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Protists PDF
Protists PDF
Protists
Protist is the informal name of the group of mostly
unicellular eukaryotes
Figure 28.1
1 m
Plastid Evolution
Mitochondria arose first through descent from a
bacterium that was engulfed by a cell from an
archaeal lineage
Figure 28.3
Membranes
are represented
as dark lines
in the cell.
Red alga
Cyanobacterium
Dinoflagellates
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Plastid
1 23
Primary
endosymbiosis
Stramenopiles
Nucleus
Heterotrophic
One of these
eukaryote
membranes
was lost in
red and
green algal
descendants.
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Plastid
Euglenids
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Green alga
Chlorarachniophytes
Figure 28.3a
Primary endosymbiosis
Membranes
are represented
as dark lines
in the cell.
Red alga
Cyanobacterium
1 23
Nucleus
Heterotrophic
One of these
eukaryote
membranes
was lost in
red and
green algal
descendants.
Green alga
Figure 28.3b
Secondary endosymbiosis
Dinoflagellates
Red alga
Plastid
Stramenopiles
Figure 28.3c
Secondary endosymbiosis
Plastid
Euglenids
Green
alga
Chlorarachniophytes
Inner plastid
membrane
Nucleomorph
Outer plastid
membrane
Nuclear pore-like gap
Figure 28.2a
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Excavata
Diplomonads
Stramenopiles
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
SAR clade
Alveolates
Dinoflagellates
Forams
Rhizarians
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
Green
algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Land plants
Archaeplastida
Red algae
Tubulinids
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Opisthokonts
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Unikonta
Amoebozoans
Slime molds
Figure 28.2aa
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Excavata
Diplomonads
Stramenopiles
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Forams
Rhizarians
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
SAR clade
Alveolates
Dinoflagellates
Excavata
5 m
Parabasalids
Have reduced mitochondria
Include Trichomonas vaginalis, the pathogen that
causes yeast infections in human females
Flagella
Undulating
membrane
5 m
Euglenozoans
Euglenozoa is a diverse clade that includes
predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs,
mixotrophs, and parasites
Long flagellum
Eyespot
Short flagellum
Light
detector
Contractile vacuole
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Euglena (LM)
5 m
Plasma
membrane
Pellicle
Figure 28.8a
Long
flagellum
Eyespot
Contractile
vacuole
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Euglena (LM)
5 m
Plasma
membrane
Video: Euglena
Figure 28.2aa
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Excavata
Diplomonads
Stramenopiles
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Forams
Rhizarians
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
SAR clade
Alveolates
Dinoflagellates
Diatom diversity
50 m
Excavata
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Stramenopiles
Ciliates
Forams
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
SAR clade
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans Alveolates
Rhizarians
Archaeplastida
Unikonta
Stramenopiles
The stramenopiles clade includes some of the most
important photosynthetic organisms on Earth
Stramenophiles
Hairy
flagellum
Smooth
flagellum
5 m
Diatoms
Diatoms are unicellular algae with a unique two-part,
glass-like wall of silicon dioxide
Golden Algae
Golden algae are named for
their color, which results from
their yellow and brown
carotenoids
All golden algae are
photosynthetic, and some are
mixotrophs
Most are unicellular, but
some are colonial
Brown Algae
Brown algae are the largest and most complex
algae
Figure 28.12
Blade
Stipe
Holdfast
Alternation of Generations
A variety of life cycles have evolved among the
multicellular algae
The most complex life cycles include an alternation
of generations, the alternation of multicellular
haploid and diploid forms
Figure 28.13
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Sporangia
MEIOSIS
10 cm
Sporophyte
(2n)
Developing
sporophyte
Zygote
Mature female
(2n)
gametophyte
(n)
FERTILIZATION
Zoospore
Female
Gametophytes
(n)
Male
Egg
Sperm
Figure 28.13a-1
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Sporangia
MEIOSIS
Sporophyte
(2n)
Zoospore
Female
Gametophytes
(n)
Male
Egg
Sperm
Figure 28.13a-2
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Sporangia
MEIOSIS
Sporophyte
(2n)
Developing
sporophyte
Zygote
(2n)
Mature female
gametophyte
(n)
FERTILIZATION
Zoospore
Female
Gametophytes
(n)
Male
Egg
Sperm
Alveolates
Members of the clade Alveolata have membraneenclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma
membrane
The alveolates include
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Figure 28.14
Alveoli
Alveolate
0.2 m
Flagellum
Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates have two flagella and each cell is
reinforced by cellulose plates
Figure 28.15
Flagella
(a) Dinoflagellate
flagella
3 m
Ciliates
They have large macronuclei and small micronuclei
Genetic variation results from conjugation, in which
two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei
Conjugation is a sexual process, and is separate
from reproduction, which generally occurs by binary
fission
Figure 28.17a
Contractile
vacuole
50 m
Cilia
Micronucleus
Macronucleus
(a) Feeding, waste removal, and water balance.
Oral groove
Cell mouth
Food
vacuoles
Paramecium
Rhizarians
Many species in the rhizarian clade are amoebas
Amoebas are protists that move and feed by
pseudopodia, extensions of the cell surface
Rhizarian amoebas differ from amoebas in other
clades by having threadlike pseudopodia
Rhizarians include radiolarians, forams, and
cercozoans
Radiolarians
Marine protists called radiolarians have delicate, symmetrical
internal skeletons that are usually made of silica
Pseudopodia
200 m
Forams
Foraminiferans, or forams, are named for porous, generally
multichambered shells, called tests
Figure 28.2a
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Excavata
Diplomonads
Stramenopiles
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
SAR clade
Alveolates
Dinoflagellates
Forams
Rhizarians
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
Green
algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Land plants
Archaeplastida
Red algae
Tubulinids
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Opisthokonts
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Unikonta
Amoebozoans
Slime molds
Figure 28.2ab
Green
algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Land plants
Archaeplastida
Red algae
Tubulinids
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Opisthokonts
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Unikonta
Amoebozoans
Slime molds
Red Algae
Accessory pigment called phycoerythrin masks the
green of chlorophyll
Figure 28.21a
Bonnemaisonia
hamifera
8 mm
Figure 28.21b
20 cm
Nori
Nori
Green Algae
Plants are descended from the green algae
Figure 28.2a
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Excavata
Diplomonads
Stramenopiles
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
SAR clade
Alveolates
Dinoflagellates
Forams
Rhizarians
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
Green
algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Land plants
Archaeplastida
Red algae
Tubulinids
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Opisthokonts
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Unikonta
Amoebozoans
Slime molds
Figure 28.2ab
Green
algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Land plants
Archaeplastida
Red algae
Tubulinids
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Opisthokonts
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Unikonta
Amoebozoans
Slime molds
Amoebozoans
Amoebozoans are amoeba that have lobe- or tubeshaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia
They include slime molds, tubulinids, and
entamoebas
Slime Molds
Slime molds, or mycetozoans, were once thought to be fungi
DNA sequence analyses indicate that the resemblance between
slime molds and fungi is a result of convergent evolution