueload
Qe=fatmax,iQmax,i
fromEN19913isalreadyrelatedto2106cycles.
2.Themaximumstressesp,maxandp,maxandtheminimumstressesp,minandp,minduetothesimplifiedfatigueloadQeshouldbe
determinedfortherelevantdetail.
3.Thedamageequivalentstressrangerelatedto
2106
cyclesE2E2maybeobtainedfrom:
4.Wherethenumberofstresscyclesishigherthanthenumberofcraneworkingcycles,seefigure9.1,theequivalentloadQe
accordingto2.12.1(4)ofEN19913shouldbedeterminedusingthishighernumberasthetotalnumberofworkingcyclesCintable
2.11ofEN19913.
34
Figure9.1:Exampleoftwostresscyclesarisingfromonecraneworkingcycle
9.3.3Localstressesduetowheelloadsonthetopflange
1.Intheweb,thefollowinglocalstressesduetowheelloadsonthetopflangeshouldbetakenintoaccount:
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compressivestressesz,Edasspecifiedin5.7.1,
withoutassumingcontactbetweenflangeandwebincaseofnotfully
penetratedwelds
shearstressesxz,Edasspecifiedin5.7.2,
unlessspecifiedotherwise,bendingstressesT,EdduetothelateraleccentricityeyofverticalloadsFz,Edasspecifiedin5.7.3.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmaydefinecraneclassesforwhichthebendingstressesT,Edcanbeneglected.Crane
classesSotoS3arerecommended.
2.
Forpartialpenetrationandfilletweldsthecompressiveandshearstressescalculatedforthewebthicknessshouldbe
transformedtothestressesoftheweld.SeeTable8.10inEN199319
3.Iftherailisweldedtotheflange,thelocalstressesintheweldsconnectingtherailtotheflangeshouldbetakenintoaccount
withoutassumingcontactbetweenflangeandrail
9.3.4Localstressesduetounderslungtrolleys
1.Thelocalbendingstressesinthebottomflangeduetowheelloadsfromunderslungtrolleys,see5.8,shouldbetakenintoaccount.
9.4Fatigueassessment
9.4.1General
1.Seesection8ofEN199319.
9.4.2Multiplecraneactions
1.Foramemberloadedbytwoormorecranes,thetotaldamageshouldsatisfythecriterion:
where:
35
Di
isthedamageduetoasinglecraneiactingindependently
Ddup
istheadditionaldamageduetocombinationsoftwoormorecranesoccasionallyactingtogether.
2.ThedamageDiduetoasinglecraneiactingindependentlyshouldbecalculatedfromthedirectstressrangeortheshearstress
rangeorboth,dependingupontheconstructionaldetail,seeEN199319,using:
where:
E2,i
istheequivalentconstantamplitudedirectstressrangeforasinglecranei
E2,i
istheequivalentconstantamplitudeshearstressrangeforasinglecranei.
3.TheadditionaldamageDdupduetotwoormorecranesoccasionallyactingtogethershouldbecalculatedfromthedirectstressrange
ortheshearstressrangeorboth,dependingontheconstructionaldetail,seeEN199319,using:
where:
E2,dup
istheequivalentconstantamplitudedirectstressrangeduetotwoormorecranesactingtogether
E2,dup
istheequivalentconstantamplitudeshearstressrangeduetotwoormorecranesactingtogether.
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4.Iftwocranesareintendedtoacttogether(intandemorotherwise)toasubstantialextent,thetwocranesshouldbetreatedas
comprisingonesinglecrane.
5.Intheabsenceofbetterinformation,theequivalentconstantamplitudestressrangeE2duetotwoormorecranesoccasionally
actingtogethermaybeobtainedbyapplyingdamageequivalencefactorsdup.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmaydefinethevaluesofthefactorsdup.Itisrecommendedtotakeavalueofdupequaltothe
valuesifromtable2.12ofEN19913foraloadingclassSiasfollows:
for2cranes:
2classesbelowtheloadingclassofthecranewiththelowestloadingclass
for3ormorecranes:
3classesbelowtheloadingclassofthecranewiththelowestloadingclass.
9.5Fatiguestrength
1.Seetables8.1to8.10ofEN199319.
36
AnnexA
Alternativeassessmentmethodforlateraltorsionalbuckling
[informative]
NOTE:WherespecifiedintheNationalAnnex,themethodgiveninthisAnnexAmaybeusedasanalternativetothemethod
givenin6.3.2.3(1).
A.1General
1.Thismethodmaybeusedtocheckthelateraltorsionalbucklingresistanceofasimplysupportedrunwaybeamofuniformcross
section,withverticalactionsandlateralhorizontalactionsappliedeccentricallyrelativetoitsshearcentre.
2.Theactionsshouldbeexpressedasverticalandhorizontalforcesappliedthroughtheshearcentre,togetherwithawarpingtorsional
momentTw.
A.2Interactionformula
1.Membersthataresubjectedtocombinedbendingandtorsionshouldsatisfy:
where:
C mz
istheequivalentuniformmomentfactorforbendingaboutthezzaxis,accordingtoEN199311TableB.3
kw
kzw
My,Edand
arethedesignvaluesofthemomentsabouttheyyandzzaxisrespectively
Mz,Ed
My,Rkand
Mz,Rk
My,cr
arethecharacteristicvaluesoftheresistancemomentofthecrosssectionaboutitsyyandzzaxisrespectively,fromEN
199311Table6.7
istheelasticcriticallateraltorsionalbucklingmomentabouttheyyaxis
BEd
isthedesignvalueofthewarpingtorsionalmoment
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BRk
LT
isthecharacteristicvalueofthewarpingtorsionalresistancemoment
isthereductionfactorforlateraltorsionalbucklingaccordingto6.3.2ofEN199311.
2.ThereductionfactorLT maybedeterminedfrom6.3.2.3ofEN199311forrolledorequivalentweldedsectionswithequalflanges,
orwithunequalflanges,takingbasthewidthofthecompressionflange,providedthat:
Iz,t/Iz,c 0,2
where:
Iz,candIz,t
arethesecondmomentsofareaaboutthezzaxisforthecompressionandtensionflangesrespectively.
37
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