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Telekomunikacije Zbirka Zadataka Urosevic
Telekomunikacije Zbirka Zadataka Urosevic
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wi
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~p
30paH M. YpomeBun
TEJIEKOMYHIIKAl1;I1JE
EJIEMEHTM TEOPMJE, AHAJIM3E M OEPA)J;E
CMrHAJIA'
"'"
/lrJf
I
I
I
I
~
2000
e
H
IIPE;:J;rOBOP
36HpKa Ca.Ll:PJKH 86 .Ll:eTaJI,HO ypaljemrx 3a.Ll:aTaKa ca rrporrpaTHHM
p6jailIInelbHMa H KOMeHTapHMa. 3aje.Ll:Ho ca YI.I6eHHKoM "TeJleKoMYuu
Kalluje eJleMeUmU meopuje, aHaJlU3e U o6paoe CUZHaJla" HCTHX ayropa
?Ba 36HpKa npe.Ll:CT~BJha IIeJIHHY ~oja TPe6a .Ll:a oMorynH CTY.Ll:eHTHMa .Ll:a
TO JIaKme CaBJIa.Ll:aJY OBY MaTepHJY.
90% eHepmje
HHKBHcTa,
~e/IIorJIaBJba
~me.Ll:y
_SHpKe.
t Eeorpa.Ll:Y
1pTa 2000.
AyrOPH
It
npaBoyzaoHux uMnYllca)
PerneJbe:
(a) Y cJIyqajy nOBopKc npaBoyraoHHx m.myJ1ca aHBeJIOna cneKTPa HMa
06JIHK sinc $)'IIKIIHje ca HyJIa!\.1a (jlYHKIIHje y TatfKaMa ml9 me je 9
IDHpHHa HMnyJICa, a rriJeIIpHpO.Ll:aIl 6poj (m= 1,2,3, ... ). ITpeMa TOMe,
mHI?HHa CBaKe apKa.Ll:e je:
= 10 kHz
a= 91T
=9-fl
M "0
8f=
IIa y nocMa'rpaHoM cJIyqajy y cBaKoj apKa.Ll:H IIOCTOjH:
= 8f/fl
1/0,1
10 xapMoHHKa
PemelLe:
ilOBopKa je,n;HocMepHHx rrpaBoyraoHHx
.ue(jJHHHCaTH CJIe,n;enHM aHaJIHTHqKHM H3pa30M:
= =
iE
set)
PBpWHa =E 2 = 2 2 = 4 W
3a -
3a
MOJKe
ce
e
t :::;
-<t:::;
HMIIyJIca
3a --:::; t <
2
crreKTpa
rrOBopKe je.n;HOCMepHHx
nnOflrJV?OOHUX UMnVJUYI)
= 1/8
B=
I';
~ '-'
b'
''0
11'
~
'*
"t'
,,'!Ill
\\,.,{' f0
set) = E
3a
\,,\J
~u~~
'(\J ~
3a -
3a
:::; t
<--
--:::;t:::;
e
T
-<t:::;
2
(6)
(a)
BllaH3M=2L\f~
L\fI lIyJle
0,50:E
110
110
'\J
SUD I
EO/(2T)f-
I
-----j
L\f7;
20:E
2 ._. ___
2 -
r\~
,1
J-.~
f
I .
set) = -E 3a
<t<6
s(t) =
3a
6 < t < T-6
set) = E 3a T-6 <t < T
2T
2 fJ
2 T-I
2 T
ToT
T I
T T-I
[t:t
=
I
set) = o,Sao
T
nOJ,
T
nOJI
2E. cosnw,(J-] 2E. cosnOJjT-cosnOJ1(T-(J)
T
nOJ,
T
nOJ,
2E cosnOJ1(J -1
T
nWI
0.
2E cos 2nTC cos 2nTC cos nw,(J - sin 2nTC sin nWj (J
.
=
T
nOJ,
2E cosnOJ1(J -] 2E cosn0J1(J -] 4E cosnOJ1(J -1
.
=T'
nw,
+T'
nOJ,
=T'
nOJ
=2E
!::11-=-';::!.'
cos 2nTCa -1
nTC
T-I
2E
---.
T
sin
+ _2E_~in no(f:-:1
nOJl
sinnOJj(J
n~
T,.:J
//
2E
'"
(!-=-(J)_J
sin nOJ j,
nOJI
',~innwITcosnOJj(J -cosnwjT.si!!'!l'O,(J
--.
T
J.
n~
b
n
2E
cosnTCa
nTC
sin 2 ntr:a
-4aE--
nTCa
a
2E - cos 2ntr:a - ]
s(t) = _ 0 + L(ancosnOJ,t+bnsinnOJ,t)=-L
sinnOJ,t
2 n=1
TC n='
n
2
sin nTCa .
= -4aE ~
L.J
smnOJlt
n=' nTCa
2E sinnOJ!(J 2E sinnw1(J
=--.+-.
=0
T
nWj
T
nOJ,
KopHcTenH peJ1aUHjy cos(o;-~)
coso:cos~
H3PaJ 3a CHHYCOH,n:arrHe Koe<pHUHjeHTe bn :
~/ "
00
..-~
._,
,,)'"
\I"' /,,"
06J1HKY:
lfJ
= _ 2E[sinnOJ1tJ + 2E[sinnOJ!tJ
T
nOJl
0
T
nOJ" T-fJ _" ~ ,__
sin nOJ! (J
:%Q,
",I.,
II
6'
_ _
2E_.
T
--
IV
2T
2j
2JT.
-;-;)s(t)cOSnltVdt = T (-E)cosnOJ!tdt+ T EcosnOJttdt=
1
1!'/
an
= 2E . [cosnWlt]fJ _ 2E . [cosnOJ,t]T =
T
nOJ,
0
T
nOJI
T--I
pa'IyHa,n:a je sin(nffi] T)
2E cosnOJ,(J-cosO 2E cosnOJ1T-cosnOJ1(T-(J)
=.
--. ----!..------!...:...--...:..
= _ 2E ~~ + 2E
T
T
2T
2fJ
2 T
b n = - s(t)sinnwjtdt = - (-E)sinnw,tdt + - Esin nw1tdt=
ToT 0
T T-fJ
Pemelbe:
'au
sino:sin~ ,n:06Hja ce
6,
K,ao mTO je
ao = aol
an ani
+ a02
2 T
2 T
2E sin nco t
ani == - St (t) cos nco,tdt =
Ecosncottdt = - 1
T o T 1'-1J
T
ncol
= + t:ln2
bn = bnl + bn2
a n2
t S2(t)
tFTi
a n =a,+az=E
n n
T~
1, rrOCMa
01
I'
I
a 02
aol je:
2
2 JT.
s(t)dt = Edt
To
T T-IJ
Koeq,HUHjeHT
2T
'== - Js(t)dt
To
KaK9 je
aol
2E
T
-[t]
l'
1'-8
2E
=T
T
2E
2E8
- ( T 8) =- - = 2aE
T
T
ao2 je:
2E (J
2E8
(-E)dt =--[tlo ::::: - - - =-2aE
10
T
T
2
-d
6
ao
Koeq,HUHjeHTH anlcy:
nco1
sin 2mra
n1f
E-
sin 2n1fa
=0
n1f
Sl(t) + S2(t)_
== -E _sin 2mra
n1f
IJ
l'
ToT
1'-1J
2E [J6
sin nCO t
=-2 Jsz(t)cosnco,tdt = -2 J(-E) cosncoltdt = --._.
~~----~~------~~------L-l-------.~t
_JJ
1'
E. sin2mra
n1f
Sl(t)
-E
bill
=T
j s(t)sinncoltdt
2 j
2Ef cosnco1t r
=
Esinnco1tdt = --Tl
J:::::
T 1'-6
nco,
1'-9
,.<lI. ..,
2E cosncolT cosnco,(T-8)
cosncol8-1
cos2n1fa
--.
E--
T
nco1
ncol
n1f
- T
sin 2 n1fa
=-2aE--
n1fa
KoeqJHuHjeHTH bn2 cy:
-
-
b nZ
2E cosnco1t
=
Js(t)smnco,tdt=-J(-E)smnco1tdt=-
ToT 0
T
nco1
2T.
2e.
_ 2E _cosncolT-cosncolO _ 2. cosncol8
T
nco1
nco1
T
IJ
1 =. cos2n1fa
n1f
= -2aE . sm n1fa
n1fa
KaKo je b OI
=bo2 , TO je:
2-
cos 2n1fa
n1f
sin z n1fa
=-4aE----
nzra
j~
~~~"
, y '\',
.~,,~.~~::~~,,~.::,~:',
~V\~~
"'""t:: I.'II'-,'-L_~lJL-77i,~r-"-<-~
. '. ' / z, tr .'"
'-.-
I
10
a,
aMrrmfTyne E H
rrepHOne rrOHaBlbafba HMrrynca T MO:lKe ce rrpenCTaBHTH
<DYPHj eOBHM(penoM:
'. vLE~ (.
nn:a]2
sm-
aE
set)
='2
-+
Ll nn:a
n=!
cosnm/
E = 10 V,
[Cn:=~-sinc2(na/2)
C 20
= 1,2,3,... )
"==1"1'1\(1---------
.. . . . 1. . ..rF::---.,
----- f= nf
,
..............._-.-,
fr"tirT'1--~:"........
-,----~-
61a
n = 2m1(a'f,) = 2m/a
rraje 6poj xapMoHHKa y npBe TpH apKa,lle, Tj. no Tpene Hyne cneKTpa:
n
2(na2 },-nWf
-
. [
Pemelbe:
~i
2/a
4/a
CnHKa 1: CrreKTap rroBopKe TpoyraoHHx HMrrynca.
Sl(t)~
E-
'
a2
E ~
--L.Jsinc
s(t)
OnaKne no6HjaMO:
= m1t
. . . . . . . . . . '" ...
IDI
11
= 0,1- 10- ([sin(0,5'0, I-1t)]/(0,5-0, 1,1t)} 2"", (0,5-0, ) -1t)/(0,5 -0, I-1t)} 2 = 1 V
(m
--VI,
C, = aB'{ [sin(0,5-1.1t-a)]/(0,5-1-1t-a)} 2 =
Pemelbe:
nfl =2m1a
t{!J'i.,&.;"c I~'
,L
n
1.. /
UMnYflca).
n1ta/2
lIWl
~""
''C
I(
T, = 8a
S2(t)~
E.
t=
a --3>1
T 2 =T t l2 =4a
)I
..
12
SGf)
aE/2..~..
....................{.~....
S2Gf)
........-...~aHBeJIOIIa CIIeIcrpa
IIII I I
\V..................- .......
-2/6
216
~'l
4/6
6/6
1/8 = 0,125
I.
l>YHKl.{Hja
Maffie o.n;
.I.
........................... ,...
)0
8~
JacHo je.n;a CHman S2(t) HMa BellY cpe.n;ffiy CHary jep y .n;aTOM
HHTepBany BpeMeHa rrocTojH .n;Ba IIyTa Betm 6poj HMIIynca HO y cHmany
Stet). I1aKo CHrHan SI(t) HMa .n;Ba IIyTa BellH 6poj xapMoHHKa IIO apKa.n;H,
=6rrI = 6/86
I 21,
f=nfl
al
13
=21(1/8) = 16 xapMOHHKa
d.
"'""
)0
SIGf)
IIIf
2/6
SIGt)
1111111111
ft 2ft
fl = lrr l
f
16fl
.,
JlVrn\TtA
14
El~
T=S9
no.,
-1
Q,5E_fft
~.
Je)]'HOCMepHa KOMIIOHeHTa S02 Cl1rHMa S2(t) je)]'HaKa je nOnOBHHl1 Koe<pHUHjeHTa Cl{)2 <Dypl1jeoBor pena:
'
S02
l '
S
01
a 1 JT.
1
E
E
=~=- S (t)dt=- Edt=-8 =-8 =02E
2
T" 1
TnT
S8
-'
= 2 fT
=~ _ E =
SO
J..
T
O,5Edt =
~O _ E(T - 0) =
2T
2T
3E
anI
PellieIbe:
Sl(t) E 3a 0 ~ t ~ 8
Sl(t) = 0 3a 8 < t < T
02
MOHHKa y Fbl1Ma.
~f
== a =
S2 (t)dt = ! 0,5Edt
2
ToT 0
EO _ E + EO
2T 2 2T
L . . . ..
-O,SE
IS
SI
E)
T
2 (J
2 T(
a n2 =-fS2(t)cosnm,tdt=-f-cosnmltdt+-f - - cosnm1tdt=
To
To2
TB
2
=E
T
.;
.
r
nml
2nnO
.
E sm---smO
=_
T
T
2nn
T
nml
. 2mtT
. 2nn8 ~
Sln---sm-T
2nn
.
= E sm O,4mr
nn
17
16
b,
= 1" 0
11
TJ Hsinllw,tdf
=:
~)Sn(J),tJ
1l(J),
fJ
I-cos
2nrc
nrc
SI (t)
58:
2fT
2jE
2j E
- s,(t)sinllOJ,tdt 1 -sinnOJ,tdt+- (--)sinnOJ,tdt
/J,
l'
II.
~{
Tl-
. 2
1'l(f}1
Ef_ cosno,v
Tl
nOJ,_o
cosnOJj
nOJI
8J-
nOJI
1-2cosn---8+cosn
2rc
r_
E(coSnO)1
T
nOJI
2rc
=E
COSIlOJlt 1111
!i(_I_
T
cosnOJ I
nOJI
IE-
s,(t)
-E
TJ=
--
T
S8
[J.~ ]J =if'
.;'iii;~
~ T=58
S3(t)
cos-
= E - - -nrc
"'-
2nrc
2nrc
r---~.
r:-T=
50 -7j
PemelLe:
= an2
= bn2
atll
*- a02
IlITO 3Hal.fH .na cc 3aHCTa cnCKTpH OBa ABa CHrHaJIa Pa3J1HKYiy caMO Y
jC.nHOCMCPHOj KOMnOHCHTH.
ITOIlITO cy KO.n 06a CHrHaJIa UIHpHHC HMnyJlca H ncpHO.nc nomlB
JbaH,a HMnynca H):(eHTHl.fHC, TO cy H <paKTOPH pCX(HMa HCTH:
E .3a O:::;t:::;O
0 3a 0 < t < T
S3(t)
S3(t)
S2(t)
= -E
'3a
O:::;t:::;O
3a
8<t<T
S2(t) =
0 3a 0 < t < 0
E 3a 0:::; t :::; T
flsl =<XQ
= 8rr = 0/(S8)
Q.2.
sl(t)ca(-I):
S cnCKTJ)aJIHHX KOMnOHCHaTa
S2(t)
= s[(t)0(-1) =
18
a n2
2T
4.5T
-4E
e
J
S2 (t)cos(nw.t)dt - J(-E) cos(nwjt)dt = --sin(nw
==
ToT
nw. T
2
1 -)
= _ 2E sin(O,2nIT)
nIT
'
JI.a 6H nOTBp.l1.HJIH HCnpaBHOCT OBe aHarrH3e o.u.pe.l1.HheMO <I>ypHje
s:=
01
2
S02=
II s
(t)dt
=-
To
Ij
Ee
- Edt=T
1T
=-J s2(t)dt
2
To
j
0
(F
E(T - e) E
=-08T=08E
T
T'
-'
=b n2 =bn3 =0
a KoeHI(HjeHTH an cy:
ani
2 T
4 o,ST
4E
e
= - Sl (t)cos(nw1t)dt = - E cos(nw1t)dt = --sin(nwj -) =
T o T 0
nwlT
2
= 2 E sin(O,2nIT)
nIT
T
.
4.5T
JS3(t)cos(nWjt)dt
Ecos(nwjt)dt =
T o T 0 ..'8
an]
nIT
~n=IT~____
TIpeMaToMe
an 1
-a,,2
= -a,,3
E
-02T=02E
T'
-'
1
Ee
E
T (-E)dt=--T =--T O,2T=-D,2E
1
1j
s03 =a-2 ' =s (t)dt =- Edt
TIT
03
19
.,_........
Isl=1~a2+b2
n
2
n
n
8.
arc{ ~: J
20
Sl(t)
b
~
i.e-T
S2(t)
ff
., 1
:1
lE-- T
.,,:
91 = tiS
~T
(6)
t
).l;a 6H HaM TO 6HJ10 jacHHje nocMHTpajMo HCTY OBY nOBopKY (lj. CHrHaJI
npHKalan Ha CJlHUH IB) aJIH ca npOMeFbeHOM jenHocMepHoM KOMrro
HeHTOM (CJlHKa 26).
s,(t)
tE
83
=il
83
4T/5
= 81T.
118
0,8118
8 = O,ST
_: :. _ _ . _*
Pemelbe:
Ij
r-
O;.j..
i.E-- T
')i
s',(t)
CJlHKa 1.
(B)
3a CHrHaJI SI(t): al
3a CHrHaJI S2(t): a2
21
T - 8 = 8' = 0,2T
82
82 == T12
i~--~--~i~--~--~-------+~
S3(t)
(a)
110
(a)
1.
I.e-- T
9'
=t
_9
=0,2t
(6)
C)l
CJlHKa 2: CHrHaJl S3(t): (a) rrpe H (6) nOCJle rrpoMeHe jenHocMepHe KOMrro
HeHTe 3a BeJlH'IHHY aMIIJlHTYne HMrryJlCa.
Ca CJlHKe 26 je cana jacHo na cpaKTop pe)KHMa nocMaTpaHe .
rroBopKe S'3(t), Koja ce on CHrHaJIa S3(t) PalJlHKyje, na rrOHOBHMO, caMO rro
jenHocMepHoj KOMrrOHeHTH, H3HOCH a
0,2. I1peMa TOMe, rroTpe6Ha je
ucma IllHpHHa nporrYCHor orrcera rrpeHOCHor CHCTeMa 3a rrpeHOC CHrHaJIa
rrpHKalaHHX Ha CJlHKaMa 1a H 1B.
Kao IllTO ce H3 rrpeTXOnHe nHcKycHje BH,L!H, Y cJlyqajy rroBopKe .
rrpaBoyraoHHx HMnYJlCa HeMa CMHCJla rrocMaTpaTH cnyqajeBe Kana je IllH
pHHa HMrrYJlCa,Belia on rrOJla rrepHOne rrOHaBJbaIba HMnyJlCa (8 > 0,5T). 3a
IllHPHHY rrponYCHor orrcera rrpeHOCHor CHCTeMa MeponaBHe cy Haj6p)Ke
rrpOMeHe Koje ce neIllaBajy Y CHrHaJIY KOjH ce rrpeHOCH. Y CHrHaJIY npH
22
S3(t)
./1\JUmll;T
EI
Pemen.e:
Ha OCHOBY cnHKe BpeMeHCKHX 06nHKa CHrHana Mory ce HarrHcaTH
aHanHTHl:JKH H3pa3H KOjH Y TOKY je)lHe rrepHOlle orrHcY.iY OBe CHrHane:
01
SI(t)
SI(t)
)'
SI(t)
=
=
E
< t::;;
3a 0,59
0,5T
23
9/T
0,2
Je
OI
, =aI s,(t)dt= 1 Edt=-=-0,2T=
E(}
E
=2
To
To
T
T
SOl
S 02
(jll--
-\:;"
j-~ ~c
1 P
Y/
?
(?Il.
./10 -Oi,
,(
S 2 (t )dt
1T
=-T
J2Edt
+ - JEdt = 2 o T Ii
T
Ii
E(}
__
- (})
E+-(}=12E
'
b nl
'I'@/L
0
J
T
1T
=~ =-
a Koe$HIJ;HjeHTH
=b n2:::;
an lie 6HTH:
e
cosnw1tdt
-j Ecosnw,tdt=-l
4Ef sinnw(t l"2
J
ToT
. 2n1C ()
.
()
4E sm - - smn1Csin02n1C
T 2 =2E
=2E--'
T
2n1C
n1C
n1C
T
.,
nWI
24
a n2
22
42
42
T T
To
To
3aHHX Ha CJIHUH.
(IIornaBJI,e
e
T
8 [Sin nOJ l t]2 .4 [Sin nOJ l t]2
sin O,2n7r
- sin O,2n7r
=+=4
+2
T
nW I 0
T
nW I ~
n7r
n7r
=
S2(tl
= 2 sin O,2n7r
n7r
OP;HOCHO:
= an2
Isl=-.!.fa
n
2"'; n +bn
.. t
.. t
8
Pernelbe:
SI(t)
S2(t)
s(t)e-j{JJ/dt
SUO))
qJIaH
= 5f1
= ISUO)) l'dl(CO)
S2(t)
cpopMaUHjoM:
arct~- !: J
H
S(jOJ)
8. =
SI(t)
S2(t) = sl(8 - t)
CIIeKTap CHrHaJIa
SI(tl~
fuJI
25
jaK
dt
SI (8 - t)e-
jaK
dt
YBo~eILeM CMeHe
dt
=-
8 - t = u p;o6Hja ce p;aje:
du, t = 8 - u, Kana t ~ 00 OHp;a u ~ - 0 0 ,
Kap;a t ~
-00
OHp;a u ~
IIa Je:
S2 (jOJ)
jrofJ
. fSl(u)ejOJUdu=IS\(jOJ)I.e-jroe 'ej'P(ro)
IS UO)) I=IS2(j0)) I
I
00
26
Pemelhe:
BpeMenCKH 06JIHK CMTIlana o6PHyrO M3roBopeHe peLIH CHMeTpHLIaH
Kao JIMK Y omenany BpeMeHcKoM 06JIHKY HcnpaBHo H3roBopeHe
pe.LIH (CJIHKa 1).
(a)
12.
27
Pemelhe:
(6)
SUm)
s(t)e- iOX dt
HJIH:
28
set)
= 1/(15,625'10,6) = 64 kHz
=BIHyne = 64 kHz
29
= 1I(2'15,625'1O,6);::;:32kHz
.'
!,.-,
.,~:-
30
31
M: nf.: 116
n: II(S'f l )
=T/6 = lla
HMnynca.
13. 3a)l,aTaK:
26 na je q,aKTop pe:lKHMa
Ilene npOMellUmu.
(6) AKo ce ropH>a rpaHH'lHa yqecTaHocT cHcteMa CMaH>H Ha 2.200 Hz,
Kp03 CHCTeM he 6HTH npeHeTo npBHX OCaM xapMoHHKa Tj. ,lI,eBern
xapMoHHK he 6HTH O,lI,Ce'leH IIITO 3Ha'lH ,lI,a he ce KBaJlUmem npujeMa
n02oputamu.
Pemelhe:
Jf>aH>a HMnyJIca T
1 Omsec H cpaKTopotJ pe:lKHMa a 0,01.
KonHKo ce xapMoHHKa npeHocH? KaKaB je CHrHan Ha
npHjeMY? ,ll;a JIH he ce npOMeHHTH KBanHTeT npHjeMa aKO ce
::lnK::lTfe ie'
II
I
I~'
32
PemelLe:
).
I
.M = wfl = 119
33
PemelLe:
CneKTap KpaTKor OTCe'IKa HeKor npoueca, Hnp., npocTonepHo
.n;HqaOr CHrHana yqecTaHocTH fo, je KOHTHayanaH jep KpaTaK o.n;ce'IaK
6HJIO KaKBOr npoueca npe.n;cTaBlba HMnync (cnHKa 1).
~~n(.
o.n;c~'IaK
KpaTaK
tl
CHHycoH.n;e Je HMnyJIC
U U U .U
T-JJ=LCU=Cr
.~
t
E
9
CJI1tlta 2: ITocMaTpaq KOjH nOCMaTpa HeKH CHatcOH.n;ru:tHH npouec y HH
TepBany BpeMeHa o.n; 0 .n;o t2 TOKOM Kojtr ce OCHO~HH TanaCHH
06JIHK nepHo.n;H'IHO nOHOBH BHll1e nYTa, 3~yqHlie .n;a ce p~
o HaH3MeHH'IHOM npaBoyraoHoM HMnyJIcy ll1HpHHe
a.
34
EO
2"
'v' \ J
/ 'v
01
Sn(if)
35
.'"\ .J7\ \ )I
J: f
r"J'
'( \
ISOt)
-r--t
-----to
20
.. f[kHz]
SnOO
E6
2",
20kHz.
(6)
-6
10 kHz, lUHpHHa
.
CnHKa
36
=
=
SU
'
OI
~
10
=
=
-I-/
t
lsot)
10
37
..
J~f~]
20
aHBeJIOn.a c.n.eKTpa
30,
40
50
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
(a)pe~o,
60
70
80
f[kHz]
(6) napaJIeJIHO
aKO je TeMnepaTypa T = 293 CTeneHH KeJIBHHOBHX, a mHpH
Ha nponycHor oncera CHCTeMa ~f = 5 kHz. HanoMeHa:
23
Bpe~HocT EOiIIlMaHOBe KOHCTaHTe je 1,38' 10- [UyJIa/K]
(nornaBJI)e 6111YM).
Pemelbe:
(a) EeKTHBHa Bpe~HOCT Pe3YJITY.iyoer HanOHa TepMH~or mYMa Y
CJIyqajy pe~He Be3e ~Ba omopHHKa H3HOCH:
E NejJ
= .J4kT(R1 + R2)~f
+ 8 .10 3 ) 5.10 3
= .J80,87 _10-
14
"'"
"" 9 :,l0'-7V
(6) EeKTHBHa BpMHOCT pe3ymyjyoerHanoHa TepMHqKOr myMa y
cnyqajy napaneJIHe Be3e ~Ba oTnQPH~lCa H3HO~H:
38
RIR2
ENeff = ,/4kT R R Ilj
Y nOCMaTpaHOM CJIyqajy HanOH TepMH'IKOr Il1YMa je:
=~4.1,38 .10-
23
== "/80,87 .10- 14
39
1+ 2
E Neif
.1O-7 V
1,38'10,23 [I,I)'JIa/K].
(norJIaBJLe 61l1YM).
Pemeae:
.',
PN =
Pemelhe:
PNUj)dj
It
PN = kT 1,38'10,23'290
113p3)J(eHo y neUH6eJIm.fa rro xepu;y:
p,.{f) [W1Hz]
IkT
.
=4-10,21 [wlHz]
f[Hz]
=
1O~(2'0,3
- 18) =
: 40
41
I?
\
.t
t
~ t
PewelLe:
(a) AKo je cneKTap YJIa3HOr CHrHaJIa IIIHpH o,n nponycHor oncera CHCTeMa
Kp03 KOjH ce CHrHaJI npeHocH (BcllrH3I! > BCHCTeM), 6Hhe o,nce'leHe
KOMnOHeHTe BHIIIHX yqecTaHocm. KOMIIOHeHTe BHllIHX yqecTaHocTH
npOY3poKyjy 6p)l(e npoMeHe CHrHaJIa y BpeMeHcKoM ,noMeHy.
EJIHMHHHCalLeM BHIIIHX KOMnOHeHaTa BpeMeHcKH 06JIHK CHrHaJIa
nocTaje, Kao IIITO ce BH,nH Ha CJIHlJ;H 1, "MHPHHjH" O,nHOCHO
"rJIaTmjH". IIpeMa TOMe, 'laK H no,n YCJIOBOM ,na ce pauH 0
H,neaJIH30BaHOM npeHOCY (Tj. aKO je YHyrap nponYCHor oncera
CHCTeMa aMnJIHTY,nHa KapaKTepHCTHKa He3aBHCHa o,n yqecTaHocm, a
<pa3Ha KapaKTepHCTHKa JIHHeapHa) npHjeMHH CHrHaJI he 6HTH
H306JIH'leH.
CHor CHCTeMa.
2~. 3M.....K:
.
=
=
=
=
42
*I
PemeILe:
PemeILe:
AKo je npH npeHocy CHrHaJIa <pa3HH nOMepaj KOHCTaHTaH, .n;pyrHM
peqHMa, aKO je <pa3HH nOMepaj CBHX <ppeKBeHUHjcKHX KOMnOHeHTH HCTH,
TO 3HaqH .n;a CBaKa KOMnOHeHTa KaCHH 3a ucmu .n;eo c60je nepHo.n;e. 360r
Tora he, nocMaTPaHo Y BpeMeHcKoM .n;oMeHY, Meijyc06HH pacnope.n;
<ppeKBeHUHjcKHx KOMnOHeHTH Y H3JIa3HOM CHrHaJIY 6HTH nopeMeheH Y
O.n;HOCY Ha InHXOB pacnope.n; Y n06Y.n;HoM CHrHaJIY jep je KamlbeIne CBaKe
KOMnOHeHTe Pa3JIHqHTO. OqHrJIe.n;Ho je .n;a he 3aTO H3JIa3HH CHrHaJI 6HTH Y
onmTeM cJIyqajy H306nHqeH y O.n;HOCY Ha YJIa3HHCHrHaJI. 1f3Y3eTaK je
caMO Ka.n;aje CPa3HH nOMepaj CBHX KOMnOHeHTH 0 (Tj. Ka.n;aje <p(ro) = 0). Y
OBOM cJIyqajy je <pa3HH nOMepaj KOMnOHeHTH je.n;HaK HyJIH na Ha H3na3Y
HHje nopeMeheH Meijyco6HH pacnope.n; cppeKBeHlUljcKHX KOMnOHeHTH y
O.n;HOCY Ha YJIa3HH CHrHaJI.
I1peMa TOMe, y CBHM nOCMaTPaHHM CJIyqajeBHMa npHjeMHH CHrHaJI
he 6HTH H306JIHQeH y O.n;HOCy Ha npe.n;ajHH CHrHaJI.
BpeMe
npeHoca
O.n;HOCHO
BpeMe
KamInelba je
.n;e<pHHHcaHo
H3Pa30M:
t - lp(m)
I' -
/ /
f.
.
C S2(t)
SI(t)
fh
I~
0,707
H(jm)
IflUw) I
II>
(nOrJIaBJbe
ro
HYJIe.
(a) 8
= 10-6 sec ~
..~....
(a)
.j
llRC
-lIRC
yna3y:
A(w) =
1+ (wRC)
3ap,aTaK': Ha yJIa3
= 1+ jmR
. C
A(ro)
43
II
(lIRC)=HY
CJIHKa
fi
IS(jro) I
""" .....
t .. ro
(21f19)=6,28'106
44
82(0
E~
Y cJIyqajy Ka.ll.a je
E'
2rr1e >
({~/
S2(t)~~1-e-:c J
~M)a pe(.lI.HOCT1:O-li )
=E(l-e-1o- )=E(l-O,905)=O,095E
2rr1e =6,28-10 3
llRC
= 105
~
SI (t)
CJIHKa l: RC KOJIO.
iI
C
CJIHKa
I ..
21C18
lIRC.
E L
H(jro) = 1+ jroRC
IH(jro)1 = A(ro) = ~
ro
(211"19)=6,28 -10 (llRC)=105
3
Pemelbe:
S2(t)
A(ro)
lIRe.
H3JIaJHH jHaJI
H3JIaJHor
lO-
45
__
lIRC.
2n-
21C1e
1+ (roRC) 2
.1
- < - - C<-
8
RC'"
21r:R
CJIHKa 4: 06JIHK CHrHaJIa Ha H3JIaJyRC KOJIa K~aje
46
47
-elRc =
A(ro)
- 0,99)
) = - 4,605
O~HOCHO:
.,..
lk~
21t1fJ
/ C = ~/(4,605-R) =
ro
1.
,~
e,
S2 (0)
Bpe~HOCT
= Ell- e
=E(I-
) = 0,998E
lIpeHoc
8,(0) =
naje:
("; (":,,
i\"
("
i?t
~c ~l
"
\ 1"./", ' I ' ; '
',: ~( _.~~, "" (\ ( ' (;.") 1';
;,!
.' )/
1"';',
I10llITO )l;HpaKos) nMnyJIC, 1j/ HMnYJIC je~HHH'lHe nOBpllIHHe KOjW
'Tpaje fieCKOHa'lHO KpaTKo BpeMe H HMa fieCKOHa'lHO BeJIHKY aMnJIHTY~y,
npe~cTaB.l}a MaTeMam'lKY <l>HKUHjy, y peaJIHHM YCJIOBHMa )l;HpaKoB
HMnyJIC ce anpoKcHMyje HMnYJICOM je~HHH'lHe nOBpllIHHe, KOHa'IHe
aMIIJIHTy~e H KOHa'lHOr 'Tpajalba. Haj'lellIne ce npe~CTaBJba Kao
IIpaBoyraoHH HMnyJIC 'lHja je llIHpHHa MHorocTpYKo Malba o~ peUHnpO'IHe
""""".
.
Bpe~HOCTH foplbe rpaHH'lHe yqecTaHoCTH HHcKonporrycHor npeHOCHor
CHCTeMa: e I/fmax To 3Ha'lH, ~a fiH cenpaBoyraoHIl H.~myJIc, Morao ~a
'TpeTHpa Kao ,[(HPaK0i3 HMIIyJIC, Mopa ~a, Kao llIT<J ceaa CJIHUH 1 BH~H,
rpaHH'lHa yqecTaHocT npBe nOJIyapKa~e lberOBor cneK'Tpa, .6.f = 1/6, fiy~e
3HaTHO Bena o~ pa,n:He yqecTaHoCTH, na TaKO H o~ roplbe rpaHH'lHe
yqecTaHoCTH lfQ> <l>HJI'Tpa Uep CBaKH HHCKonponYCHH CHCTeM YCTBapH
npe~CTaBJba lftP <l>HJITap).
J
'\ c;,,,
!.
\.."'.)
f,
l1
0,217 pF
llIHpHHa MepHor HMnyJICa aKO ce )l(eJIH ~a ce <l>HJITap HcnHTYje MeT(;~OM y~apHe (,[(HpaKoBe) <l>YHKUHje?
(norJIaBJba: 4 lIepuooul.{HU U anepUOOUI.{HU CU2HaJlU H 7
...
, "'I >.' ~',
O~HOCHO
-'
rrpOnyCHH orrcer
CHCTeMa
f max
lie
I
I
48
a SO,lIfmax
Y rrOCMaTpaHOM npHMepy Tpajalbe npaBoyraoHor HMnyJICa KOjH Tpe6a y
MepeIDY ,I{a 3aMeHH ,n:HpaKOB HMrryJIC He CMe ,I{a 6Y,I{e Bene O,I{ 10
MHKpOceK)'H./:tH:"
Pemelbe:
fInula
49
.n;eo cneIcrpaKojH ce
nojruubyje H~ H3JIa3Y 4JHJITpa
f [Hz]
CJIHKa 1: llpBa (rrOJIy)apKa,D,a crreKTpa rrOCMaTpaHOr rrpaBbyraoHor
HMrryJICa 3aY3HMa <ppeKBeHI.(HjcKH orrcer O,I{ 0 ,I{O 1 kHz, aJIH
<pHJITap rrporryrrITa caMO KOMrrOHeHTe qHja je yqeCTaHOCT ,I{O
50Hz.
llomTO ce Kp03 <pHJITap rrpeHOCH MaJIH ,I{eo crreKTpa YJIaJHor CHrHaJIa
(jep je B!\>HJI11lU
1IaHMnyJlCU) CHtHaJI Ha H3JIaJY ne 6HTH BPJIO
H306JIH1!eH: CHrHaJI ne 6HTH 3HaTHO npomHpeH, a aerOBa aMrrJIHTY,I{a
,nOCTa CMaIDeHa (CJIHKa 2).
, '
I~
C,""M"
.,."y~...",.
.....""-'"-----'---~----.... t
10.3 ceK)l1l0e ce
.n;eo II!nerrnli
o
CJIHKa 3:
103
1.5'10
2'103 f [Hz]
50
TIOIllro ce Kp03
qlHflTap npCIIOCH
je OqeBH,UHo ,Ua y
lllHpHHe
3a
ea
1.500 Hz,
e-:cJ
e 'J e ,-,
~Ejl
sa(t)
npaBOyI'aoHlf HrvmyllC
RC
~:
I
geHo CHrHaJIOM y
1,4427'10-
RC
Kona
a Koje je II06y
= 10'5
Ha CJIHIlH
1a je IIpHKa3aHO RC KOJIO,
a Ha Cl1HIlH
HllIqe3aBaaa
MaKCHMaJIHY B
na
,UO
28
KOH,n:CH
28
H3HOCH:
(28) =
2/1-1/
=0,5E .
e -0,693
0 ,1l0 28
S2(t)
0,5E
0,25E
(6)
Ka.ua ce Ha yJIa3
8 Tj. Y TpeHYTKY
RC Korra lie HMaTH
Ha
(a)
Ty,Ue
3aTop cc I1p3.JHH
c 18,(1)
RC KOJIO;
MaKCHMaJIHYJ
BHOCT.
S2
(a)
t?8
2 je IIpe,UCTaBJbeH
10101010
SJ(~
~I
3a
0<t<8
1:
RC
3a
t:::;O
Peweu"e:
f::l1HKa
~;:
ceKYH,UH.
51
2: BPyMCHCKH
TOROM IIpBHX
28
RC
Kona
TeJIeKOMYHHKaUH~~QHPK~ellleHHX 3a.llaTaKa
52
+ 0,75E =
53
r,lJ,e n yJHMa
26
36
46
56
66
76
86
O,78906E O,68359E
S2(t) O,5E O,25E O,625E O,4375E O,71875E O,57812E
(1I2)E (l/4)E (5/8)E (71l6)E (23/32)E (37/64)E (lOlIl28)E ( 175/256)EI
s2(36) = s2(26)
=
{E - s2[(2n-2)6]}'(1 - e,S/RC)
1, 2, 3,.... :
_ s2[(2n-2)6]} -e,S/RC
0,5 TO je:
+ 0,5-s2[(2n-2)6]
54
Pemelbe:
rr 3
-../"/
,,(t)
Ei
'tusp
='top
(a)
CnHKa 1: (a)ynalHH CHraHan, (6) H3nalHH CHman.
IlolIlTO je Ha rr06y)l,y CHMeTpHqHHM CHmanOM, Tj. 3a HMrrync
rrpaBoyraoHor 06nHKa, Ha H3nalY )l,06HjeH orrer CHMeTpuqaH CHman, Tj.
HMrrync y 06nHKY paBHOKpaKor rparre3a Gep je BpeMe ycrroCTaBJI,aIha
HMrrynca 'tusp je)l,HaKO BpeMeHY Orra)l,aIha HMrrynca 'top), TO 3HaqH )l,a
rrpeHOCHH CHCTeM He yHOCH <palHa H306nHqeIha. Ha OCHOBY 06nHKa rrpH
jeMHor curHana y 06naCTH "CTaIJ;HOHapHor" )l,ena CHmana 3aKJI,yqyjeMo
)l,a je aMIllIHTYAHa KapaKTepHCTHKa rrpeHOCHor CHCTeMa YHH<popMHa yHy
, Tap rrporrYCHor orrcera CHCTeMa:
A( 00) = A
=E/Eu = const.
tp <p(ro)/oo const. = to
O)l,HOCHO <palHa KapaKTepHCTHKa je nHHeapHa <pyHKIJ;Hja yqecTaHOCTH:
r--f(
-COg
CmfKa
<p(ro) = roto nn
ro)
I.
COgro
55
tga= to
......................
COg
ro
Pemelbe:
52(t)
.",.t ..
(a)
CnHKa 1: (a) ynalHH CHman, (6) H3nalHH CHman ('tusp:t 'top)
AKO ce Ha H3nalY npeHOCHor CHCTeMa Ha qHjH je ynal )l,OBe)l,eH
CHMeTpHqaH CHrHan rrojaBH HeCHMeTpHqaIi CHrHan, TO 3HaqH )l,a ce CBe
<ppeKBeHIJ;HjcKe KOMIIOHeHTe, CHmana He rrpeHoce HCTOM 6p3HHOM.
PalnHqHTe 6p3HHe rrpeHoca noje)l,HHHX KOMnOHeHTH CHrHana y HarrreM
rrpHMepy MaHH<pecryjy ce palnHqHTHM 6p3HHaMa ycrroCTaBJI,aIha rrpe)l,Ihe
H 3a)l,Ihe HBHIJ;e HMnynca, Tj. qHIheHHIJ;OM )l,a BpeMe rrpeHoca tp rroje)l,HHHX
KOMrrOHeHTH CHrHana 3aBHCH O)l, yqecTaHocrn:
tp
<p(oo)/oo:t const.
<p(ro)
:t
)l,a <palHa
roto nn
56
<p(w)
TeJIeKOMYHHKaD;Hie
57
CJIHKa
28. 3aJ{aTaK: ,1J;a JIH ce MO)I(e peanH30BaTH H)J;eanaH <pHJITap (Tj. <pHmap
KOjH Y rrporrycHoM orrcery He YHOCH HHKaKBO CJIa6.JT:.eIDe, a
CBe crreKTPanHe KOMrrOHeHTe BaH Tor orrcera 6eCKOHa'IHO
CJIa6H)? 06jacHHTH!
Pemeu"e:
PemeJLe:
h(t)
.".............. .
0)
-Olg
(a)
J
Olg
-1I(20lg) 0
1I(20lg)
(6)
Ka HHCKHX yqecTaHocTH; (6) HMrrYJICHH O)J;3HB H,1I;eanHor <pHJI Tpa rrporrycHHKa HHCKHX yqeCTaHOCTH.
A-""700
B -""70'1
C -""710
D -""711
TO lie nocMaTpaHH CHrRan ABDCACD y BpeMeHcKoM ,1I;oMeHY H3rJIe,1l;aTH
Kao Ha CJIHD;H 1.
58
0 0
D
C
1
0
1 1!1
r-+-
fg
T = 10- ceKYH~e
II
3V
)'
C.A
II
2V
fg
7j ~
8 min =TI14
59
C
D
11
0
0
1I1
A-?OV
B-? 1 V
C-?2 V
D-?3 V
TO lie 1I0cMaTPaHH CHrHaJI ABDCACD Y BpeMeHcKoM ~oMeHy H3rrre~aTH
Kao Ha CJlHIJ;H 2. C 063HPOM ~a je BpeMe IIpeHoca 1I0cMaTPaHor CHrHaJIa
ABDCACD HCTO Kao H y cJlyqajy KopHlIllieIha 6HHapHIix HMIIYJlCa, TO je y
CJlyqajy KopHlIllieIha qeTHpH aMlIJlHTy~cKa HMlIyJlCa OqHrJle~HO ,na je
lIlHpHHa OCHOBHor HMIIyJlCa ~Ba IIYTa Belia HO y cJlyqajy KopHlIlneIha
6HHapHHx HMlIyJlCa. AKO ce lIlHpHHa olIcera Koja je lIoTPe6Ha 3a IIpeHoc
~aTor CHrHaJIa H ca~a ~e<pHHHlIle Ha 6a3H HCTor KpHTepHjyMa (y OBOM
cJlyqajy HHKBHcToBor KpHTepHjYMa), OH~a je ropIha rpaHHqHa yqeCTaHocT
._-
IV
.....-
OV
t
'"
,(,
YH~
8m in ~
- Tn!
"'!
60
KOMrrOHeHTe qHja je yqecTaHoCT Belia O,f.( 3,5 kHz. 3aTo lie ce Ha rrpHjeMY
YMeCTO rrpaBoyraoHHx HMrrYJICa rrojaBHTH HMrrYJICH KOjH ce Y orrmTeM
cJIyqajy Mory arrpOKCHMOBaTH TParre30M. Y3 rrpeTIIOCTaBKY ,f.(a CHCTeM He
YHOCH $a3Ha H306JIHqelba BpeMe ycrrOCTaBJbalba rrpe,f.(lbe HBm~e HMrryJICa
'tusp je je,f.(HaKO BpeMeHY ycrroCTaBJbalba 3a,!l;lbe HBHII;e HMIIyJICa 'top H
= 9min
= 'top = 1/(2fg)
= =
'tusp
= 'top =9min
je Tpajalbe OCHOBHor
= 117 msec
0
t
T ul
'<
0,5E
A(co) = 1
9 ul
CJIHKa
H3HOCH:
'tusp
61
= 10-3 ceK)'H.lle
Tizl
)1
62
63
3V
2V
IV
CnHKa
T ul
= lO-3 CeKYH,lle
Tul
+ 0,5 8 min
=B = 1I8ml n) IIIH
fg = B = 1I8min
7/(lO-3)
6 rrpe,llCTaBJba
arrpoKcH
fg
6:
o 0
= 7 kHz
;/
fi
Ha cnHIUI
y OBOM cnyqajy:..
=0,58min
T ul
Tizl
CnHKa
7: Ihrne,ll
~ t
10-' ceKYH,lle
=T ul + 0,258min
64
r
~
I
65
3V
F
Mepaa
t
'MepHa
t
MepHa
Ta'IKa
Ta'ilca
Ta'IKa
lOlls
Mepaa
TaqKa
IV
OV
f-------+110
= 10-3 ceKyH,n:e
Tul +0,25
8min =T.
T ul
j
30. 3a,l.laTaK: I1pe,n:ajHHK CBaKHX 10-5 ceKYH,n:e eMHTxie no je,n:aH 6HT. Y
npe,n:ajHHKy IIOCTOjH reHepaTOp TaKTa KOjH yrrpaBJDa 6P3H
HOM eMHTOBaaa 6HHapHHX HMlIyJICa. I1pHjeMHHK HCIIHTyje
s
JIHHHjy Be3e CBaKHX IO- ceKYH,n:e H TO Y TpeHY.QHMa KOjH
o,n:rOBapajy cpe,n:HHH CBaKor 6HHapHor HMlIynca. I1pHjeM
HHK HMa COIICTBeHH reHepaTOp TaKTa. Ha II01feTKY pa.n:a cy
TaKT reHepaTopH npe,n:ajHHKa H IIpHjeMHHKa ,n:OBe,n:eHH y
CHHxpOHH3aQHjy. AKO ce 6p3HHe reHepaTopa TaKTa rrpe,z:{aj
HHKa H IIpHjeMHHKa pa3JIHKyjy 3a 5 XH.Jba,l:(HTHX ,n:enOBa,
IIOCJIe KOJIHKO BpeMeHa lie IIpe,n:ajHHK H IIpHjeMHHK H3aliH
H3 CHHxpOHH3aQHje?
(nomaB.Jbe 9.4 Oco6wle CU21laJla nooamaKa).
Pemeae:
5
I1omTo IIpe,n:ajHHK CBaKHX 10- ceKYH,n:e eMHT)je 110 je,z:{aH 6HHapHH
HMIIYJIC, TO je Tpajaae CBaKor HMnYJIca, IIOmTO HeMa 3amTHTHe 30He,
5
je,n:HaKO HHTepBaJIY eMHTOBaaa T B Tj. 8
T B 10- ceKYH,n:e.
CJIHKa
,t
A =5103 .lO's
"' ...
J../'
66
67
PemelLe:
u(t)
'y
Ul~
u:
11
o!
?
TB
o~o o~
I
0,SE2 ;
u(t)
U3 -t----.
U2
UI
uoJ
TB 0,01 sec
CrrHKa 1: I13rrre,n: ,n:HrHTaJIHOr CHrnaJIa ca ,n:Ba HanOHCKa HHBoa.
11
Halla nooamaKa)
To
CrrHKa
Tn
PemelLe:
Ha crrHUH la IIpe,n:cTaBJbeHa je IIoBopKa YHHnorrapHHx, a Ha crrHU;H
16 nOBopKa 6HnorrapHHx np,aJ;loyraoHHx HMIIyrrca.
= VB
In'o = In'B
= 110,01
(6) TpajaH>e OCHOBHor HMnyrrca OCTaJIO je HCTO Kao y npBOM crryqajy IIa lie
ce y je,n:Hoj ceKYH,n:H H OBor nym npeHem 100 ,n:HrHTa Tj. 100
erreMeHTapHHx HMnyrrca:
Vo
aJIH KOjH OBor nYTa MOry ,n:a HMajy qeTHpH pa3rrHqHTe aMnrrHTy,n:e.
YKorrHKo CBaKH HOBO OBor erreMeHTapHor CHrHaJIa 6HHapHO Ko,n:yje
MO MOJKeMO ca ,n:Ba 6HTa ,n:a OIIHllleMO CBaKH HHBO. 3Ha'IH ,n:a je 6poj
npeHeTHX 6HTa ,n:Ba nYTa Belin Tj. eK6U6aJleHmHa 6HTCKa 6p3HHa y
OBOM npHMepy je 200 6HTa y ceKYH,n:H O,n:HOCHO:
V'B
E'PT1 D.
El2B
-E/2-~
k-T
~ elE-t:
(6)
(a)
Pcpe.nIbeUNP
=aE2
68
p'_:=g D-w:-
,
T~
ra:
'V-;;;
= E]
(OJ
~
O,OOt =5vlOO ==50V
69
4aPcpeJJ.lbeBPL
P cpeJl.lbe
=E2/4
== (E/2)2
E2/4
~;Fet=-.t
~T~
CJIHKa
HMrryJICa.
TIOIllTO rrocMaTpaHe llBe rroBopKe HMajy HCTY cpellIDy cHary TO 3HaqH
,n:a je:
== EI =,iY
0,25
0,5
0,25'(E 2)2
ex
PCpeJl.lbeBPLI
P cpeJl.IbCBPL
< P cpeD,IWBPL
70
'f:\
a,
HMIIyJICa
= 1 msec H <paKTopa pe:lKHMa Cl, O,OI?,l1.a JIH
OBe ,llBe nOBopKe IIpaBoyraoHHx HMIIyJICa MOry HMaTH HCTY
Cpe,llIhy cHary aKO ce pa,llH 0 6HIIOJIapHHM HMIIYJICHMa?
KaKo YTHqe lIlHpHHa HMIIyJICa Ha Cpe,llIhY cHary CHrHaJIa y
CJIyqajy 6HIIOJIapHHX CHrHaJIa?
(IIomaB.Jba: 4.2: llepuo(JUl(,HU CU2HaJlU H 9.4 Oco6uHe
CU2HaJla no(JamaKa)
Pernelbe:
Ha CJIHUH 1a rrpe,llCTaBJI,eHa je nOBopKa YHHIIOJIapHHX, a Ha CJIHUH
16 nOBopKa 6HnOJIapHHX IIpaBoyraoHHx HMIIyJICa.
ETIT-P
0,010(3/6)2
=0,01-0,25 = 0,0025
25-10,8
Pcpe.!llbeBPL
(6)
(a) YHHnOJIapHHHMnYJICH
Y cJIyqajy IIOBopKe npaBoyraoHHx YHHIIOJIapHHX HMnyJICa Cpe,llIha
CHara Koja ce Ca,ll:lKH y ueJIOM CIIeKTpy Cpa3MepHa je <PaKTOPY pe:lKHMa
(Tj. rYCTHHH HMIIyJICa) H KBa,llpaTY aMIIJIHTY,lle HMIIyJICa. AKO ce
IIOCMaTpa CHam Koja ce pa3BHja HajeL(HHHqHOM oTnopy, Tj. Ha OTIIOPY
OL( 1,Q, OHL(a je Cpe,llIha CHam je,llHaKa IIPOH3BO,lly <paKTopa pe:lKHMa H
KBa;n:paTY aMIIJIHTY,lle HMIIYJIca:
2
P cpe,l\u.eUNP = aE
Tl P*-- .
IE-T-3>i
= (E/2)2 =E2/4
E/2
Pcpe,l\(Le
POP,':
=CldEdE2)2
(a)
71
je,llHIIHqHOM OTIIOpy, Tj. Ha OTIIOPY O,ll 1,Q, OH,lla cpe,llaa CHara IIOBOP
Ke 6HIIOJIapHHX IIpaBoyraoHHx HMIIyJICa H3HOCH:
E/2
D.
=E2/4
~=fi---.t
rT--?j
CJIHKa
O,llaKJIe CJIe,llH ,lla HCT)' Cpe,llIhy CHary Mory ,lla HMajy caMO IIOBopKe
6HIIOJIapHHX HMIIyJICa HCTe aMIIJIHT)',lle. 113 ropIher H3pa3a ce, TaKol)e,
BH,llH L(a cpe,llaa CHara IIOBopKe 6HIIOJIapHHX HMIIyJICa He 3aBHCH O,ll
lIlHpHHe HMl1yJICa.
, ITOlIlTO 6HIIOJIapHH HMnYJICH y IIOCMaTpaHe ,llBe
IIOBopKe IIpaBoyraoHHx HMIIyJICa HMajy Pa3JIHqHTe aMnJIHTY,lle, IIpH
lIeMY je E, < E2, TO OBe ,llBe IIOBopKe He MOry HMaTH HCT)' Cpe,llIhY
CHary, a y OBOM CJIyqajy je:
P cpell.lbeBPLl
< P cpe.ll,IbeBPL2
72
ra V
E,/2
~
-E212
TI
.n R
~
B,rT
., 62k"
= a l E I = (6 Iff J )-E I = 6 1
P-~: ~ Q--=i=-
~
-E/
.. t
TJ
CnHKa 2: rpa<pHtIKO 06jamEbeEbe cpe,llEbe CHare nOBopKe YHHnorrapHHX
HMIIyrrca.
Ycrryqajy nOBopKe npaBoyraoHHx 6HnorrapHHX HMnyrrca cpe,lllba
CHara Koja ce Ca.u)l(H y n;errOM cneKTPY 3aBHCH CaMO O,ll aMIIrrHry,lle
YMnY.lICa (Tj. He 3aBHcH 0,lJ; OCTaJIHX napaMeTapa nOBopKe: mHpHHe
=E,'/4 ~;n~
P cpe.l\H>eUNP
.
t
El2
(6)
"
)1,a 6H nocMarpaHe ,llBe nOBopKe HMarre HCTY Cpe,lllhy CHary rpe6arro 6H ,lla
6Y,lle:
Pcpe).lH>eUNP
P""""BPL
'
E212
(a)
I 2
=(E212) 2 =:E2/4
r2~
CnHKa 3: rpa<pHlIKO o6jamEbeEbe cpe,lJ;lhe CHare nOBopKe 6HnorrapHHx
HMnyrrca.
-t
PCpe).lH>eBPL
PemeILe:
EI-~
73
=(0,25'El)-(lIal)
O,lJ;HOCHO:
I
I
EI = ,,/0,25 E22 .
al
= 0,5 E2 .
&
-
a,
=0,5E 2
-e.f
~
1
=054
=0541O=20V
,
'\ 0,01.10-3 1000"
PemeILe:
Epoj 6HTa Koje TPe6a npeHem je:
N ='10 [leBl
= 10-1024 [6ajT] =
na je BpeMe npeHoca:
=NIV = 81.920/9600
8,533 CeKYH,lle
V
10 CHM60JJa Y ceKYH.n:H. O.n:pe.n:I1TH Heonxo.n:HI1 npo
nycHH oncer npeHocHor CHCTeMa KOjH je npHKJbyqeH Ha .n:a
TH H3BOP aKO ce npeHOC 06aBJha npaBoyraoHHM M-apHHM
(a) M 2;
(6) M = 8.
PemelLe:
(nOrJIaBJbe
Pemen.e:
(a) AKO ce npeHoc Bpnm 61mapHl1M HMnYJICI1Ma (M = 2) TO ce CBaKI1
cl1M60JI a36YKe, nOIllTO I1X YKYITHO HMa ce.n:aM, MO)J(e npe.n:cTaBHTH
6HHapHoM peqjy .n:~I1He Tpl1 6l1Ta. HaHMe, npl1 6HHapHoM Ko.n:oBall,y
norpe6He je .n:a 6y.n:e 3a.n:OBOJl>eIIa peJIaIl,Hja:
Y D = 10 [CHM6on/ceKYH.n:a]-3 [6HT/cHM60n]
= 30 6HTa y ceKyH,LlH
10 ,lJ;HrHTa y ceKYH,lUf
PslPAM
= lIV()
1 [ceKYH.n:a] /10
S,2(t)
11
=2-0,111
- 0,1111)
= 0,2222/0,8889 0,24997
~AM""'Qd
= 0,1 ceKyH,Lla
= PJ(Po + Ps)
= S~2(t) cpe,n:lha CHara Koja ce
=
s, (t) YKYITHa cpe,n:lha CHara
AMcHrHana.
Cpe,n:lha CHara CllHycon,n:aJIHOr CHrHaJIa je:
B,Illtnu
AM CI1rHaJIa:
llAM
B(lIU=
75
:::: O,S-VD:::: S Hz
=SO-~AM =6-0,5 =3 Y
76
80)
Socos(O))t + 80 )
PKAM
PAM == s AM(t)
= Po + Ps
112, TO je:
== 0,S'(SO)2 + 0,s'SI2(t)
PJ(Po + P s)
= PJPAM
=S W
PKAM = Po+ p,
12,S + S
= 17,S W
TaJIac.
-2-
77
PDSBSC = Ps
== S W
T}DSBSC
(B)
=PJPDSBSC == PJPs =1
1>.<r::: p(jf)df
=JIS(jf)1 df
2
78
SI
Cd
fd
CJIHKa
fg
fo-fg
1: CnaKTap
'ne....p AM "'''''''''I
L t~.
'Hman.
~O,n:yJIHIIIyner
Ii
fo-fd fo fo+fd
ilS o =SI
~AM
fo+fg
aMITJIHry,llHO MO,llYJIHCaHOr
naje:
PslBO
= Po +
=0,5'Ps:::; 2,5 W
= 15 W
PslBo/PSSB
l1ssBsc
Psr = 0,5'S 12
nOIIITO je y nOCMaTPaHOM CJIyqajy Cpe.uFba CHara rrpOCTOnepHO.z:urqHOr
MO,llYJIHIIIyner CHrHaJIa 10 W, TO je aMITJIHry,lla MO.uYJIHIIIyner CHr
Hana:
39. 3ap,aTaK: CHrHaJI, QHjH ce cneKTap HaJIa3H y ollcery O,ll 200 Hz .uo
l1ssB
=SdSo = ilSoISo
~AM
=4,47 V
CHrHaJIa.
PSSB
79
O,llHOC CHrHanlIIIYM.
(norJIaBJba: 6111YM H 11 AMnllumyolla MooyJlaz;.uja).
Pemelbe:
(a) Ha yJIal npHjeMHHKa ,n:OJIa3H BHcoKo<i>peKBeHTHH CHrHaJI. I10IIITO je
peQ 0 KAM CHrHaJIY, TO je IIIHpHHa cneKTPa KAM CHrHaJIa KOHaQHa H
Y IIOCMaTPaHOM npHMepy H3HOCH:
3
BB<1> 2-fg 2-5-10 :::; 10 kHz
CneKTap je KOHueHTPHcaH OKO Hocene yqeCTaHOCTH fo H 3aYlHMa
CHrHaJIa:
BqullTrpa :::; BS<1>
= 10kHz
80
(6)
sut)
IE-
40. 3a,naTaK:
-;J,
i
.~ ~
KAM CHrHaRa
f[kHz]
fo
0,2
5
fo -5
fo+5
CJ1HKa 1: CneKTap MO,llYJ1Hmyner H KAM CHnIaJJa.
flpOrryCHH oncer
<pHlITpa
Bq,HII'Tp.= BS<!l
Pemelbe:
f [kHz]
fo -5
fo+5
CJ1HKa 2: AMnJIHTY,llHa KapaKTepHcTHKa J1HHHCKOr pHJITPa.
(B) AKO ce lliHpHIIa npOnYCHor oncera YJ1a3HOr JIHHHjcKor pHJITpa npo
nYCHHKa oncem nOBena Ha 20 kHz, npH 'IeMY oBaj oncer o6YXBaTa CBe
yqeCTaHOCTH Y HHTepBaJJY O,ll (fo - 5 kHz) ,llO (fo + 5 kHz), Cpe,lllha
CHara KAM CHrHaJIa ce Hene npOMeHHTH. HaHMe, HaKO je ca,lla mHpH
'Ha rrponycIIor oncera pHJITPa ,llBarrYT Bena O,ll OnTHMaJJHe lliHpHHe H
OBor nYTa ne, Kao H y npeTXO,llHOM CJIyqajy, 6HTH nponymTeH ueJIOKY
naH crreKTap MO,llYJIHCaHOr CHrHaJJa.
81
= 1Olog[PKAM/(2PNlo)] =
= 2fo,
~
o
fg
t-J/1
2fg fo-fg
fo
fo+fg
.f
2fo
= lOlog(PKAMlfNIO)--.l..d13.
82
So
fOmin ~
CJIHKa
,[(Ba nYTa (WI' 2WI), aHBeJIOna AM CHrHaJIa he ce MelbanI ,[(Ba rrYTa 6p)f(e.
CrreKTap HOBo,[(06HjeHor AM CHrHaJIa he ce oneT cacTojaTH 0,[( TpH
So
Wo-2WI
Wo
O,SS 1
Wo+2wl
0,[(
yqecTaHoCTH
HaJIa ce Y,[(BOcTpyqHJIa.
= 2wl.
H3HOCH 2wl' = 4wl. BH,[(HMO, ,[(aKJIe, ,[(a 6p)f(e rrpoMeHe CHrHaJIa y BpeMeH
CKOM ,[(OMeHY ,[(OBo,[(e ,[(0 nOBehaI:ba illHpHHe crreKTpa CHrHaJIa.
PemelLe:
SAMet)
Wo Wo+WI
O,SS I
rrpoCTorrepHo,[(HlJaH.
,[(a He CMe ,[(a ,[(o~e ,[(0 rrpeKJIarralba roplber 60lJHOr orrcera ca ,[(eJIOM
crreKTpa KOjH rrOTHlJe 0,[( rrapa3HTHor lJJIaHa. 3aTO Y OBOM CJIyqajy Mopa
6HTH 3a,[(OBOJbeH YCJIOB ,[(a je:
MO'[(YJIHillyher CHrHaJIa: Wo
aHaJIHTHlJKHM H3pal0M:
SSI
WO-WI
I ' I
o,SS,
::; fo - fg
o,[(aKJIe ce '[(06Hja'[(a MHHHMaJIHa Hoceha yqeCTaHOCT Mopa 6HTH:
83
't
84
TeJIeKOMVHHKaIlli~36HpJ{JU)eIIIeHHX 3a,llaTaKa
Pemen.e:
YCKonojacHo yraoHo Mo.uYJIHcaHH CIITHaJI je pe3ymaT JIHHeapHe
Mo.uYJIaIJ;Hje. To 3Ha'IH .ua aKO MO.uYJIHIIIynH CHf'HaJI HMa orpaHH'IeH
cneKTap IIIHpHHe BNF, OH.ua H Mo.uYJIHCaHH CHrHaJI, KOjH ce HaJIalH Y
OKOJIHHH yqeCTaHOCTH fo Hocener TaJIaCa, HMa orpaHH'IeH cneKTap
)l.BOCTP)'KO Bene IIIHpHHe:
B vF 2B NF.
2'BNP= 2']0'10
=20 kHz
85
peJIaUHjH:
B
=2fdPFM + 1)
21 SFM(f) IISo
5 V, .ua MaKCHMaJIHa
Pemelhe:
Ka.ua je Mo.uYJIaU;Hja H3BpmeHa rrpocTorrepHo.r\H'IHHM CHrHaJIOM
yqecTaHocTH fl HH.ueKC <ppeKBeHU;HjcKe Mo.uYJIaU;Hje PPM je:
f3 FM
8/
/1 --
16]03
-4
4]03 -
_~~tIIJ I11l~
fo-
5f l
fo
fo
+ Sf]
..
Pemelbe:
CHara CHrHaJIa, rrpeMa I1apCeBaJIOBoj TeOpeMH, 3aBHCH o.u aMrrJIH
Ty.ue CRrHaJIa, a He 3aBHCH o.u <pale CHf'HaJIa. AMllJIHry.ua <ppeKBeHIJ;HjcKH
MO.uYJIHCaHOr CHrHaJIa je KOHCTaHTHa H He 3aBHCR o.u aMllJIHry.u e MO.uYJIH
IIIyner CHmaJIa Tj. je.uHaKa je aMrrJIHry.uH Hocener TaJIaca. 3Ha'IH, cpe.ua.a
86
sg
PFM
S FM (jf)
fo - nfl)] + 8[j(f + fo
+ nfl
G FM (jf)
S)2
=( 20
n~J:(f3 FM )[8[j(f -
KaKO je je.n;Ha o.n; oc06HHa EeCeJIOBHX cfJYHKUHja .n;a je 36HP KBa.n;paTa CBHX
EeCeJIOBHX KoecfJHUHjeHaTa In(~) je.n;HaK je.n;HHHUH 6e3 063Hpa Ha Bpe.n;
HOCT He3aBHCHO rrpOMeHJbHBe ~ TO je:
GFMUf) = 0,25S 0
'''''.::\'''''''11'';''\
87
PemelLe:
(a) Y cJIyqajy aMIIJIHTy,n:He Mo,n:YJIauMje aMIIJIHTy,n:a Mo,n:yJIHCaHOf CHrHaJIa
ce MeH.a Y pHTMY Mo,n:YJIHInyner CHrHaJIa, ,n:OK cfJalHH yrao oCTaje He3a
BHcaH o,n: MO,n:YJIHIIIyner CHrHaJIa. AMrrnHTy,n:Ha Mo,n:ynaUHja je nHHeap
Ha Mo.n;ynaUHja, rra je crreKTap AM CHfHaJIa KOHaqae IIIHpHHe .
Y cnyqajy cfJalHe Mo,n:ynal.J;Hje ce TPeHyTHH <palHH yrao Mo.n;ynHcaHor
CHrHaJIa nHHeapHo MeFba y 3aBHCHOCTH o,n: Mo.n;ynHIIIyner CHfHaJIa:
BPM(t)
-,
BpM = 2f.'(~PM + 1)
f,n:e je ~PM HH,n:eKC cfJa3He MO,n:YJIauHje:
~PM =kpM'S. = il9PM
(1) ilBpM = TCJ24 1
88
,nYJIaQHje ~PM
Q>YHKQHje 3a ~ = 4 rrpBe
10(4) -0,3971;
13 (4)
0,4302;
16(4) = 0,0491;
O,npenHTH:
=
=
BKaHlIJIa;;:: 100kHz
ocaM:
0,3641;
0,1321;
0,0040;
(B) I10IlITO CHan CHrHaJJa 3aBHCH caMO o,n aMrrJJHTYne CHrHaJJa, a y CJJy
qajy Q>a3He MonYJJaQHje aMIIJJHTy,na Mo,nYJIHCaHOr CHrHaJJa je KOH
CTaHTHa H je,nHaKa aMIIJJHTynH Hocelier TaJlaCa 80, TO je YKyrrHa cpen
ffia CHara PM CHrHaJla:
Ae,
PPM = 0,5-S 0
TS2 n~ i; ({3
5
It =
PM )
= 2' PPM'(0,066
4, TO je CHara Hocelie
Pemelhe:
89
25'2
T
.[i
2
2
l
(4)
= 0,8369'PJ:M
=SOCOS[~t + ~PMCOS(COIt)]
r,ne je ca ~PM = kpMS 1 03HaqeH HH,neKC Q>a3He Mo,nYJJaQHje KOjH rrpe,n
15,77% + 83,69%
YKyrrHe CHare
CHaze.
PMcHrHaJJa, OJlHOCHO
=99,46%
eJlUMUHUCaHO je
0,54%
yKynHe
Ae=1
B pM = 2f,(PPM + ])
rne je fl yqecTaHoCT Mo,nynHllIy.ner rrpocTorrepHo,nHqHOr CHrHaJJa, a
"'''';:~''_,,f~-
..'
_'...,..".u...... l\lIbi'_~._{.....,.....".-
90
Pemelbe:
CneKTap BpeMeHcKll orpaHH'IeHOr CHrHaJIa je KOHTHHYaJIaH H
6eCKOHa'iHO lllHpOK. Ha CJIHU,H 1 je npe,llCTaBJbeH ,llaTH CHrHaJI Y BpeMeHCKOM ,llOMeHY H Y )l.OMeHY yqecTaHOCTH.
Pemelbe:
(a) llillpllHa< 3Ha'lajHor )l.eJIa CIIeK'rpa
BFM
= 2fdPFM + 1)
~t
2fl '(PFM
II
+ 1)
91
T
(a)
~J.f
o
fl
(6)
...
92
~1.f~1
fJ
-T~
(6)
(a)
CJIHKa 1
K~aH.
ll.,
arrepHo,n;H'IHH CHrHaJI
n
I
~f
ILl n n G n
----, {fo
To=AT
arrepHo,n;H'IHH
o,n;MepeHH CHrHaJI
93
t-
TeJIeKOMYHH~auHie
.f
0
fo"'E-
CJIHKa 2
Pemea.e:
ITOIIITO c~ pa.n;H 0 o,n;Mepasruny ycaMJbeHOr HMrryJICa CMaTpaMO ,n;a
CHrHaJI HMa orpaHHlIeHo Tpajrune. TaKolje heMo CMaTpaTH H,n;a je mHpHHa
crreIcrpa OBor CHrHaJIa orpaHHlIeHa.
ODD O.-mnrr~
.
In
T
I~
rrepHo,n;H'IHH CHrHan:
~i iE-O
94
trTo
mn mn rIm mn
.
~~
fiT
I 'I
s(t)
+lOV
o~~------~~~----~-------+
-lOVI
.-."----~--
20/0,1
+ I = 200 + 1 =
~
HYJlmU HUGO
lieMo 03Hat:IHTH ca Nb. I1omTo Nb Mopa fiHTH Ueo rr03HTHBaH fipoj (jep
<PH3HqKH OH rrpe,ll;CTaBJba fipoj fiHHapHHX UH<papa) TO OqHrJIe,ll;HO Mopa
201 HHBOa
~ T-;,J
.. .
...-..--"--
.. t
95
q $; 2
= qb
(
~~
lIT
~~
'1
50.
3ap,aTaK: HeKH CHrHaJI nopYKe HMa HYJIry Cpe,ll;lby Bpe,ll;HOCT H MaKCHMaJIHy BeJIHqHHY Is(t)lmax
lOY. AKO ce KBaHTOBalbe BpmH
J{OPaKOM KBaHToBalba.6a
0,1 V rrpH qeMy je je,ll;aH HHBO
je,ll;HaK OV, O,ll;pe,ll;HTH 6poj HHBoa H ,lI;)')KHHy KO,ll;He pet:IH
J{OjOM ce orrHcyje CBaKH O,ll;MepaK y cJIyqajy fiHHapHe PCM.
(rrorJIaBJbe 13.3: K6allm06albe)
Pemelbe:
I1omTo nocMaTpaHH CHrHaJI liMa HyrrTy Cpe,ll;lby Bpe,ll;HOCT H KaKO
My je MaKCHMaJIHa BeJIHqHHa IOV, TO 3HaqH ,lI;a ce OH HaJIa3H Y orrcery O,ll;
-IOV,lI;o+IOV.
......"
(256
Ha npHMep, O,ll; -12,5V ,lI;O + 13V. }]JJyrHM peqHMa, y OBOM CJIyqajy CMO
,lI;ofiHJIH aMrrJIHTY,ll;HY MaprHHy CHrypHOCTH O,ll; (5,5 100)/20 = 27,5%.
PemelLe:
(a) TepHapHa HMnYJICHa MO,ll;ynaUHja je cJIyqaj Ka,ll;a CBaKH HMnyJIC y
KO,ll;HOj peqH Koja onHcyje ,lI;aTH O,ll;MepaK HMa TpH HHBoa (Hnp.,
0H
+1), CJIHKa la. Y TOM cJIyqajy (rromTo je CTBapHH fipoj HHBoa HaUIHX
CHI'HaJIa HCTR Kao H y UpeTXO,ll;HOM 3a.n;aTKy Tj. 201) je:
q=201$;3 NT
=QT
96
(a)
(3/2)
~a____
~a
(l/2)
_~_
(6)
IJ'"-
~a
(-112)
no.ooo
/.n.i~
--.~-
C, r
(-3/2)
Lla----------'-
q=201S;4
NQ
=(2
)N
-&~
Pemelbe:
C=No'LR
YKyrraH 6poj o,nMepaKa je,nHaK je rrpOH3Bo,ny yqeCTaHOCTH O,nMepaBalba fo
(Tj. 6pojy.o,nMepaKa y je,nHoj ceKYH,nH) H ,Il~HHH (Tj. TPaja.FLy) aHaJIOrnOr
CHrnaJIa T S:
C = fO'Ts'LR
Pemelhe:
AKO ce o,nMepaBalbe BpIllH ca yqeCTaHOillhy fo
8.000 Hz TO he
CBaKH ceKYH,n CHrnaJIa rOBopa 6HfH rrpe,nCTaBJbeH ca 8.000 o,nMepaKa.
I1011ITO je CBaKH o,nMepaK rrpe,ncTaBJbeH ca ocaM 6HTa O,nHOCHO ca 1 6aj
TOM TO je CBaKa ceKyH,na rOBopa OrrHCaHa ca:
8.000,8 64.000 6HTa
I1peMa TOMe, 3a CMeIllTalbe ,nHfHTaJIH30BaHor 3arrHca 60 ceKyH.nH roBopa
IIoTPe6HO je o6e36e,nHTH MeMopHjcKH rrpocTOp o,n:
64.000 6HTa y ceKYH,nH '60 ceKyH,nH
~a
A <>--._+.----1
97
= 3,840.000 6HTa =
480.000 nairoml 4fiR 7" kR
C."
jt)
nO.OOO[bajt]
Pemelbe:
AKo ce KBaHTOBalbe o6aBJba Ha 4096 HHBoa TO 3Haqn ,na CBaKH
o,nMepaK Mopa ,na 6y,ne npe,nCTaBJbeH ca 12 6HTa (212 = 4096). I10ll1TO je
o,nMepaBalbe 06aBJbeHO ca yqeCTaHOll1ny o,n 8 kHz TO ce Y cBaKoj ceK)'H,nH
nojaBJbyje 8.000 o,n:MepaKa. KaKo je CBaKH o,nMepaK orrHcan ca 12 6HTa TO
je CBaKa'CeKyH,na rOBopaOllHcaHa ca 12'8.000 96.0006HTa.
I10ll1TO ce y CBaKOj ceKYH.nH rrpeHocH 32.000 ,nHrHTa O,nHOCHO
32.000 eJIeMeHTapHHX CHM60JIa TO ce y cJIyqajy 6HHapHor rrpeHoca He
cy
TeJIeKOMVHHKaUHie - 36HPKa pemeHHX 3a.uaTaKa
98
M=8
IIpeMa TOMe, .n;a 6H ce y IIOCMaTpaHOM npHMepy 06e36e.n;HO npe
HOC y peaJIHOM BpeMeHY nOTPe6HO KOPHCTHTH HMnyJICe ca ocaM aMnJIH
Ty.n;CKHX HHBoa.
55"
3a,g3T3K:
. '
PemeIbe:
AKo ce KBaHTOBaIhe 06aBJha Ha 256 HHBoa TO 3HaqH .n;a CBaKH
8
o.n;MepaK Mopa.n;a 6y.n;e npe.n;CTaBJheH ca 8 6HTa (2 = 256)"
j..d)
ij ~C-{
r.:>
//lA1./'-"
(!A,ICWCP-'1
t
f
~I.. r/)
~\.-
liZ:l
~~
~
J"
~
~
'\.
{::~
~
l
'
J?r,
. 99
<!
,t.l
41:(.... .,
(6)
(al
CJIHKa 1: (a) .n;HrHTaJIHH CHrHaJI ca ,lJ,Ba HHBoa (6HHapHH CHrHaJI); (6) .n;H
rHTaJIHH CHrHaJI ca qeTHPH HHBoa.
(a) Kp03 KaHaJI rpaHHqHe yqeCTaHOCTH fg =11(28) "= 4.000 xepua MO)l(e ce
npeHeTH 118 = 2fg 8.000 eJIeMeHTapHHx npaBoyraoHHx HMnYJICa y
je.n;HHHUH BpeMeHa. Y cJIyqajy npeHoca HMnYJICHMa ca .n;Ba aMnJIHTY.n;
CKa HHBoa (Tj. JIOrHqKOM 0 H JIOrHqKOM 1) je,lJ,aH eJIeMeHTapHH CHM60JI
. (Tj. je.n;aH .n;HrHT) je ynpaBo je.n;aH 6HT rra je' 6HTcKa 6p3HHa je.n;HaKa
.n;HrHTCKOj 6p3HHH:
Z$"'<S /"'~
100
90
32.000,uHnITa
90
(6)M 4
q::: 256
=44
= 64 kHz
(B)M=256
q ::: 256 ::: 256' ---7 3HaqH, OB,ue HMaMO PAM o.n;MepaK
-J
9"0 = TJ2
= 16 kHz
PemelLe:
= 125 Jlsec
4.
O.1lPe~HTH
=28
T<!16
MoiJyJIatJuja)
(a) M = 2
q = 256
TJ(2' 8)
11"'"1
To = lifo = lI8.000
:::
~I
To = 125 lJ.Sec
BKamUla;::; lI9 o
'MaTaI<:
ff.
..
~.
10 I
=8.
.J
102
PemelLe:
q== 16.384==2 14
C == fO'LR
146HTa
Tj. )la je CBaKH O)lMepaK orrHcaH KO.llHOM (y OBOM cJlyqajy 6HHapHoM) peq
jy )l)')KHHe LR 14 6HTa.
Epoj 6HTa KOjHM je y 6HHapHoj PCM MO)lyJlaUHjH rrpe.llCTaBJbeH
CBaKH ceKYH.ll aHaJlOrHOr CHrHaJla je.llHaK je rrpOH3BO)lY 6poja O.llMepaKa y
ceKYH)lH H )l)')KHHH 6HuapHe peqH KOjoM je y rrpouecy KO)lOBarl>a CBaKH
O.llMepaK )leeJmHHcaH. Epoj O.llMepaKa y ceKYH.llH rrpe)lCTaBJba yqecTaHoCT
O.llMepaBaIha fo. KaKo 6poj 6HTa KOjHM je rrpel(CTaBJbeHa CBaKa ceKYHll:a
CHrHaJla, Tj. 6poj 6HTa y je)lHHHUH BpeMeHa, rrpe)lCTaBJba MHHHMaJlHY
rroTpe6HY rrporrYCHy Mon KaHaJla C, TO je:
C
= fO'LR = fO'N
CIN
= 16.000 [Hz]
KaKo je fo 2:: 2'fg TO ropFha rpaHHqHa yqecTaHoCT fg Mopa 6HTH
MaFha HJlH HajBHI1le je)lHaKa 8 kHz. IloI1lTO je peq 0 roBOPHOM CHrHClJIY TO
je y rrpHpO)lHOM orrcery FheroBa )lOFha yqeCTaHOCT OKO 50 Hz, rra je
HlHpHHa cppeKBeHUHjcKor orrcera rrpB06HTImr aHaJlOrHOr CHrHaJla rrpe
)lHrHTaJlH30Barl>a CHrypHO MaIha O.ll 8 kHz Ol(HOCHO B < 8 kHz.
J}
58.
"
LR
MOoYJla l1uja)
PemelLe:
Epoj 6HTa ~HM je Y.. 6Huap n oj peM MO)lYJlaUHjH rrpel(CTaBJbeHa
CBarm ceKYH)la aHaJlOrHOr cHrnanaje.llHaKje rrpOH3BO)lY 6poja O)lMepaKay
ceKYH)lH H .ll)')KHHH 6HHapHe peqH, L R KojOM je' y rrpouecy KO.llOBarr.a
CBaleH O.llMepaK )le<lmHHcaH. Epoj O.llMepaKa y CeKYH.llH rrpe.llCTaBJba VtIe-
86HTa
8
= 2N, TO
\/!.
59.
0.llHOCHO:
fa =
103
PemelLe:
CTaII)lap.1lHH TeJJe$oHcKH CHrHM 3aY3HMa orrcer O)l 300 Hz )lO
3400 Hz. CTaH.llapl(Ha yqecTaHOCT O.llMepasarr.a TeJJecpoHcKor cHroaJla je
fo = 8 kHz I1lTO 3HaqH )la je rrepHO.lla O)lMepaBarr.a:
3
6
To lifo 11(8'10 )
125'10- ceKYHl(H.
7
KBaHToBaFhe je OfiaBJbeHO Ha 128 = 2 UHBoa, rra je 3a rrpe)lCTaB
Jbarr.e CBaKor O)lMepKa rroTpe6HO ce)laM 6HTa. I10I1lTO je peq 0 6HHapHoj
KO.llOBaHoj HMrrYJlCHoj MOAYJJaUHjH, TO 3HaqH )la je CBaKH O)lMepaK rrpe)l
CTaBJbeH ca ce)laM 6HIIaPHHX HMrryJlCa. MeljYTHM, y CBaKOM PaMY, Tj. Y
cBaKoj rpyrrH HMrryJJCa KojHMa je rrpe)lCTaBJbeH HeKH O)lMepaK, HaJlalH ce
H rro je)laH CHHXpO HMrrync I1lTO 3HaqH .lla je YKYIIaH 6po] HMrryJlCa ITO
O)lMepKy:
104
105
T'MP
Bsistema
= 1/(2-9
111UX )
I HHtjJopMaUHoHH 61IT11 I
To
CI1HXpO 6l1T
j]J)ur=Jo
~
\E0
125-IO,6-7j
HHCPOPMaIl,HOHH
~i
jMIIYrH
k-
CHHXpO 6HT
10
\)i'
60.
E---
3a)!aTaK: KOJIHKa rpe6a ,Ua 6y,Ue mHpHHa rrporrYCHor orr cera CHCTeMa
Kpm KOjH ce rrpenocH 'TeJIeq}OHCKH PCM CHrHaJJ ca KBaTep
HapHHM HMrrYJ1CHMa aKO ce 3Ha ,Ua je 6poj KBaHTIIHX HFIBoa
256, Aa y CBaKOM paMy rrocTojH rro je,UaH CHHxpoHH3aUHoHH
HMrryJ1C H ,Ua ce rrpeHoc 06aBJba rro HHKBHCTOBOM KpHTe
PHjYMY?
(rrOrJIaBJbe 15 HMnYJ1CHa /(oao6aHa MoaYJlal4uja)
CJIHKa
11
00
= IT; +
nk
= 4 + 1 = 5 HMrryJ1Ca
PemeJbe:
CTaH,Uap,UHH TeJIecpoHcKH cm'HaJJ 3aYlHMa onceI' O,U 300 Hz ,UO
3400 Hz. CTaH,UapAHa y<leCTaHOCT o,UMepaBaEba TeJIecpoHcKor CHrHaJJa je
fo = 8 kHz ITITO 3Ha"'!H ,Ua je nepHo,Ua o,n;MepaBalha:
3
To = 111'0 = 11(8-10 ) = 125 '10,6 ceKYH,UH.
8
KaKO je KBaHTOBal-be 06aBJbeHO Ha 256 = 2 HHBoa, TO je 3a IIpe,U
CTaBJ1)aEbe CBaKor o,n;MepKa norpe6HO ocaM 6HTa. nOUITO je pe"'! 0 KBaTep
HapHoj KOAoBaHoj HMrrYJICHoj MO,UYJIaUHjH, TO 3Ha t IH ,Ua neMo CHrHan
npe,ncTaBJbaTH HMnYJ1CHMa ca 'IeTHpH aMrrJIHTy,UcKa BHBoa. CBaKH KBa
TepHapHH HMrrYJIC rrpe,UCTaBJba ,UBa 6HTa. I1peMa TOMe. v KBaTePHaPHoi
T0I5
B,;,tc',,
Bsistema
= 11(2-9)
106
61.
Bpe.D.HOCTH
t~
CMaIhHTH? 06jacHHTH!
(rrOrJIaBIba
13.3 K6aHm06a1be
'I;:,
15 lfMnYllcHa KoooeaHa.
MooYllal1uja)
.;)
l-
2
q2 -
KBaHTOBaIha H3HOCH:
3a
3Ha':IH
qJ = 4:
(2 -1). (&)2
q
cJIyqajy
HarneM
cJIyqajy
O.D.HOC
KBaHTOBaHH
KBaHTOBa:H.a,
.D.a
3aq2=16:
20.log(q)
KBaHTOBafba
cpe.D.Iha
CHara
IIIYMa
CHrHaJIa:
2
PNq
SN
Ha
16
=24 dB
12
paBHoMepHor
CHrHaJIlmyM
)""
NQ
'P
1O.10]P
IllTO
Pq,
1 = 255
4 Ha 16 noeenane
255/15 = 17 rryra. V
113pa)'KeHo y .D.eL{H6eJIHMa, Y3 noje.D.HOCTaBIbelLe.n;a je q2 - 1 "'" q 3a
CHrHaJIa,
1 = 16
Pemeae:
107
(~S)2
=}2
24 dB - 12 dB
= 12 dB.
lU/
62.
Ha H3JIa3Y npe.n;ajHHKa?
Pq
2
- = q -1
(I10rJIaBJba:
PNq
13.3 KeaHmOea1be
15 lfMnYllcHa KOOOeaH.a
MooYllal1uja).
Pemeae:
CHrHaJIa:
ql
4,
q12-1=421=15
PNq = (&)2/12
AKo ce KopaK i<BaHTOBa:H.a nperrOJIOBH TJ. aKO je HOBH KopaK KBaH
TOBallia
108
.6.s' = O,S.6.s
(a) ,1:.IY:lKJIHY KO,1:.lHe peqH KOjOM je npe,1:.lCTaBJ1)eHa CBaKa KBaBTosaHa Bpe,lJ,HOCT CHrHana,
(6) 6poj HHBoa KBaHTOBaILa,
(B) KOPaK KBaBTOBaH>a,
(r) BeJIHqHHY rpelllKe Koja ce qHHH npH KBaBTOBaH>Y 6HDO
Koje 'I'peHyme Bpe,1:.lHOCUf.
HanOMeHa: IOg102 "" 0,3
(iiornaBJ1)a: 13.3 KeaHm06a1ve H IS HMnYJlCHa Kooo6aHa
=(Smax - Smin)/.6.s
MOOYJlalJuja).
Pewelbe:
Pq
Pq' = (q'-.6.s,)2/12
...... '
\..:/_/
~~ ~ VI,,j).J.
t'-~:Jlrr- ,
S'".:
(.6.s)
=1."2
Pq
p=q2_1
Nq
"
O,lJ,HOCHO:
=4-A!l!l
Cf
PNq
(L\sf
= (q2 -1).1."2
109
jV""'r
Pq
1010g- = lOiog(q2 -1)
PNq
llO
=2 10 = lO24
Pemelbe:
(a) Y CJIyqajy paBHOMepHor KBaHTOBaIba cpe,lllha CHara KBaHTOBaHOr CHr
HaJIa 3aBHCH caMO O,ll 6poja HHBoa KBaHTOBalha q H BeJIH'lHHe KopaKa
KBaHTOBaIba 8s:
(&)2
Pq (l/ -1).--.-z
Smax - Smin.
(Smax - Smin)/8s
PNq
Pq
eq(t)
I~ 0,5-8s
64. 3a,[(aTaK:
=--.-z
q2_1
PNq
O,o:HOCHO, H3pa)l(eHO y,o:eUH6eJIHMa:
Pq
PNq
. lOlog-
SN
J/
111
= lOlog(q
Pq
1
2
I n - = -In(q
2 PNq
2
ModYllalfuja).
-I)
H Y HerrepHMa:
1)
1 TO je:
12
= 12'20-10g2::;;
=240'0,3 =72 dB
O,o:HOCHO:
(6) ):(a 6HO,llpe,llHJIH cpe,o:ay CHary IIlYMa KBaHTOBaIba Kao Ii cpe,n;ay CHary
KBaHTOBaHOr CHTHaJIa IIoT}le5HO je, Kao llITO ce H3. O.DrOBapajy-nHx
H3pa3a BH,o:H, H3pa'lysaTH BeJIH-.::lHHY KopaKa KBaHTOBaaa.
"
112
~s
= (Smax - Smin)/q
PNq
Pq
2
2
- = q -1 ""q
PNq
P
_q
PNq
iI
r~
\J
!~
rQ....~
PernelLe:
(~S)2
=~
=SN
Smax - Smin
113
q'
2n
P'qIP'Nq = (q,)2 = (2 n+!f = 2 2n '22 = 4'2
=4'(Pg~1
IIo,ll pe30JIYllHjoM KBaHTOBalba ce rrO,llpa3)'MeBa ,,<pHHoha" KBaHTOBalba, Tj_ 6poj KBaHTHHX HHBoa KojHMa ce arrpoKcHMY.ie CHrHaJI KOjH je
KOHTHHYaJIHH rro TPeHYTHHM Bpe,llHOCTHMa_ Y cJIyqajy ,llHmTaJIHOr rrpe
Hoca CBaKa ce KBaHTOBaHa Bpe,llHOCT CHI'HaJIa rrpe,llCTaBJI)a o,llroBapajyhoM
KO,llHOM O,llHOCHO 6HHapHoM peQjy. Ca peQjy ,ll~HHe n 6HHapHHx llH<papa
n
MO)l(e ce rrpe,llCTaBHTH 2 KBaHTHHX HHBoa.
Y cJIyqajy paBHoMepHor KBaHTOBalba Cpe,lllba CHara KBaHTOBaHOr
CHrHaJIa 3aBHCH caMO O,ll 6poja HHBoa KBaHTOBalba q H BeJIHqHHe KopaKa
PeurelLe:
OTnpeM.a:
KBaHTOBaaa ~s:
P
q
12
1_ KaHMcKH ,lleo:
fg) AO fo
It
114
*
*
PemeIbe:
+ Ilfg)
npHjeM:
fos
i 9.
33,!.(3T3X:
50 kHz.
I
CHrHana
67.
l15
CJlHKa
j<E------
B = 10' 5 = 50 kHz
fOlo
I
f [Hz]
1 10.;
KaHan KaHanl
,,!
116
~
IO nIIIIV V VIVll ..,.IX X I n
-+-J~~~~~~~~~~r-L-~
______
~)
'
11(28),
80
80
hlJnnn~nnDr~
To
CJIHKa
3:
8 HMO
.t
;;.
BIIHHHje = 1I(28H"m)
= 11(2-10-6
) =0,5-106 =500 kHz
(B) AKO ce rrpeHOC 06aBJLa HMnYJICHOM 6HHapHOM KO,llOBaHOM MO,llYJIaUHJOM npH 'IeMY je .llYJKHHa KO,llHe pe'lH KOjOM je OnHCaH CBaKH O,llMepaK
(KBaHTOBaHor) CHrHaJIa 10 6HTa, TO npHJIHKOM MYJITHIIJIeKCOBalLa
,lleCeT KaHaJIa Y CBam nepHO,ll O,llMepasalLa To Tpe6a CMeCTHTH no
10-10 = 100 6HHapHHx HMIIYJICa.
Y cJIyqajy ,lla H3Meljy HMnyJICa HeMa 3aIllTHTHe 30He, IllHpHHa CBaKor
6HHapHor HMnyJICa je:
To~
117
if118
Pemelbe:
0,41 MHJIHCeKYH,Ue
GUT
To= 50-10-6
<E
B = 1/(2'9pcM) = 1/(2-0,41-10-6 )
(a) Ha yJIa3Y Y CBaKH KaHaJI nocTojH HcfJ <pHjITap qHja roplba rpaHHqHa
...
yqecTaHocT fg, npeMa TeKCTY 3a,r(aTKa, Mopa GHTH:
fg
=10kHz
1I20.00ot~ 50 blSec
9
I
Pa,llH ycnoCTaB.ffiaB>a H o,UpJKaBalha CHHxpOHH3au,Hje npe,UajHHKa ca
npHjeMHHKoM KOPHCTH ce, npeMa TeKCTY 3a,UaTKa, je,llaH GMT no paMy.
To 3HaqH ,Ua y CBaKH paM TPe6a CMeCTHTH YKynHO no 121 GHT (CJIHKa
1). AKO ce npeHoc oGaBffia 6HHapHHM CHrHaJIHMa CBaKOM HMnyJIcy
6HTY CTOjH Ha paCnOJIaraIhY BpeMe O,ll:
T HMn
119
IWHaJla)
PemelLe:
n
n
P
'-reO
D'
SI
S,
S6
8 -
To=?
.,
(a) AKo ce npll npeHocy aMIIJIHTY,UHO MO,llYJIHCamtx' HMnyJICa KOPHCTH
KpliTepHiYM npBe HYJIe, OH,Ua j6 rrponycHH oncer B npeHOCHor KaHana:
/I~
&e
f J:./xtw~, ~ .t.!ih
r~"
120
T HMn
fo = Ufo = 11(120'10- )
H KaKO je f Omin ~ 2fg, TO MaKCHMaJIHa roplba rpaHHqHa yqecTaHoCT
CHrHaJIa MO:>Ke ,Ua 6y,Ue:
f gmax
70.
HOM paMY 0,lJ, 100 J..lSec Tpe6a CMeCTHTH rro je,UaH O,UMepaK CBaKot
rOBopHor CHrHaJIa (YKyrrHO !pH o,n:MepKa) H TpH o,n:MepKa MyJHqKOr
CHrHaJIa, YKYIIHO II1eCT o,n:MepaI<a. To, rraK, 3HaqH ,lJ,a je MHH~MaJIH
yqeCTaHOCT rrOHaBJbalba HMrrYJICa Y MYJITHrrJIeKCOealiM CHrHaJIY:
---SJ;:~E
/"
f imp = 6/1 00 [J..lSec] = 0,06 MHz 60 kHz
f.r:?
1~ -f3
= lIfimp = 100 [J..lSec]/6 "" 16,7 Usec
(G2)1
COBaHOM CHrHaJIY;
6) KOJIHKa MO:>Ke 6HTH MHHHMaJIHa, a KOJIHKa MaKCHMaJIHa
II1HpHHa HMrryJICa aKO ce rrpeHOC BpII1H Kp03 KaHaJI qHjH
je rrporrYCHH orrcer 500 kHz.
HarroMeHa: BO,UHTH paqYHa caMO 0 HHcpopMauHoHHM HM
rrYJICHMa.
KaHaJla)
Pemelbe:
(a) MHHHMaJIHa yqecTaHoCT O,lJ,MepaBalbaje f Omin
CHrHaJIa H H3HOCH
I
I
-----?>i! T
-28 maxi!<E-
HMn-
=6'T
An
To
121
,---
= 2fg rraje:,
t
Togs
I(
= 100
')1
/.lSI;:C _
amin = lIB
= 11(500'10-):1 = 2 blsec
= Togs/6 = 16,7'10-6 =
16,7 blsec
122
123
(G2) 1
71.
r
l
~
~
,~
:::::s
'~
6HTa. Fl3paQYHaTH:
a) HajMaffiY yqecTaHocT lIOHaBJI,aaa HMlIynca y MYJITHlIrreK
COBaHOM CHrHaJIY;
6) KorrHKa MOIKe 6HTH MHHHMaJIHa, a KonHKa MaKCHMaJIHa
IIIHpHHa HMlIynca aKO ce npeHOC BpIIIH Kp03 KaHaJI qH:jH
je lIPOlIYCHHOlIcer IIIHpOK 5 MHz.
(lIorrraB.ffia 15 H 16.3: If.MnYJlcH.a K0008aH.a .MOoYJla14uja H
MYJlmun.n.eKc ca epe.;ueHCKO.M pacnooe.n.oM KaH.a.rta)
Pemelbe:
MHHHMaJIHa yqecTaHocT o,nMepaBau,a je je,nHaKa ,nBOCTPYKOj rop
u,oj yqecTaHoCTH o}J,MepaBaHor CJITHaJIa: fo
2fg. IlpeMa TOMe, lIepHO}J,a
O}J,MepaBaaa rOBopHHX CHrHaJIa je:
Togs =
IIfOgs
= 100 llsec
= 1110'
::::::
1 < ; : - - - - - - - - Togs
')1
=0,8 MHz
1/(28)
6 max
33,3 llSec
= 100 JlSec
=0,625 !!Sec
124
pHHe HMrryJICa.
rryJICHMa.
PemelLe:
=2fg rraje:
yqecTaHOCT OAMepaBaJDa rOBopHor CHrHaJIa fogs =2' 5 kHz = 10kHz
yqecTaHocT oAMepaBaJDa MYlHqKOr CHrHaJIa: Oms;;;;; 2-15 kHz = 30
t
Togs = Tram
= 100 /lSec
~tlJ
If
nc/W1'fa ;f
. .
emin
= lIB = 11(500'103) = ~~
kHz
J.!see
IIITO 3Haqn Aa Y jeAaH paM OA 100 J.!sec Tpe6a CMeCTMTH rro jeAaH
O,QMepaK CBaKor rOBopHor CHrHaJIa (yKyIIHO TpH OAMepKa) H TpH
O,QMepKa MYlHqKor CHfHaJIa, YKYIIHO IIIeCT OAMepaKa. MHHHMaJIHa
yqecTaHoCT rrOHaBJbaILa HMrrYJICa je:
f imp = 6/100[J.!sec]
125
t
0,5 T imp
<E---Timp~
CJIHKa 2: MaKCHMaJIHa A03BOJbeHa BapHjaI.{Hja IIIHpHHe HMrrYJICa Y
cJIyqajy MOAYJIHCaIba 3a,l{lhe HBHI.{e HMrrYJICa.
&.
TeJIeKoMYHHKaUHle - 36HPKa pemeHHX 3a.naTaKa
126
6 max
-6
PN
7i.fl-qr
PN (I )dl = kT(J2
~ II) = kTB
f.
t PN(t) [WlHz]
%4~'
CJIHKa
=N =
[I
T imp =26max
f1
8,35 Jlsec.
Pemelbe:
f2
6rnax = ToiM
AKO ce rrpHMeayje HHKBHCTOB KpHTepHjYM 3a
=kT
BSSB
PN(f)
IkT
BpCM
Ma q~
OM ca
rrpHCYTaH
/Mcbt
1S'1
Y~J
128
B pCM
= M'BSSB
PCM
PN
'tp~f)
f,
360r T.J:era je cpe~lba CHara TepMHT.J:KOr IIIYMa Ha yna3y y PCM npHjeMHHK '
ocaM nyTa Bena HO Ha yna3y yAM npHjeMHHK npH npeHocy je~Hor 60T.J:HOr
oncera:
N pCM 8'NsSB
Pewelhe:
CneKTPaJIHa rycTHHa cpe,lULe CHare 6enor Tj. TepMWIKor IIIYMa je
KOHCTaHTHa H H3HOCH:
PN(f)
=kT
1~
~
. t'k>'f
74.
[W/Hz]
J.'"
kTB
II
NpCM=M'N~
129
>~i
I
f2
"f [Hz]
ftt ~o fg H
aKO ce npeHOC o6aBJba KOHBeHUHOHaJIHOM aMllJIHTY~HOM MO~JIa:UH
JOM, TO je Ha yna3y yAM npHjeMHHK npHcyraH CHrHaJI T.J:HjH je oncer:
Srnax =ToIM
. AKo ce npHMe1I>yje HHKBHCTOB KPHTeplijyM 3a nOTpe6HY triHpHHY npo
nY()Hor orrcera rrpeHocHor cHcTeMa:[BcHCTeMa =li(29)] If
Y3
npemo
=kTBpcM2 =kTMfg
N pCM2/NKAM = kTMfg/2kTfg
=O,S-M
=O,S'M == 0,S-16 =~
8 max =ToI(O,S'M)
AKO ce npHMeIbyje HHKBHCTOB KpHTepHjYM 3a nOTpe6HY IDHPHHY npo
rrYCHor oncera rrpeHOCHor CHCTeMa [BcHCTeMa = 1/(28)] H Y3 npeTIIO
CTaBKY ,lla je to 2fg , npOH3HJIa3H ,l:{a MHHHMaJIHa UIHpHHa npOIIYCHor
oncem CHCTeMa Kp03 KOjH ce rrpeHOCH PCM CHrHaJI ca qeTHPH aMIIJIH
TY,I:{CKa HHBoa H3HOCH:
131
O,llHOCHO:
BPCM4 == O,S BPCM2
BH,llHMO je ,lla y onIDTeM CJIyqajy IDHpHHa npOIIYCHor orr cera CHCTeMa
3a npeHOC HHQ:>opMaUHOHor CHrHaJIa IIoMony HMnYJICHO KO,llOBaHe
MO,llYJIaUHje ca qeTBOpOaMIIJIHry,l:{HHM HMIIYJICHMa Ml4 IIyra Bena HO y
cnyqajy rrpeHoca Tor CHrHaJIa nOMorry KOHBeHUHOHaJIHe aMIIJIHTY,llHe
MO,l:{YJIaUHje, a ,llBa IIyra M3Iba HO y CJIyqajy 6HHapHe PCM. IlpeMa
TOMe, Cpe,l:{Iba CHara 6eJIor IDYMa Ha yna3y PCM npHjeMHHKa y cJIyqajy
qeTBOpOaMnJIHTY,llCKHX HMIIyJICa je:
N pCM4
= kTBpcM4 = O,S'kT-M-fg
N PCMJNpCM2
O,S'kT-M'fgf kTMfg
= O,S
=0,S'kT-M'fg/2kTfg = 0,25-M
8-fg
= 4-BKAM
=O,S B pCM2
kTB pCM4
IDTO 3HaqH ,l:{a je ,llBa IIyra Maffia HO Ha yJIa3y y 6HHapHH PCM IIpHjeM
HHK:
N PCMJNpCM2
O,S'kT'M'fgl kTMfg
=O,S
132
nn
""---'~I~
4
r
28
,<
T=40e
/j
T=408
1i~
."J
T;408
n"
---3>j
I 28 ~
)1
.-'"
foz3fo.
134
me je i = k
+ 1, a k
+ 1, a k Y3HMa Bpe,n;HOCTH:
k = 1,2,.... , [(6000 - fOl )/200] = [5400/200] = 27
. I1peMa TOMe, aKO ce rrpeHOc 06aBJba ca JJ.OH.HM 60QHHM onceroM, y
orrcer o,n; 6 kHz MOry ce CMecrnTH je.1laH KaHan y !}>H3HQKOM orrcery
. (KojH 3aY3HMa oncer o,n; 0 .1l0 200 Hz), H 28 KaHana y TPaHcrrOHOBaHOM
oncery npH QeMY cy Hocene yqecTaHocrn: 600 Hz, 800 Hz, 1000 Hz,
1200 Hz, 1400 Hz, 1600 Hz, 1800 Hz, 2000 Hz, 2200 Hz, 2400 Hz,
2600 Hz, 2800 Hz, 3000 Hz, 3200 Hz, 3400 Hz, 3600 Hz, 3800 Hz,
4000 Hz, 4200 Hz, 4400 Hz, 4600 Hz, 4800 Hz, 5000 Hz, 5200 Hz,
5400 Hz, 5600 Hz, 5800 Hz H 6000 Hz.
+ 400-k
Y3HMa Bpe,n;HocTH:
1
i
l/1
T~T--I
, 200
1. I
4~0 600
I
2.
sbo
I
fOI
5600 5S00
I 15.
f028
a JI
f027
f[Hz]
lL. .
f026
15-20
f04
3.
f02 f03
!
r4
. -~
+ 200-k
r,n;e je i = k
135
'"
. fo;
=fOI
+ 200-k
136
r.ne je i = k
+ 1, a k
k
)'3HMa Bpe.nHocTH:
f03
f04
f05
137
f027 f028
,
f[Hz)
Pemelhe:
K:aHanH
S2
J
-Ii ----2..=_=
-~'(S
= _0
6
18W
-,,0
2
2
(a) ):(HrHTaJIHa aMnnHTy,.o;Ha Mo,.o;YJIaUHja (ASK) ,.o;06Hja ce TaKO IllTO ce
P
PsrASK
'-#
",,#'
TeJIeKOMVHHKallHle
138
Hocener TaJIaca.
(6) ~HrHTaJIHa
ytIecTaHOcT Hocener KOHTHHYaJIHOr TaJIaCa MeH>a Cpa3MepHO MO,llYJIH
IIIyneM .uHrHTaJIHOM CHrHaJIY. IloIIITO je MO,llYJIHmynH CHrHaJI 6HHa
paH, y MO,llYJIHCaHOM CHrHaJIY ce pHTMHtIKH CMeH>yjy .n:Be ytIecTaHocTH.
llPH TOMe CHrnaJI IIOCTOjH, 3a pa3JIHKY o.u ASK, Y lleJIOM IIocMaTpa
HOM BpeMeHCKOM HHTepBaJIy. llomTO je aMIIJIHTY,lla oBaKO Mo.n:YJIHCa
Hor CHrHaJIa OCTaJIa HeIIpOMeIDeHa O,i(HOCHO je.n:naKa aMIIJIHTy.n:H ~oce
ner TaJIaCa, TO je OtIHme.n:HO cpe.uu,a CHara FSK CHrHaJIa je.n:HaKa
Cpe,llIDoj CHa3H nocener 'l'aJIaca:
v//
PsrFSK == Ps.o =
(B) Y ,llHrHTaJIHO a3HO MO.uYJIHCaHOM CHrnaJIY (PSK) a3a ce MeH>a Y
pHTMy IIpOMeHa .n:HrHTaJIHOr CHrHaJIa. Ka.ua je MO.n:YJIHIIIynH CHrHaJI
6HHapaH, a3HH yrao MO.n:YJIHCaHOr CHrnaJIa OCllHJIyje H3Me~y ,llBe
PemeIbe:
PsrPSK =Ps.o
P
.,,0
S)2
(J2.
_0
= 32W
82
=-=32W
2
2
S2
=_0
139
,::
140
Pemen.e:
(a) t(HrnTaJIHa aMrrJIHTy.n:Ha MO,D,yJIauHja (ASK) .n:06Hja ce TaKO liTO ce
aMrrJIHry.n,a Hocener KOHmHyaJIHOr TaJIaCa Mel:ba Cpa3MepHO MO.n:YJIH
IIIylieM (rj. .n,HrnTaJIHoM) CHmaJIY. IIOIIITO je MO.n,yJIHIIIynH CHmaJI.
KBaTepHapaH (CJIHKa 1), aMITJIHTy.n,a Mo.n:YJIHCaHOr CHrHaJIa HMa lJeTH
pH Bpe.n:HOCTH (CJIHKa 2).
IIOIIITO je BepoBaTHona rrojaBffiHBal:ba CBa lJeTHPH HHBoa HMrryJICa
HCTa, TO 3HalJH .n,a lie ce y HeKOM rrOCMaTpaHOM .n:OBOffiHO BeJIHKOM HH
TepBaJIY BpeMeHa rrojaBHTH n HMrryJICa aMrrJIHTy.n,e OV, n HMrryJICa aM
rrJIHTy.n,e IV, n HMrryJICa aMrrJIHry.n,e 2V H n HMrIYJICa aMrrJIHTy.n,e 3V.
.JIL...............
i
31
J 1210
211
rrOCMaTpaHH HHTepBaJI BpeMeHa
..
...........,
-nIf\"
It!
I L.........~
L,..
Loo.j _._.1
T=49
~............J
=20V
.r . . /
T=49
_iS03
= 30V ii
1
~
!. x_,.._
! L.. . . .~
Lomo_l ,1..._;1
l i 1 i S2 = 20V
-1!
. i
. 1
.
. If'
!
~ 9 ~ ..
A.. .
.........."'~
................
SOI=IO~ 1
S02
v
141
S3 = 30V
0
T=49
,I
142
S)2
(.J2
_0
.,lrO
S2
10
=-=50W
2
2
-
=_0
ASK
79.
FSK
30V H3
(IIOfJIaBJ])e
S03
FSK)
Pemelhe:
FSK
=50 W
OJlHOCHO:
P sr3 =0,25-(S03)2/2
=0,25'302/2 = 112,5 W
(FSK)
58,33 W
f02,
fOI
=fo - ~f, a f02 = fo + ~f . Kao liTO ce BHJlH, FSK CHfHaJI ce MO)Ke pa3JIO
ASK
)KHTH Ha JlBa
ASK CHfHaJIa:
BASK = 2BB
I,
~
fvi
(
~r
l.'Jle je
JIHKY OJl
ASK,
BB
mHpHHa CIIeKTpa
BB ~I
(PSK)
fo
n:12.
OqHfJIeJlHO
ne.nOM
. i ~
=
<pa3a ce MeIha Y
fOI
R KH
Y
FSK rufHa
a IIpO
cHcTeMa?
20.000 Hz,
= 50 kHz.
S02 = 20V
(JlHrHTaJIHO <ppeKBeHTHo
aMIIJIHTYJle
FSK
Psrl
FSK CHfHaJIa:
CHfHaJIa
SOl = 10V je
PSM
aMIIJIHTYJle
143
CJIHKa
1:
CIIeKTap
FSK
f02
of
fo+~f
144
= 140 kHz
(f02 - L\f) - (fOl + L\f) (fo + L\f - fg) - (fo - L\f + fg) 2L\f - 2fg
OqeBH.n;HO je .n;ace HCTH KBaJIHTeTrrpeHoca MOJKe OCTBapHTH H aKO
YHYTap
cneKTpa FSK CHrHaJIa HeMa HeHcKopHmneHe 06JIaCTH
e=
f03 = fo + L\f. Kao ll1TOCe BH.n:H, FSK CHrHaJI ce MOJKe PalJIO:JKHTH Ha 1'pH
ASK CHrHaJIa HCTHX aMIIJIHTy.n:a, aJIH PalJIHqlfTHX yqeCTaHOCTlf. KaKO je
mHpHHa cneK1'pa ASK CHrHaJIa:
B ASK =2BT
r.n:e je BT mHpHHa cneK1'pa TepHapHof CHrHaJIa y CPH3HqKOM oncery, TO je
mHpHHa cneKTpa FSK CHfHaJIa (CJIHKa 2):
BpSK
@'J
= 2L\f +
2BT
1('
Tpajalba
25'10- ceKYH.n:H ca TpH aMnJIHTY.ll:Ha cTalba, a
Hocene yqecTaHOCTlf FSK CHrHaJIa ce MeJjyc06HO pa3JIHKyjy
IDHpBHa, cneKTpa
BT ) (
IN
FSK)
fo-fg
Pemeu.e:
TepHapHH MO.ll:YJIHmytm CHfHaJI HMa 06JIHK Kao Ha CJIHUH 1. To je
nOBopKa npaBoyraoHHx HMnyJICa qHJa Je mHpHHa y nocMaTpaHoM cJIyqajy
e = 25'10.6 ceKYH.ll:H mTO 3HaqH .n:a cneKTap OBor CHfHaJIa, npeMa KpHTe
fLuJ--c
le!e~e le~e!
f02
=fQ-L\f
f03 = fo+L\f
fOl=fo
146
= 6.000/400 = 15 KaHaJIa
BnpaBje)UlocM.
= 41!18
Tj.
M 1HYJle = 2/8):
Beos2jeilHocM. = .6fcos2IHYJle = 2/8
Bonceral BnpaB.Ha1l3M
I KaHan: 3cos21t200t
II KaHan: 3cos21t-600-t
III KaHan: 3cos21t'1000-t
IV KaHan: 3cos21t'1400,t V KaHan: 3cos21t-1800't VI KaHan: 3cos21t-2200-t
VII KaHan: 3cos21t'2600-t VIII KaHan: 3cos21t'3000't IX KaHan: 3cos21t'3400-t
X ImHan: 3cos21t'3800't
XI KaHan: 3cos21t-4200t XII KaHan: 3cos21t'4600,t
XIII KaHan: 3cos21t'5000,t XIV KaHan: 3cos21t'5400t XV KaHan: 3cos21t-5800,t
IIpeHoc ce MOiKe peaJIH30BaTH H ca je));HHM KaHaJIOM y H3HqKOM orr
cery (KOjH 3aY3HMa orrcer mllpllHe 0)); 200 Hz) H ca jom 14 KaHaJIa 3a
rrpeHoc HaH3MeHHQHHX HMrryJICa rrpH QeMY Hocenll TaJIaC y OBHM Ka
HaJI!fMa HMa cJIeJl,ene Bpe));HOcTll:
II KaHan: 3cos21t'400,t
III KaHan: 3cos21t'800't
IV KaHan: 3cos21t'1200t
V KaHan: 3cos21t'1600t VI KaHan: 3cos21t'2000't VII KaHan: 3cos21t2400t
VIII KaHan: 3cos21t'2800t IX KaHan: 3cos21t'3200-t X KaHan: 3cos21t'3600't
XI KaHan: 3cos21t'4000,t XII KaHan: 3cos21t'4400't XIII KaHan: 3cos21t'4800't
XIV KaHan: 3cos21t'5200t XV KaHan: 3cos21t'5600't
0)); 5,800
~f
1/8
2/8
147
Pemelbe:
Hz
fo -
= 6,000/800 = 7,5
IIpH TOMe OBHX CeJl,aM KaHaJIa 3aY3HMajy orrcer YKyrrHe IIlHpHHe 0));
5,600
Hz.
Hz MOiKe
CMeCTHTH:
Tj. 7 KaHaJIa 3a rrpeHOC HaH3MeHHQHHX CHrHaJIa.
f
0
= 800 Hz
(6)
= 6.000 Hz
IV KaHan: 3cos21t-2400't
VII KaHan: 3cos21t'4800't
Hz.
148
Pemelhe:
O,ll, 2047.
(rrornaBJbe 18.4 Kana14umem KaHana)
Pemelhe:
C:::::VI
Karra~HTeT
C:::::V1
KaKo je IfHcpopMa~HOHH cpnYKC H3Bopa, Tj. 6p3HHa eMHTOBaIba
HHcpopMa~Hja, je,ll,HaK rrpOH3BO,ll,y 6poja cHM60na eMHTOBaHHX y je,ll,HHH~H
BpeMeHa H rrpOCeqHe KonH~IHHe HHcpopMa~Hja KOjy HOCH CBaKH cHM60n
.llaTe a36YKe:
VI = Vo'H(S)
TO Karra~HTeT KaHana Mopa y rpaHHqHOM cnyqajy .lla 6y,ll,e:
C = Vo'H(S)
KaKO je MaKCHManHa 6p3HHa reHepHcalha cHM60na y o6nHKY rrpaBoyra
OHHX HMrrynca KOjH ce IllaJbY y KaHan Vo = 2fg, TO je:
C = 2fg -H(S)
I1HcpopMa~HoHH
VI= Vo-H(S)
3aTo Karra~HTeT KaHana Mopa y rpaHHqHOM cnyqajy ,ll,a 6Y.lle:
C=Vo'H(S)
O,ll,HOCHO, rrOIllTO je MaKCHManHa 6p3HHa reHepHcalha CHM60na Tj. rrpaBO
TO je Karra~HTeT
yraoHHx HMrrynca KOjH ce IllaJbY y KaHan V 0 ==
KaHana:
C == 2fg -H(S)
C == 2fg 'ld(q)
=2fg Id(q)
q=
q=~P,.;N
r,ll,e je q 6poj HHBoa KBaHTOBalha, Ps je Cpe,ll,lha CHara CHfHana, a N je
cpe,ll,lha CHara IllYMa. Y OBOM cnyqajy Karra~HTeT IllYMHor KaHana je:
C= fw
149
=5-10 'ld2
6
11
==
.ld(l+
~)
Karra~HTeT
je:
1 + PslN) == C/fg
4 maHOHa
O,ll,HOCHO, KaKO je 1 + PslN == 24 TO je rrOTP6HO .lla O,ll,H()C cHrHan/IllYM 6y,ll,e:
PsIN 24 - I = 15
150
151
6poj 6HTa.
(rrorrraB.Jba: 9.4 Oco6uIle CU21laJla nooamaKa H 18.5 Kooo
6aT-be).
PemelLe:
\
VB = Vo-log2M
PemelLe:
IlocTyrrKoM CKeHOBaH:.a ce aHaJIOrna CJIHKa (cpoTorpacpHja HJIH
upTee) .ll.HcKpeTH3xie KaKO no X-OCH H IIO y-OCH TaKO H no HHTeH3HTeTY
3aupfbeHOCTH. Ha Taj Ha'IHH ce oMorytiaBa .ll.HrHTanH30BaJ:Le crrHKe.
,l.(HcKpeTH3aUHjoM no x H no y OCH ce aHanorna CJIHKa KOHBepTyje
y o.n.peljeH:H 6poj Ta'IaKa no je.ll.HHHUH rrOBplUHHe. IlolUTO je y .ll.aTOM
cJIyqajy CKeHOBaJ:Le 06aB.JbeHO pe30nyuHjoM O.ll. 500Ta'IaKa/UM TO je CJIHKa
pa3JIoeeHa Ha YKyrrHO:
N 10 [cm]'l0 [cm]'500-500 [TaQKa/cm2] 25.106 Ta'IaKa
152
N [TaqKa]'L [6HTlTa~a]
= 25'10
[TaqKa]-8 [6HTlTaqKa] =
6
200'10 6HTa = 25'10 6ajTa
2510"
LI(TaqKe)j
= 200.10 6
25.10 [CHM60JI]-8
maHOH
CHM~JI
J=
IlIaHOHa
153
=200'10
maHOHa y ceK)'H.n:H
fg
=fg'ld(l + PslN)
(1)
154
+ P,/N)
O)),HOCHO:
1+ Ps/N
= 2 16
Hrnax = Id(M)
= 2 16
PJN
1 = 65.535
I + Ps/N)
=C/fg =200-106/(6,25-10 6 ) = 32
PsiN
=2
1 ""
IO'Jog(Ps\N) = lO'log2
= 32-1O'log2
32
320'0,3
= 96 [dB]
= 32'0,5-ln2 = J6-0,7
11,2 [N]
?Rr-:r(I;!~
0,5'ln(Ps/N) = 0,5'ln2
32
32
155
64
= 2 6)
Kp03
156
C = B-ld(l + SIN)
r,lJ.e je SIN O,lJ.HOC Cpe,lJ.H>HX CHam curHana H myMa. Y OBOM H3pa3Y ce He
nojaBJbyje 6poj aMnnHTY,lJ.CKHX BHBoa HMIIynca. ,lJ.aKne, OBa penaIl.Hja ,1J.e
<pHHHIlle MaKCHMaTIHY Moryhy 6p3HHy rrpeHoca 3a ,lJ.aTe ycnoBe npeHoca,
Tj. 3a ,1J.aTH nponycHH oncer KaHaJIa H 3a ,1J.aTH O,1J.HOC CHrHaJI/IIlYM, 6e3
063Hpa Ha opoj aMnnHTY,1J.cKHX IIHBoa HMnynca. Y ,1J.aTOM cnycrajy, nOIIlTO
je O,lJ.HOC CHrHaTI/IllYM ,1J.aT y,1J.eIl.HOenuMa:
PIN
3
10
'At.:
2. Kunt,
"Digital Signal Processing", Artech House Inc. 1986.
3. JI)'Kamena, r., j{paju/i, p, IJempo6uli.r. u IJempo6uli, P.: ",lJ.HrHTaJIHe
= 1.000
3.000-2
10
=2-
,!\J..
:).,
,~
~'
10-log(PIN) = 30 dB
Toje:
JIHTEPATYPA
Eeorpa,lJ. 1985.
M3AaBa'I:
YPOllEBHB., 30paH M.
24 cm
f
I,
.~:-.