Introduction

Some Results

The Structure of
the Absolute Central of Certain Groups
WANG KAH LUN SEI130031
Institute of Mathematical Sciences
University of Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur

SJEM3380 Mathematical Science Project

Semester 2 Session 2015/2016

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Outline
Introduction
Definition
Literature Review
Objectives

Some Results
Properties of Absolute Center
Structure of Absolute Center of Certain Groups
Applications

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Outline
Introduction
Definition
Literature Review
Objectives

Some Results
Properties of Absolute Center
Structure of Absolute Center of Certain Groups
Applications

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Definition 1
The automorphism group of a group G, denoted by Aut(G) is
defined as
Aut(G) = { : G G | is an isomorphism}

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Definition 2
The center of a group G, denoted by Z(G) is defined as
Z(G) = {x G | gx = xg, g G}

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Summary

Definition 3
The absolute center of a group G, denoted by L(G) is defined as
L(G) = {g G : (g) = g, Aut(G)}

Introduction

Some Results

Outline
Introduction
Definition
Literature Review
Objectives

Some Results
Properties of Absolute Center
Structure of Absolute Center of Certain Groups
Applications

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

P.V. Hegarty
The absolute central of a group
J. Algebra 169(1994), 929-935

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

P.V. Hegarty
The absolute central of a group
J. Algebra 169(1994), 929-935
introduced the absolute center L(G)

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Summary

P.V. Hegarty
The absolute central of a group
J. Algebra 169(1994), 929-935
introduced the absolute center L(G)
For a finite group K, there are only finitely many finite groups

G for which G/L(G)

= K.

Introduction

Some Results

Summary

P.V. Hegarty
The absolute central of a group
J. Algebra 169(1994), 929-935
introduced the absolute center L(G)
For a finite group K, there are only finitely many finite groups

G for which G/L(G)

= K.
If |G/L(G)| = n. Then
2

|Aut(G)| (n!)(n(n1) )

Introduction

Some Results

Outline
Introduction
Definition
Literature Review
Objectives

Some Results
Properties of Absolute Center
Structure of Absolute Center of Certain Groups
Applications

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

1. Study the properties of the absolute center

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

1. Study the properties of the absolute center

2. Find the absolute center of certain groups

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

1. Study the properties of the absolute center

2. Find the absolute center of certain groups
3. Study the relationship between the Frattini
subgroup and the absolute center

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Outline
Introduction
Definition
Literature Review
Objectives

Some Results
Properties of Absolute Center
Structure of Absolute Center of Certain Groups
Applications

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 1.1
Let G be a group. Then L(G) Z(G).

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 1.1
Let G be a group. Then L(G) Z(G).

Theorem 1.2
Let G be a group. Then L(G) E G.

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 1.1
Let G be a group. Then L(G) Z(G).

Theorem 1.2
Let G be a group. Then L(G) E G.

Theorem 1.3
Let G be a group. Then L(G) is characteristic subgroup of G.

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Summary

Theorem 1.1
Let G be a group. Then L(G) Z(G).

Theorem 1.2
Let G be a group. Then L(G) E G.

Theorem 1.3
Let G be a group. Then L(G) is characteristic subgroup of G.

Theorem 1.4
Let G be a group. Then L(G) is hereditarily normal subgroup of G.

Introduction

Some Results

Outline
Introduction
Definition
Literature Review
Objectives

Some Results
Properties of Absolute Center
Structure of Absolute Center of Certain Groups
Applications

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 2.1
Let G
= Zpn1 Zpnk be a finite abelian p-group, in which
n1 nk . Then

Z , p = 2, and k = 1 or n > n
2
1
2
L(G) =
1,
p is odd, or p = 2 and n1 = n2

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 2.1
Let G
= Zpn1 Zpnk be a finite abelian p-group, in which
n1 nk . Then

Z , p = 2, and k = 1 or n > n
2
1
2
L(G) =
1,
p is odd, or p = 2 and n1 = n2
Case 1: p = 2 and k = 1
Case 2: p = 2 and n1 > n2
Case 3: p is odd
Case 4: p = 2 and n1 = n2

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 2.2
Let G = H1 Hk be a finite group. Then
L(G) L(H1 ) L(Hk )
Moreover, if Hi is characteristic in G for i = 1, . . . , k, then
L(G) = L(H1 ) L(Hk )

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 2.2
Let G = H1 Hk be a finite group. Then
L(G) L(H1 ) L(Hk )
Moreover, if Hi is characteristic in G for i = 1, . . . , k, then
L(G) = L(H1 ) L(Hk )
Proof. Let i Aut(Hi ).
Define : G G by
(h1 , . . . , hk ) = (1 (h1 ), . . . , k (hk )), (h1 , . . . , hk ) G
Then Aut(G).

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 2.2
Let G = H1 Hk be a finite group. Then
L(G) L(H1 ) L(Hk )
Moreover, if Hi is characteristic in G for i = 1, . . . , k, then
L(G) = L(H1 ) L(Hk )
Proof. Let i Aut(Hi ).
Define : G G by
(h1 , . . . , hk ) = (1 (h1 ), . . . , k (hk )), (h1 , . . . , hk ) G
Then Aut(G).
Let (h1 , . . . , hk ) L(G).
(1 (h1 ), . . . , k (hk )) = (h1 , . . . , hk )
(h1 , . . . , hk ) L(H1 ) L(Hk )

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

If Hi char. G, Aut(G)
= Aut(H1 ) Aut(Hk ).

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

If Hi char. G, Aut(G)
= Aut(H1 ) Aut(Hk ).
Let Aut(G). Then = 1 k where i Aut(Hi ).

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

If Hi char. G, Aut(G)
= Aut(H1 ) Aut(Hk ).
Let Aut(G). Then = 1 k where i Aut(Hi ).
Let (h1 , . . . , hk ) L(H1 ) L(Hk ).
(h1 , . . . , hk ) = (1 k )(h1 , . . . , hk )
= (1 (h1 ), . . . , k (hk ))
= (h1 , . . . , hk )
(h1 , . . . , hk ) L(G)

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

If Hi char. G, Aut(G)
= Aut(H1 ) Aut(Hk ).
Let Aut(G). Then = 1 k where i Aut(Hi ).
Let (h1 , . . . , hk ) L(H1 ) L(Hk ).
(h1 , . . . , hk ) = (1 k )(h1 , . . . , hk )
= (1 (h1 ), . . . , k (hk ))
= (h1 , . . . , hk )
(h1 , . . . , hk ) L(G)
We conclude that
L(G) = L(H1 ) L(Hk )

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 2.3
A finite group G is cyclic iff G/L(G) is cyclic.

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Summary

Theorem 2.3
A finite group G is cyclic iff G/L(G) is cyclic.
Proof.
( = ): Since G/L(G) is cyclic and L(G) Z(G), G is abelian.
Then G
= P1 Pn where Pi is the Sylow pi -subgroup of G.

Introduction

Some Results

Summary

Theorem 2.3
A finite group G is cyclic iff G/L(G) is cyclic.
Proof.
( = ): Since G/L(G) is cyclic and L(G) Z(G), G is abelian.
Then G
= P1 Pn where Pi is the Sylow pi -subgroup of G.
Thus L(G) = L(P1 ) L(P2 ) L(Pn ).
G P1
P2
Pn

=
L(G)
L(P1 ) L(P2 )
L(Pn )

Introduction

Some Results

Summary

Theorem 2.3
A finite group G is cyclic iff G/L(G) is cyclic.
Proof.
( = ): Since G/L(G) is cyclic and L(G) Z(G), G is abelian.
Then G
= P1 Pn where Pi is the Sylow pi -subgroup of G.
Thus L(G) = L(P1 ) L(P2 ) L(Pn ).
G P1
P2
Pn

=
L(G)
L(P1 ) L(P2 )
L(Pn )
Therefore, Pi /L(Pi ) is cyclic and Pi is abelian.
Hence, L(Pi ) = 1 or Z2 .

Introduction

Some Results

Summary

Theorem 2.3
A finite group G is cyclic iff G/L(G) is cyclic.
Proof.
( = ): Since G/L(G) is cyclic and L(G) Z(G), G is abelian.
Then G
= P1 Pn where Pi is the Sylow pi -subgroup of G.
Thus L(G) = L(P1 ) L(P2 ) L(Pn ).
G P1
P2
Pn

=
L(G)
L(P1 ) L(P2 )
L(Pn )
Therefore, Pi /L(Pi ) is cyclic and Pi is abelian.
Hence, L(Pi ) = 1 or Z2 .

Introduction

Case 1: L(Pi ) = 1
Pi
= Pi /{1} = Pi /L(Pi ).

Some Results

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Case 1: L(Pi ) = 1
Pi
= Pi /{1} = Pi /L(Pi ).
Case 2: L(Pi ) = Z2
Assume Pi
= Z2n1 Z2n2 Z2nk where n1 > n2 .
Pi /L(Pi )
= Z2n1 1 Z2n2 Z2nk .
Pi /L(Pi ) is not cyclic, a contradiction.
So Pi
= Z2n .

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Case 1: L(Pi ) = 1
Pi
= Pi /{1} = Pi /L(Pi ).
Case 2: L(Pi ) = Z2
Assume Pi
= Z2n1 Z2n2 Z2nk where n1 > n2 .
Pi /L(Pi )
= Z2n1 1 Z2n2 Z2nk .
Pi /L(Pi ) is not cyclic, a contradiction.
So Pi
= Z2n .
In both cases, Pi is cyclic.
Therefore G is cyclic.

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Outline
Introduction
Definition
Literature Review
Objectives

Some Results
Properties of Absolute Center
Structure of Absolute Center of Certain Groups
Applications

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.1
Let G be a finite group. Then L(G) = G iff G
= 1 or Z2 .

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.1
Let G be a finite group. Then L(G) = G iff G
= 1 or Z2 .
Proof.
( = ) : Suppose G = L(G) and G 6= 1.

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.1
Let G be a finite group. Then L(G) = G iff G
= 1 or Z2 .
Proof.
( = ) : Suppose G = L(G) and G 6= 1.
Note that G = L(G) Z(G) G. Hence, G is abelian.

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.1
Let G be a finite group. Then L(G) = G iff G
= 1 or Z2 .
Proof.
( = ) : Suppose G = L(G) and G 6= 1.
Note that G = L(G) Z(G) G. Hence, G is abelian.
Take Aut(G) where is defined by
(g) = g 1 ,

g G

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.1
Let G be a finite group. Then L(G) = G iff G
= 1 or Z2 .
Proof.
( = ) : Suppose G = L(G) and G 6= 1.
Note that G = L(G) Z(G) G. Hence, G is abelian.
Take Aut(G) where is defined by
(g) = g 1 ,

g G

Let x G where x 6= 1.
x1 = x
x2 = 1
So all the elements in G other than 1 have order 2.

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.1
Let G be a finite group. Then L(G) = G iff G
= 1 or Z2 .
Proof.
( = ) : Suppose G = L(G) and G 6= 1.
Note that G = L(G) Z(G) G. Hence, G is abelian.
Take Aut(G) where is defined by
(g) = g 1 ,

g G

Let x G where x 6= 1.
x1 = x
x2 = 1
So all the elements in G other than 1 have order 2.
Since G/L(G) = G/G = {G} which is cyclic, hence G is cyclic.
Hence we conclude that G
= Z2 .

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.2
Let G be a finite abelian group. Then
(a) If |G| is odd, then L(G) = 1.
(b) If |G| is even, then L(G) = 1 or Z2 .

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.2
Let G be a finite abelian group. Then
(a) If |G| is odd, then L(G) = 1.
(b) If |G| is even, then L(G) = 1 or Z2 .

Theorem 3.3
Let G be a cyclic group. Then

1,
if |G| is odd or |G| =
L(G) =
Z , if |G| is even
2

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Proof.
We will only consider the case |G| = .
Write G = hxi.
Then Aut(G) = {1, } where (x) = x1 .

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Proof.
We will only consider the case |G| = .
Write G = hxi.
Then Aut(G) = {1, } where (x) = x1 .
Let xr L(G).
(xr ) = xr
xr = xr
x2r = 1
2r = 0
r=0
Hence, xr = 1.
We conclude that L(G) = 1.

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.4
Let G be a group. If Z(G)
= 1 or Z2 , then L(G) = Z(G).

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.4
Let G be a group. If Z(G)
= 1 or Z2 , then L(G) = Z(G).
Proof.
Case 1: Z(G) = 1

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.4
Let G be a group. If Z(G)
= 1 or Z2 , then L(G) = Z(G).
Proof.
Case 1: Z(G) = 1
Since 1 L(G) Z(G) = 1, we have L(G) = 1.

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.4
Let G be a group. If Z(G)
= 1 or Z2 , then L(G) = Z(G).
Proof.
Case 1: Z(G) = 1
Since 1 L(G) Z(G) = 1, we have L(G) = 1.
Case 2: Z(G)
= Z2 = {1, x}

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.4
Let G be a group. If Z(G)
= 1 or Z2 , then L(G) = Z(G).
Proof.
Case 1: Z(G) = 1
Since 1 L(G) Z(G) = 1, we have L(G) = 1.
Case 2: Z(G)
= Z2 = {1, x}
Note that L(G) Z(G).
Let Aut(G).
Since Z(G) char. G, (Z(G)) = Z(G).

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.4
Let G be a group. If Z(G)
= 1 or Z2 , then L(G) = Z(G).
Proof.
Case 1: Z(G) = 1
Since 1 L(G) Z(G) = 1, we have L(G) = 1.
Case 2: Z(G)
= Z2 = {1, x}
Note that L(G) Z(G).
Let Aut(G).
Since Z(G) char. G, (Z(G)) = Z(G).
Since is a homomorphism, (1) = 1.
Since is bijective, (x) = x.
Hence, Z(G) L(G).

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.5
Let D2n be a dihedral group of order 2n.

1,
if n is odd.
L(D2n ) =
Z , if n is even.
2

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.5
Let D2n be a dihedral group of order 2n.

1,
if n is odd.
L(D2n ) =
Z , if n is even.
2

Theorem 3.6
Let Q4n be a generalized quaternion group of order 4n.
L(Q4n ) = Z2

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.7
Let Sn be a symmetric group of order n.

1
n3
L(Sn ) =
Z n = 2
2

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Theorem 3.7
Let Sn be a symmetric group of order n.

1
n3
L(Sn ) =
Z n = 2
2

Theorem 3.8
Let An be an alternating group of order n.
L(An ) = 1

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Summary
We have found the absolute center of the following groups:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

finite abelian p-group and finite abelian group

finite group whose the absolute center is the group itself
cyclic group NEW
dihedral group and generalized quaternion group NEW
symmetric group and alternating group NEW

Summary

Introduction

Some Results

Summary
We have found the absolute center of the following groups:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

finite abelian p-group and finite abelian group

finite group whose the absolute center is the group itself
cyclic group NEW
dihedral group and generalized quaternion group NEW
symmetric group and alternating group NEW

For further research, one may try to find the absolute center

of the following groups:

1.
2.
3.
4.

finite group
finite non-abelian p-group
general and special linear group
metacyclic group

Summary

Appendix

References
M. Chaboksavar, M. Farrokhi Derakhshandeh Ghouchan, F.
Saeedi
Finite groups with a given absolute central factor group
Arch. Math., 102(2014), 401-409
H.Y. Meng, X.Y. Guo
The absolute center of finite groups
J. Group Theory, 18(2015), 887-904