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Ce455 14
Ce455 14
and Management
All wastes from human and animal activities
that are normally solid and discarded as
useless or unwanted
Three classes
Municipal wastes
Industrial wastes
Hazardous wastes
Type
Municipal
Industrial
Hazardous
Example
food wastes,
rubbish, ashes
and residues,
demolition and
construction
wastes, special
wastes,
treatment plant
wastes
rubbish, ashes,
demolition and
construction
wastes, special
wastes, and
hazardous
wastes
Source
residential,
commercial,
open areas,
treatment
plants
metal finishing
shop, photo
laboratory,
electroplating
shop, paint
shop,
automobile
manufacturing
plant, etc
wastes that are hospitals and
ignitable,
biological
corrosive, react research
with other
facilities,
materials, or
munition plants,
are toxic
nuclear power
plants, etc
Hazardous wastes
Detailed definition in the Federal Register on
May 19, 1980 (pp. 33, 121-122)
Grouped into the following categories:
Radioactive substances
Chemicals
Biological wastes
Flammable wastes
Explosives
Chemical wastes include wastes that are
corrosive, reactive, or toxic
Generated by most industrial activities in
limited amounts
Must also consider spills
Hard to determine quantities
Must consider material used to absorb spill
such as straw
Both the material and the spill are
hazardous
Individual Components
Typical composition of municipal solid wastes
Table 10-3
Particle size
Important to the recovery of materials
Especially with mechanical means (trommel
screens and magnetic separators)
Moisture content
Mass of moisture per unit mass of wet or dry
material
Wet-mass method of measurement
Moisture in a sample is expressed as a
percentage of the wet mass of the material
MC (%)={(a-b)} OVER a 100
Where: MC =
moisture
content (%)
a = initial mass of sample as
delivered
b = mass of sample after drying
Moisture content
Dry-mass method of measurement
USE 455/555 Class 14
Component
Food Wastes
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Garden Trimmings
Wood
Tin Cans
Percent by Mass
15
45
10
10
10
5
5
% by mass MC, %
Food waste
15
Paper
45
Cardboard
10
Plastics
10
Garden
10
trimmings
Wood
5
Tin cans
5
Total
100
* Based on a 100 kg sample
70
6
5
2
60
20
3
Dry mass,
kg*
4.5
42.3
9.5
9.8
4.0
4.0
4.9
79.0
Column 4 calculations:
MC (%) = {(100)(Column ~1)-b} OVER {(100)
(Column~1)} 100
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Density
Mass per unit volume of waste
Typical densities for solid wastes (components
and mixtures)
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Chemical composition
Important if the solid wastes are to be used as
fuel
Three types of analyses:
Proximate analysis
a. Moisture (loss at 105oC for 1 hr)
b. Volatile matter (additional loss on ignition
at 950oC)
c. Ash (residue after burning)
d. Fixed carbon (remainder)
Ultimate analysis
a. percent of C (carbon)
b. H (hydrogen)
c. O (oxygen)
d. N (nitrogen)
e. S (sulfur)
Energy content - Heat of combustion released
when the waste is burned
a.
b.
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% by
mass
15
45
10
10
10
Energy
kJ/kg*
4,650
16,750
16,300
32,600
6,500
Food waste
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Garden
trimmings
Wood
5
18,600
Tin cans
5
700
Total
*
Provided
**
Based on a 100-kg sample
Total energy
kJ
69,750
753,750
163,000
326,000
65,000
93,000
3,500
1,474,000
Dulongs Formula
Shows relationship of chemical constituents to
energy value
USE 455/555 Class 14
18
Where: C = fraction of
carbon
H = fraction of hydrogen
O = fraction of oxygen
S = fraction of sulfur
Higher~heating~value~(kJ/kg) = 32,851C+141,989(H-O
OVER 8)+9,263S
Example:
Compone
nt
Dry
mas
s,
g
Composition, kg
C
H
O
2.16 0.29 1.69
N
0.12
S
0.02
Ash
0.23
Food
waste
Paper
15
4.5
45
0.08
2.54
Cardboar
d
Plastics
Garden
trimming
s
Wood
Total
10
0.02
0.48
10
10
9.8
4.0
0.14
0.01
0.98
0.18
5
95
4.0
1.98 0.24 1.71 0.01
74.1 34.5 4.58 30.00 0.43
1
0.13
0.06
4.47
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O = Fraction oxygen
S = Fraction sulfur
First:
Component
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Ash
Total
Mass, kg
34.51
4.58
30.00
0.43
0.13
4.47
74.1
Percent by
mass
(Column 3)/74.1
46.6
6.2
40.5
0.6
0.2
6.0
100.1
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Regulatory Status
In the early 1980s, EPA reviewed federal and
state solid waste regulatory programs to
identify areas of inadequacy
October 1988 - Results were submitted to
congress, Report to Congress: Solid Waste
Disposal in the United States
Report showed:
In 1988 - 180 million tons of municipal solid
waste
By 2000 - projected 216 million tons of
municipal solid waste
Steady decreasing capacity for disposal
EPA developed a national strategy, February
1989, The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for
Action
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National Strategy
Describes wide range of activities for
government, industry, and the general public
Cornerstone of the strategy is called
"Integrated Waste Management"
Involves complete waste life-cycle:
Source reduction
Recycling
Combustion
Land filling
Strongly encourages source reduction (both in
quantity and toxicity)
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Strategic goals
1.
2.
3.
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Reuse
Encourage individuals to reuse rather than
purchase new (aluminum, plastic bags, plastic
food containers, etc.)
Plastic and paper bag return
Use of cloth sacks for shopping
Repair electronics and major appliances
Donate used clothing and furniture
Donate used books to libraries
Reuse construction materials
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Waste Reduction
Purchase in bulk quantities
Reduce packaging
Replace disposables with reusables (sometimes
may have other adverse environmental
consequences, e.g. disposable diapers)
Recycling
Recyclable materials include:
Aluminum Metals
Batteries Newspaper
Cardboard Paper
Glass
Tin cans
Tires
Many states have a "Bottle Bill" to encourage
recycling of glass and aluminum
Separation greatly improves the economics
At the point of generation
At the disposal facility
Mechanical devices at municipal
USE 455/555 Class 14
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separation facilities
Conveyors - move waste past workers who pick
out specified recyclables
Magnetic drums or conveyors - removing
ferrous material
Air classifiers - separate out heavy and light
material
Lighter - paper and plastic
Heavier - glass and textiles
Trommels - sort materials by size
Composting
Another process associated with recycling
Microbiological decay of organic materials in an
aerobic environment
Possible waste types:
Agricultural waste
Grass clippings
Leaves and yard waste
Food waste
Paper products
USE 455/555 Class 14
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Municipal sludge
Leaf composting is popular but land intensive
Example:
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Combustion
Generally viewed as unfavorable by the public
Significant reduction of volume and weight
Can provide steam and electricity
High capital and operational expenditures
Requires highly skilled operators
Air emissions must be handled (Changing form
of the pollution)
Burn in bulk or reduced form
Shredded waste is called Refuse Derived Fuel
(RDF) - combined w/ fuel
Gross electric output from a resource recovery
system ranges from 340 to 600 kw-hr per ton
of solid waste
In-house power requirements - 10 to 15
percent
The remaining 85 to 90 percent can be sold
back to the local utility
USE 455/555 Class 14
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Incineration gases
99% - CO2, Oxygen, nitrogen and water vapor
Nitrogen and sulfur oxides are produced
Low as compared with fossil fuel plant
Also - heavy metals, dioxins, other possible
carcinogens
Remove w/ wet and dry scrubbers
Land filling
Used for centuries
Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (MSWLF) is a
discrete area of land or an excavation that
receives household waste
(Also subtitle D wastes under RCRA, e.g
commercial waste, nonhazardous sludge, etc.)
No hazardous waste allowed
Bird hazard to airports
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