Keith Lester Alisangco

Mendoza
BSECE A86

Prof. Engr. Ivanlee

Wire Communication

Losses and Impairments

1. Echoes and Singing

both occurs as a result of transmitted signals being coupled into a return path
and fed back to the respective sources. Coupling will be zero only when perfect
impedance matching occurs. Impedance matching between trunks and subscriber
loop (two wire to four wire at hybrid) is difficult due to various subscriber loop
lengths. A signal reflected to the speaker's end of the circuit is called talker echo
and at the listener's end is called listeners echo. The talker echo is more
troublesome. When the returning signal is repeatedly coupled back into the forward
path to produce oscillations, singing occurs. Basically singing results if the loop gain
at some frequency is greater than unity. An echo coming 0.5 msec after the speech
is not much effect. The echoes with a round trip delay of more than 45 msec cannot
be tolerated.
2. Crosstalk
is any phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel of
a transmission system creates an undesired effect in another circuit or channel.
Crosstalk is usually caused by undesired capacitive, inductive, or conductive
coupling from one circuit, part of a circuit, or channel, to another.
3. Losses

Insertion loss

is the loss of signal power resulting from the insertion of a device in

a transmission line or optical fiber and is usually expressed in decibels(dB).
If the power transmitted to the load before insertion is PT and the power received by
the load after insertion is PR, then the insertion loss in dB is given by,

IL(dB)=10 log

Net loss

PT
PR

The ratio of the signal power at the input and output of the channel.

Return loss

A measure of the match between two impedances on either side of a junction point.
Return loss formula (dB)

RL=20 log

Where:

Z 1+ Z 2
Z 1Z 2

Z 1Z 2 complex impedance of the two halves of the circuit.

Echo return loss (ERL)

The weighted power-average return loss at the reflection point covering the
band of approximately 500 to 2500 Hz. It is the ratio of the power of a
broadband incident signal to that of the correspondingly broadband reflected
signal.

Singing return loss (SRL)

The as echo return loss, but over a considerably narrow band near an
edge of the voice band, e.g. 200 to 500 Hz or 2500 to 3200 Hz.