S.NO CHAPTER 07 | Filtration Water Demand | Source of Water ‘Disinfection — PAGE .NO “01-06 Al 417 intraduction 09 [Estimating The Sewage Discharge 7 03” | Estimating Storm Drainage - 04 | Design Of Sewers 1 05 | Quality Characteristics Of Sewage | 06 | Treatment Of Sewage 07 | Sludge Digestion 08 | Trickling Filters 09 | Activated Sludge Process 10 Oxidation Ponds. 11 | Disposing Of The Sewage Effluents - 12 | Sewer Construction And Appurtenances 13 | Solid Waste Management 14 [Air pollution 7 Noise Pollution Water Supply Arrangements in BuildingsWATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING»~ Chapter 1. Water demand : 1. Total Quantity of water required for a town depends on Rate of demand i) Design period i) Population (atthe end of design period) 2. Rate of demand : Expressed as Iphd, ped etc 3. Various types of demand. { As per IS : 1172 — 1993) a) I'S: Recommendations for an average Indian tovin without full flushing system (for L1G) 1. Domestic —( 50 to 60%) 135 Lp.c.d 2. Industrial & commercial ( 20 to 25 %) 3, Public use (5 to 10 %) 4. Losses & thefts (15 to20 %) Total demand: 270 Lp.c.d b) With full flushing system ( HIG) 1. Domestic 00 Ip.c.d 2. Industrial & commercial — 70 3. Public use 4, Losses & thefts Total demand: lpod “The per capita demand for nursing homes, Boarding Schools and Hostels: 135 Ipcd. 4. Domestic demand : bathing, cooking etc. | | Industrial and commercial demand: Offices, hostels, hospitals, factories, industries ete ‘awn sprinkling, public parks etc. 5 6. Public use: 7. Losses: Leakage due to bad plumbing, thefts ete. 8 |. Fire demand: (Generally to 10% of total demand of the city. Generally 3 streams for each fire @ 1100 /min Minimum water Pressure. 1 to 1.5 ka/om? at the fire hyutanit Quantity is less but rate of supply is very high Therefore it affects the distribution system rather than storage tanks. Empirical Formulae for fire demand : a) Kuichling’s formula: Q = 3182 VP Where Q = Demand in lit /min ; P= population in thousands b) Freeman formula; Q = 1136.5 [(P /5) + 10] ©) National board of fire underwriters formuta: Q = 4) Buston’s Formula: Q = 5663 YP 637. VP [1 - 0.01 YP] ~ Limitations / Drawback:. Formulae don't take into account factors involved in the township like industrial or non-industrial etc. Therefore same results. 10. Factors affecting the rate of demand : a) Size ot city _b) climatic conditions _c) Types of gentry and habits we d) Industrial and commercial activity. ©) Quality of water supply 4) Pressure in the distribution system 9) Development of sewage facilities i h) System of supply i) Cost of water __j) Policy of metering : ‘System of supply 2) Intermittent system : Generally consumption is less. b) Continuous system : Generally Consumption is more, 4> ACE > 2 > ACE 11. Variation in demand and their effects on the design of various components of 1 water supply scheme. vai . oN a Average Demand * Maximum daily demand 8 x Average daily demand “Maximum hourly demand = 1.5 x Average hourly demand of a Maximum daily demand = 2.7 x Average hourly demand 12, Total Draft: Greater of the following i) Max. daily demand + Fire demand. It is called coincident draft li) Max. hourly demand. 13, Components ~ design demand, 1) Sources of supply » Maximum dally consumption 2) Pipe mains: (Source to service reservoir). Maximum daily consumption 3) Filters and other units: Twice the average daily demand (sometimes Max. dail demand). * To take care of break down, 4) Pumps: Twice the average demand 5) Distribution system: Total draft 14. Design period: A reasonable future period for which pravision is made in water supply scheme. ~ It shall not be too large to become a burden on the present users or too short tc be uneconomical ~ A design period of 20 to 30 years is generally adopted It dopends on useful life of component, uifficully in fuluie expansion, funds availabilty, anticipated rate of population growth ,interest rate etc Component Design period Dams 50 years Conveying main pipes 30 years Distribution system 30 years Water treatment units 15 years Pumps, Service Reservoir 15 years 15. Population Forecasts: * Based on law of probability and therefore give approximate imate a) Arithmetic increase method:- * Rate of change of population with time is assumed to be constant * Applicable to ole anc large cities with no industrial growth and reached a saturation oF maainunn develope This method yields lower results for rapidly growing cities. Pa=(Potnx ) Where, P latest known population ; P, = Prospective population after ‘ decades ‘average increase in population per decade. >ACED b) Geometrical increase method: * Percentage increase in population from decade to decade is assumed to:be:constant “Gives good results for young cities and expanding rapidly. 1 P= Po [1+(1/100))" T Where ‘1 geometric mean percentage increase. ¢) Incremental increase method: Combination of the above two methods. In this method , the average of increase in population is found by arithmetic increase ‘method and to this is added the average of net incremental increase. 4) Decreasing rate method: Quite rational method for the cities, whose rate of increase goes on reduce, as they reach saturation. e) Simple graphical method: A graph plotted for a city between time and population is smoothly extended to the desired time. The graph is called ‘ logistic curve! This gives very approximate results, Itis very unsafe to, use method alone, ) Comparative graphical method: Based on the assumption that the city under consideration may develop same as the selected similar cities developed in the past. Itis based on a logical background . precise and reliable results'can be 6btained by this, method. SET-A 1, Which one of the following practices causes reduction in the per capita water consumption? a) good quality water b) hotter climate) modern'living __d) metering system 2. The multiplying factor, as applied to obtain the maximum daily water demand, in relation to the average i.e. per capita daily demand, is: a) 1.5 b) 18 ) 3.0 27 3. The multiplying factor, as applied to obtain the peak hourly demand, in ‘relation: to the maximum daily demand, (per hour of course) is: a)15 b)1.8 ©) 2.0 427 4. The multiplying factor, as ‘applied to obtain peak hourly demand, in relation to thé average daily demand, (per hour of course) is a) 15 b) 1.8 0) 2.0 427 5, The total water requirement of a city is generally assessed on the basis of a) maximum hourly demand b) maximum daily demand + fire demand ) average daily demand + fire demand —_d) greater of (a) and (b) 6. Coincident draft in relation to water demand, is based on: a) peak hourly demand b) maximum daily demand ) maximum daily + fire demand 4) greater of (a) and (b) 7. The distribution system in water supplies, is designed on the hasis af a) average daily demand b) peak hourly. demand 4) caitiuidea i el 1) presale af (h) and (¢) 8. As compared to the geometri increase method gives: a) lesser value b) higher value ©) equal value d) may, vary as it may depend on the population figures. increase method of forecasting population, the arithmetical _—ACE Be SREB 22, The domestic use of water amounts to...f the total water, requiremehits per éapitaiper day. (2) 20% (b) 30% (©) 40% (6) 50% * I ta RoTBSGOR 23. According to Indian standards, 45 litres of water per person per'day is provided in case ot (a) hotels (b) hostels (c) offices (A) all of these 24. According to Kuichling formula, the fire demand (Q) in lites per minute _is given by (a) Q= 1136((P/5) +10) (b), : (c) Q= 3182 VP (4). Q = 663VP 25. In designing a water works for a city to meet the water demiand for public ‘use, a provision | of about......of the total consumption is made. (a) 5% (b) 10% (©) 20% (a) 25% Key: 1d 2b 3a 44 5d Be 7d 8a 9a 10.4 11.b 12.b 13.6 14b 15c 16 17c 18d 19b 20d 21d 22d 236 2c 25b Previous APPSC Questions 1. The per capita consumption of water of a locality is affected by (1) Climatic condition and quality of water. _(2)Quality of water and distribution pressure | (3) Distribution pressure and climatic condition (4) Climatic condition, quality of water and distribution 2. Coincident demand of water during fire fighting is represented by (1) Maximum hourly demand of water (2) Maximum daily demand of water (3) Average hourly demand of water (4)Average daily demand of water 3. The distribution mains in a water supply scheme are designed for (1) Average dally demand (2)Maximum hourly demand (3) Coincidental demand + fire demand _(4)Greater of (2) and (3) 4. The suitable method of forecasting population for a young and rapidly increasing city is (1) Arithmetic. increase method (2) Geometrical increase method (3) Incremental increase method (4)Graphical method 5. Water losses in a water supply system’ ate assumed as (1) 5 to 10% (2) 10to 20% | @)20to 30% ~~ (4)30to 40% 6. The design period aaopted for designing a water distribution system is generally (11 year (2) 30 years (8)100 years (4) 500 years {the Case uf publle water supply systein, the requirement ot water supply system, the requirement of water for fire demand is generally taken as a direct function of (()number of multistoried buildings {2)population of the city (B)area of the city (@)industrial area> 9 10, 12 13 18. 19, 20, 21 ACE > an PACED The suitable method for forecasting population for an ald developed large city, is: 2) arithmetic mean method b) geometric mean method ©) comparative graphical method 4) none of these The pipe mains carrying water from the source to the reservoir are designed jor the a) maximum daily draft b) average daily drat ©) maximum hourly draft of the maximum day d) maximum weekly draft The design period for the design of water supply project is generally taken as a) Less than 10 years b) 20-30 years ¢) 50 years d) more than 50 years Filter and other units of treatment plant are designed for ) the annual average daily demand of water ») two times the annual average daily demand of water ©) maximum daily demand of water (.e., 1.8 times the annual avg, daily demand of water) <) two times the maximum daily demand of water As per IS : 1172 ~ 1993 in the design of a water supply scheme for a town wit! full ushing system minimum water supply for domestic water demand is a) 135 Iped b) 200 Iped ©) 270 Ipea d) 335 Iped The suitable method for forecasting population for a young and a rapidly deve oping city is a) arithmetic mean method b) geometric mean method ©) comparative graphical method d) none of these The per capita per day demand of water is taken as an averaye value over ay eros! @) 24 hours b) one month ©) one year 4d) more than one ye Water distritution systems are sizéd to mect the a) maximum hourly demand b) average hourly demand ©) maximum daily demand and fire demand d) average daily demand and fire demand The growth of population can be represented by a a) straight line curve b) semi-log curve ©) logistic curved) logalithmic curve Ifthe average daily water consumption of a city is 24,000cum, the peak hourly demand (of the maximum day course) will be: a) 1000 cu m/hr b) 1500 cu mihr —c) 1800 cum/hr —d) 2700 cu mine If the population of a city is 2 lakh, and average water consumption is 200 ljied, then the capacity of the pipe mains, carrying raw water from source will be a) 108 MLD b) 72 MLD. c) 60 MLD d) 40 MLD Find the population at the end of 2011 by Arithmetical increase method? Year Population i951 7,00,000 1961 1,09,000 1971 4, 18,000 1981 1, 28,000 a) 1,26,000 b) 1,36,000 ©) 1,468,000 d) 1,568,000 'n India, as per Indian standards, water consumption per capita per day for domesti Purpose is (@) 85titres — (b) 100 litres (c) 115litres © (d) 136 fires =QAGED ren > ACES 5. The population of town in three consecutive years 5000, 7000 and 8400 respectively, The population of the town in the fourth consecutive year according to geometrical (1),9500 (2)9800, (3)10100 (4)10920 8. The average domestic consumption under normal conditions in Indian cities per day per person is (1) 105 tit (2)135 it (3)500. lit (4)150 lit 10, Water losses in a supply system are assumed as (1)15 percent (2)75 percent —_(3)10 percent (4)22.5 percent CHAPTER:2 SOURCE OF WATER Types 4) Surface sources of water ) Sub — surface or Underground source of water 1. Surface ~ sources of water: water is available. at the ground surface Lakes and Ponds ji) Streams or Rivers ii) Storage reservoirs iv) Oceans 2. Sub ~ surface or Underground sources of water : Exist below the ground surface i) Infiltration yalleries 1) Anfitration wells il) Springs iv) Wells and Tube ~ wells. 5. Lake : Lake water may have plenty of algae, weed and other vegetable growth imparting bad smell, taste and colour to the water. 4. Streams or Rivers : In the mountains the river water is fairly pure but as the river approaches plains the quality deteriorates considerably, since it picks up lot of suspended matter, clay, silt, etc., 5. Storage reservoir : The storage reservoirs are the main sources of water supply for big cities, 6.0ceans : Highly saline. The process of removing salt from_ water is known as desalination. 7-Reservoir Yield : It is the amount of water which can be supplied from a reservoir in a specified interval of time. Reservoir yields is dependent upon inflow. 8.Safe or firm yield - It is the maximum quantity of water which can be supplivd fiuin a reservoir during a cntical (or worst) dry period 9.Secondary yield : It is the quantity of water available in excess of safe yield during period of high flows. 18.Underground sources : 1) Infiltration galleries 2) Infitration wells 3) Springs 4) WellsPACED Tet 2 ACES, | 15.1, Infiltration galleries; A horizontal or nearly:horizontal tunnol usually rectangular in cross- section and having permeable boundaries so that groundwater can infiltrate into the same. _Itis also known as horizontal well. Frequently located near a perennial recharge source and hence itis usually placed along the bank, or under the bed of a river. 15.2. Infiltration wells: These, are shallow wells constructed in series along the banks of a river to collect the water seeping through the banks of the river. - Closed at top and open at bottom - The various infiltration wells are connected by. pipes to a collecting sump well known as jack well. Water from the jack well is pumped to treatment plant. 15.3. Springs: Spring is natural outflow of ground water which appears at the ground surface a8 a current or stream of flowing water. ~ Springs are cepable of supplying small quantity of water = Useful only for small towns near hills or bases of hills 15.4. Wells : Water wells may be classified as 1. Open wells or Dug wells 2. Tube wells 46. Open wells or Dug wells: Have comparatively large diameters but low yields and are not very. deep, Usually constructed by digging - Walls may be built of brick or stone masonry or precast concrete rings) Open wells may be further classified as a) shallow open wells b) Deep open wells 16.1. Shallow open wells : These are wells which rest in the top water bearing strata and draw their supplies from the surrounding material. 16.2 Deep open wells : These rest on impervious strata and draw their supplies from the pervious formation lying below the impervious strata through bore holes made in the impervious strata - The yield of deep wells is more than that of shallow wells. - The nomenclature of shallow and deep open wells is purely technical.and it has nothing to do wilt Une dulual dept of the well because sometimes a-shaliow well may have more depth that a deep well, Ground surface Pervious ‘Borehole Format a) Shalfow well ©, (&) Deép well “Urhperviqus.strdta «+ mel (Mota tayer)? #2". So 1 Parweis formation. 47. Tube wells: Tube well is a.lang pipe sunk inte the ground intercepting one or more water bearing strata. I8.INTAKES : Intake is a device or structure placed in a'surface-water source to:permit the withdrawal of water from this source, and discharge it into an intake conduit to the treatment plants. sae.> ACE> gia > ACE > SET- A 1; Which source of water, among the following, is not a surface sour a) river ») well ©) lake d) ocean 2: Which source of water, among the following, is not a sub surface source? a) spring b) well ©) storage reservoir d) iniitration gallery Tg natural outflow of subsurface water at the surface is termed as 2) lake ») spring ©) infitration gallery d) tube weil © Awell constructed in the upper most water bearing stratum with out entering any impervious stratum is called @) Infiltration well b) tube well ©) shallow well d) jack weil An infiltraiton gallery is 3) Sue well with horizontal arms. b) a horizontal well under the ground surface ©) an artesion well 4) a shallow well °-A well Consisting of RCC rings placed on a curb, sunk inthe bed of a fiver is called 2) infiltration well b) jack well ©) deep well «) artesion wall 7 Water from infitration wells is collected by pipes and led to ‘sump trom where it is pumped, this sump is called ®) under ground sump b) jack well) Artesion well infitration well 8. Ground water is ®) Free from suspended solids but contain dissolved solids) Free from harmful bacteria but may contain harmless bacteria c) Free trom floating impurities but may have SNSpended solids d) Free from dissolved solids but may have cullodis; sey ids 9. A shallow well is one tapping an aquifer @) nearest to ground level b) below an impervious layer \ ©) Sand witched in between two impervious 4) runs through a number of strata 10. A deep well 3) easily gets dried up during summer. b) may yield constant discharge ©) is not deeper.than a shallow well 9) is formed by just tapping the nearest ‘aquifer to the ground 11. River water may have @) more suspended solids and less dissolved solids b) more dissolved solids and less suspended solids C) more dissolved solids and less floating soliie )more colloidal and dissolved solids 12. A good source of water requiring practically the least treatment ie 9) @ perennial river’ b) an impounded reservoir c) a deep wal 4) an elevated Inke 1S: Sedimentation may not be required for water from a a) shallow well b ) deep well ©) river ) canal 4. Wich one ofthe following would contain water with the maximum amount of Turbiaity? a) lakes b) oceans c)rivers — d) wells i> ACE > Pats > AGE The odour changes with temperature. Itis tested normally at 20° C to 25° C. Odour is measured by an apparatus called Osmoscope. The Osmoscope is graduated with pO values from 0 to 5. PO value of 0 indicates ‘no perceptible odour” PO value of 5 indicates ‘extremely strong odour’ 4. Temperature ; 10° C is desirable. 5. Specific Conductivity : To know the dissolved salt content. Determined by Dionic water tester Impurities in water : 1. Suspended impurities : They cause turbidity. The concentration of suspended impurities is measured by turbidity. eg : silt, clay, bacteria, fungi, algae. 2. Colloidal impurities : These are finely divided: dispersion of solid particles, not visible to the naked eye. These impurities if associated with organic matter having bacteria becomes the chief source of epidemic. = 3. Dissolved impurities : It includes organic compounds, inorganic salts and gases. The following are various dissolved impurities and their effects. (@) Salts : CaCl,, MgClz COs, HCOs, They cause hardness and alkalinity in water (b) Metals :Iron causes red colour, Manganese causes brown colour (c) Lead and arsenic cause poisoning (d) Gases : Oxygen causes corrosion of metals chlorine and ammonia cause bad taste and odour, COz and Hydrogen sulphide cause acidity in water. Tl CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS : 1. Total solids, suspended solids and dissolved solids : “Total solids can be found by evaporating a sample of water and weighing the ary residue lef | * Suspended solids can be found by filtering water sample through Whatman filter paper } No.44 } * Permissible TDS limit : 500 to 1000 ppm. } k 2. Py value of water : * It indicates hydrogen ion concentration in water. I “pH =log io (1/H"), If pH>7 itis alkaline: If pH<7 itis acidic. “Alkalinity is caused by bicarbonates (HCO;) of Ca and Mg and carbonates (COs), hydroxides (OH) of Ca, Mg, K, Na, * Acidity is caused by Mineral Acids, free CO,, Sulphates of Fe & Aluminum * Alkalinity Effects : Incrustation and sediment deposit in pipelines and difficult in chlorination * Acidity Effects : Tuberculation & Corrosion of pipe lines, * Permissible limit : 6.6 to 8.5 * Py is measured by Potentiometer and Colorimetric method.> ACED 12s: > ACE> 3. Hardness (characteristic which prevents formation of lather or foam wilh soup Effects of Hardness : Scaling of boilers, greater soap consumption. vonosion and incrustation of pipe lines, food becomes iasteless et Types of Hardness : 1, Carbonate Hardness 2. Non Carbonate Hardne ; Lemporary or carbonate hardness : Caused by HCO, and CO, of Ca & Mg Can be removed to some extent by simple boiling or removed fully by addticn of lime * Bermanent or non Carbonate hardness Caused by SOs, Cl, NOs of Ga & Mg * Can be removed by water softening methods such as Lime soda process, Deminerlization process and Zeolite Process. * Determined by 'EDTA’ method Permissible limits: For boiler feed waters < 75 ppm For drinking purpose, between 75 and 115 ppm |i Hardness is < 75 ppm is called ‘Soft’ It Hardness is > 200 ppm , is called ‘Hard’ Measurement: Measured in terms of ppm or mgt of Caco. * Measured by EDTA test ( Ethylene Diamine Tetracetic Acid test) In the titration process Erichrome black T is used to show the end of titration “After determining amount of Ca & Mg ions present in water. by titration process with versanate solution, hardness is estimated as follows Total Hardness in mg/l as CaCO; = [8° in mgt x Combining wt of CaCOs) + [ Mg” in moll x Combining wt 69, ) Coinbining wt ofa” | “ovnbining wk cf i Total Hardness = Ca"* mg /1_X (50/20) + Mg" maf x (50/12) TH = CH + NCH If TH > alkalinity, then CH = Alkalinity. NCH = TH-CH, IfTH s Alkalinity, then CH = TH, NCH = 0. 7 Hardness is also expressed in degree of hardness | One British degree of hardness(Clark’s Scale) =14.25 ppm of CaCOs "One French degree of hardness =10 ppm of CaCO. “One American degree of hardness =17.15 ppm of CacO, Alkalinity in mgil as CaCO; ining wt Ca COs = [HCOs' inmgi x Combining wt.of CaCO} + [COs in mont xc: Combining wi of CO, “Combining wi. oF ACOs Total Hardness = HCOs'mg/!_ x (50/61) + COs" mel X (50/30) 4 Chloride content : Hresent in the form of Sodium Chloride. Imparts salty taste * Permissible limit: 250 mg/L * Presence of high quantity indicates pollution from sewage and other human & industrial waste,SAGES SRES Deer nARAHD SraDDeOROMM UT 5. Nitrogen Content ; Indicates presence of organiematter and the'extent to which it has undergone decomposition : Different forms : 1) Free Ammonia 2) Albuminoid Nitrogen (organic nitrogen) 3) Nitrites 4) Nitrates. | i) Free Ammonia indicates presence of undecomposed organic matter and it represents:first stage decomposition, Permissible limit: less than.0.15 ppm ii) Albuminoid Nitrogen : - indicates decomposition of organic matter has started(:limit shall not exceed 0.3 mglit iil) Nitrites : * Indicates presence of partly decomposed organic matter:» * Permissible limit : Nil 'v) Nitrates : * indicates fully oxidized organic matter, * Permissible limit : < 45 ppm. * Excess causes the disease called "Methemoglobenima” (Blue baby disease) * Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)=Free ammonia + organic nitrogen 6. Metals & Chemical Substances : a) Iron & Manganese Permissible limit * Iron <0.3 ppm, — Mn < 0.05 ppm. * Excess Iron & Mn cause discolouration of clothes washed in’ such’water and incrustation of water mains due to deposits b) Copper : Permissible limit-1 to3mg/I * affects human lungs and other respiratory organs ©) Sulphate : Permissible < 250 mg/1 * Causes lexative effect on humanbody “and diarrhea d) Fluride * Flouride <1 ppm, cause formation of fever cavities in the teeth “Flouride > 1.5 ppm causes Flourosis ( spotting and discolouratich of teeth) and deformation of bones. * Permissible limit : between 1 ppm and 1.5 ppm 7. Dissolved gases ; Different gases a) H2S .b)CO2 6) Dissolved oxygen _d) Nitrogen a) 2S gives bad taste and odour ») COs indicates biological activity and causes corrosion in:pipe lines ©) Dissolved oxygen (D.0) : To know the extent of pollution of water. * Determined by Winkler's method + Since 0.0 is consumed by unstable organic matter, D.O less than its saturated level indicates presence of organic matter, therefore pollution. * For fresh river water saturation D.O at 20° C = 9.2 mg/' * Permissible limit : For potable water should be bet 510 10 ppm.’ >= d) Nitrogen gas : Indicates presence of organic matter 8) Biochemical oxygen Demand (B.0.D) : Permissible Limits : 8.0.0. of safe drinking water = Nil> ACE> > ACE > IE MicRoscopic CHARACTERISTICS : ~ TO study about the presence of Bacteria, Virus, Algae, Protozoa ~ Bacteria is single celled organisms J Bacteria (1 to 4 microns in size) : Classification : 1, Non pathogenic bacteria : They are Harmless; e.g Escherichia coliform or & - coli 2. Pathogenic bacteria: They are harmful & causes water borne disease {Detection of “E-Coli* indicates the probable presence of ‘Pathogens’ * E Coli bacteria is used as indicator organism Classification based on shape: 1. Cocci ~ Sphere shaped bacteria 2. bacilli~ Rod shaped bacteria 3. spirila ~ twisted rod shaped bacteria Classification based on living conditions; 1. Aerobic bacteria: It survives in the presence of Oxygen 2. Anaerobic bacteria: It survives in the absence of Oxygen 3. Facultative bacteria: Survives with or without Oxygen “To detect and measure coliform bacteria, the following tests are available. *. Total count or agar plate count fest 2.E-coli test 3. Membrane fer technique 1. Total count test : In this test bacteria are cultivated’ on.specially: prepared: medium of agar {or different dilutions of sample of water with distiled- water, The diluted! sample is placed in “For drinking water, the total count shall not be more than 1 per 100 mi 2. E-coli test : Divided into a) Presumptive test) Confirmed test c) Completed test {n these tests , if gas is produced after incubation, itis reported as +ve and further tests are to be followed to confirm E-cali.If no gas is produced itis presumed that there is no bacteria and the testis treated as negative. 3. Membrane filter technique : Recent method. Sample is fitered through sterile membrane with pore size 5 to 10 mu. The bacteria is retained on the membrane, The membrane is put in contact with suitable nutrient. [ M—Endo’s medium ] which inhibits growth of bacteria other than coli form group. Then placed in incubator at prescribed conditions and the visible colonies are counted with microscope. MPN ( Most Probable Number ):I is the bacterial density which is most likely to be present in water. It is used to report the amount of bacteria present { To determine MPN, confirmed or completed tests results are required. * Permissible limits :- MPN should be Nil Micro Organic Plants: These are tiny plants. eg ; Algae, plankton etc “They cause bad taste & odour and interface with smooth working of filter. ~ To control algae, copper sulphate chemical is mixed in water Protozoa: These are unicellular animals. |> ACES : 5 Ae ae ‘oigy ibid aT IV Water borne diseases : Diseases which spread primarily through édntdininated water and important of these water borne diseases are 1) Bacterial infections : - wiki a) Typhoid fever b) Diarrhea ¢) Cholera d) Bacillary dysentery. 2) Viral infections :~ a) Infection Hepatitis __b) Poliomyelitis. _c) Gastroenteritis 3).Protozoal infections : Amoebic dysentery. SE “A 1, Suspended solids should not be present in water, because a) they cause turbidity b) they provide absorption sites for biological and chemical agents ©) they are aesthetically displeasing 4d) all of the above 2. The standard turbidity produced by one mg of silicon dioxide (silica) in one litre of distilled water, is called a) one Jackson turbidity unit (JTU) b) one Formazin Turbidity unit (FTU) c) one Nephelometry Turbidity unit (NTU) d) None of the above 3.The colour of water for domestic supplies, on standard platinum cobalt scales, should not exceed a) 0-5 ppm b)5—10 ppm ©) 10-20 ppm —d) 20-50 ppm 4, The specific conductivity of water helps in knowing the extent of a) organic matter) inorganic matter) dissolved salts.) None of the above 5. The most common cause of acidity in water, is a) oxygen ) hydrogen ©) nitrogen 4) carbon dioxide 6. The polluted water is one which contains pathogenic bacteria 2) is contaminated (b) contains undesirable substances rendering it unfit for drinking and domestic use _(c) is safe and suitable for drinking and domestic use (d) none 7. A safe and wholesome water is the one which is a) unpolluted ) unpolluted and free from disease producing bacteria ) unpolluted, free from disease producing bacteria and toxic substances d) unpolluted, free form disease producing bacteria and toxic substance as well as excessive amounts of minerals and organic matter 8, Water is said to be contaminated, if it contains a) pathogens b) undesirable suspended matter, making it unfit for drinking and domestic use ©) dissolved salts . d) no such matter which will it unfit for drinking and domestic use 9. The amount of light absorbed or scattered by suspended material present in water is a measure of a) opacity b) turbidity ©) celerity ¢) diffraction 10. The turbidity produced by one mg of silica ( silicon dioxide) in one litre of distilled water is termed as a) One Jackson turbidity unit (JTU) b) One Formazin turbidity unit (FTU) ©) One Nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) 4d) None of the above> ACE> = 16 11. The turbidity which can be seen easily by naked eye is of the order of a) 1JTU b)2uTU ©) 3 JTU d) 5 JTU 12. Hardness of water can be removed by boiling if it is due to 2) Calcium Sulphate b) magnesium Sulphate c) calcium chloride d) Calcium bicarbonate 18. With the help of Hellige turbid meter one can measure turbilty in the range of 9) 0t0.S0 ppm —_b) 100 to.500 ppm —c) 500 to 1000 ppm —-d) 1000 to 2000 ppm "4, The flavor threshold number (FTN) and threshold odour number (TON) for the drinking water should not exceed a)3 b)4 oS a6 15. Temporary hardness in water is caused by a) bicarbonates of Ca and Mg b) Sulphates of Ca and Mg ©) Chlorides of Ca and Mg 4) Nitrates of Ca and Mg 16. One British degree of hardness is equal to a) 1 ppm b) 10 ppm ©) 14.25 ppm 4) 17.15 ppm 17. The main disadvantage of hard water is that it a) contains lot of turbidity b) has bad odour and taste ©) contains pathogenic bacteria 4d) causes more consumption of soap 16. Alkalinity in water is expressed as miligrams per litre in terms of equivalent a) calcium carbonate b) magnesium carbonate ©) sodium carbonate 4) calcium hydroxide 19. For boilers water to be used should preferably be a) hard b) soft ©) potable d) moderately hard 20. Breweries and distilleries preferably require a) hard water b) soft water ©) potable water —_d) moderately water 21, The taste of hard water is better than that of soft water due to the presence of a) sodium b) calcium c)carbonates 4) bicarbonates 22. For drinking water the amount of free ammonia should not exceed 2) 0.18 ppm b) 0.30 ppm c) 0.45 ppm_d) 0.60 ppm 23, The bacteria which survive in the presence as well as absence of oxygen are called a) anaerobic bacteria b) aerobic bacteria ©) facultative bacteria 4) coliform bacterial 24. Which of the following is not a water bore disease ? a) typhoid b) malaria ©) cholera 4) dysentery 25. The phenolic compounds in public water supply should not be more than a) 0.1 ppm b) 0.01 ppm ©) 0.001 ppm ) 0.0001 ppm 28. Suspended impurities consist of (a) iron (b) chlorine (c) bacteria (d) all of these 27. Dissolved impurities consist of (a) bacteria’ (b) iron (©) sitt (d) fungi28. Colloidal impurities if associated with organic matter having bacteria becomes the chief source of (@) hardness (b) epidemic. (c) alkalinity (d) bad taste 29, The finely divided dispersion of ‘solid particles which are not visible to the naked eye and can be removed by ordinary filters are known as (a) suspended impurities : (b) dissolved impurities (c) colloidal impurities (d) none of these 7 30. The turbidity in water is caused due to / {a) silt (0) clay (c) finely divided organic matter__d) all of these 31. Suspended impurities include (2) algae (b) protozoa —_(c) fungi (4) all of these 32. The presence of...._ causes red colour in water (2) iron ()manganese —(¢) sodium fluoride (4) calcium carbonate 33. When lead is present in water, it (a) changes its colour (b) causes turbidity _(c) causes alkalinity (d) none of these 34, The odour of water can be determined by (a) thermometer’ (b) Osmoscope —_(c) Jackson's turbid meter (d) none of these 35, When the pO value of water is 5, then it has (@) no perceptible odour (b) distinct odour (c) faint odour (4) extremely strong odour 36. The maximum permissible total solid content in water for domestic purposes should not exceed (a) 300 ppm (b) 400 ppm (c) 500 ppm (4) 1000 ppm 37. pH value is a symbol for concentration, (a) magnecium, (b) hydrogen (0) calcium d) sodium 38. Sphere shaped bacterias are called (a) spirila (b) baci (©) cocci (d) trichobacteria 39. B-coli or E-coli are harmless organisms but their presence in water indicates the (a) presence of pathogenic bacteria _(b) absence ofpathog’tnic bacteria (0) presence of non-pathogenic bacteria (d) absence of non-pathogenic bacteria 40. Bacteria which cause disease are called (a) anaerobic bacteria (b) facultative bacteria (6) aerobic bacteria d) none of these 41, The total count of bacteria per cubic centimeter for domestic purposes varies from (a) Oto 100 (b) 100 to 150 (©) 1500200 (d) 200 to 250 SET-A: Key: 1d 2a 3c 46 Sd 6b 7d Ba 9b 10a 11.4 12d 13a 14.2 18.2 16.c 17.0 18a 19.b 20.a 21d 22.2 23. 2d.b 26.0 260 27b Wb 2c Bd 31d 32a 33d Bhb 35d 36c 37b Be 3.a 40d 41aDACED B18: > ACE > SET-B The Ca” concentration and Mg” concentration of a water sample are 160 mg/l and 40 mgjl as their ions respectively. The total hardness of this water sample in terms of CaCO, in mg/l is approximately equal to a) 120 ) 200 ©) 267 4) 567 2. The coliform organism in 100 mi of drinking water should not be more than a) 1000 b) 450 ©) 100 at 5. The apparatus in which the measurement of turbidity is based on the intensity of light scattered as it passes straight through the water sample is called a) spectrometer b) tinto meter ©) turbid meter d) nephelometer 4 The apparatus in which the measurement of turbidity is based on the intensity of light Scattered at right angle to the incident light is called a) spectrometer ») tintometer ©) turbid meter d) nephelometer 5. If for diluting 25 mi of water sample 175 ml of taste free water is required to be added to make the water sample to just loose its taste, then the flavor threshold number (ETN) will be 26 »)7 oe a9 8. Awater having pH value equal to 9 will have hydrogen ion concentration equal to 2) 10° moles /litre —b) 10° moles lite ¢) 10 moles /litre -d) 10° moles / litre 7. The product of H" ions and-OH' ions in a stronger acid is ayo b)1 c) 107 d) 10° 8. Ono American degiee uf liaiuiiuss Is equal to a) | ppm b) 10 porn ©) 14.25 ppm 4) 17.15 ppm 9. Water is considered ‘hard’ if its hardness is of the order of a) 50 ppm b) 100 ppm. ) 150 ppm 4) over 200 ppm 10. If total hardness of water is less than its total alkalinity the non-carbonate hardness will be equal to 1 a) total alkalinity »)total hardness — c) total alkalinity — total hardness d)zero 11. The only metal among the following which is toxic to human beings in a) calcium ») iron ©) arsenic d) magnesium 12, When floride concentration in water exceeds 1.5 mg / | or so, the disease that may be caused is: a) methmoglobinemia b) fluorosis ©) dental carries in children —_d) poliomyelitis 13. If coliform bacteria is present in a sample of water, then the coliform test to be conducted is i) Presumptive test il) Confirmed test ill) completed test The correct answer is a) only (iy b) both ()) and (ii) c) both (j) and (ii) d) all the above 14, For a water sample the total hardness is 200 mg/l as CaCO; and alkalinity is 250 mg/l as Caos, Then the carboriate hardness is a) 200 S) 6 by 250 ©) 450 @) 50> ACED 219: > ACED 15.In the above question (No. 16) the non carbonate hardness is a) 50 b) 200 0) 25 d) zero 16.Match the List| with List i! and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists List| (Test) List il A. Colour 4. Bayls instrument B. Odour 2. Burgess scale t C. Turbidity 3. Versenate method t D. Hardness: 4. Coliform Test 5. Osmocope f Codes I a)A-2,B-5,C-1,D-3 b)A-2,B-1,C-3,D-4 o)A-1,B-2,C-3,D-4 d)A-2,B-5,C-4,D-1 } SET-C 1) In a water treatment plant. the pH values of incoming and outgoing waters are 7.2 and 8.4 respectively. Assuming a linear variation of pH with time, the average pH value of water is 78 j@ra7 r2 (08.4 2) Two samples of water A and B have pH values of 4.4 and 6.4 respectively. How many times more acidic sample A is than sample B a)o b)S0 ©) 100 d) 200 4) In a water sample., the Ca” is 120 mg/l, Mg"* is 60 mg/l. The total hardness in mg/L as CaCOsis (a) 550 (300 (c)260 (0)50 6) In a water sample the HCOs" ions = 61 mg/t:. What is alkalinity of the water sample in mgflit as CaCO? (you (eye (ued Wwyiee Previous APPSC Questions 1. The effect of dissolved oxygen is to cause (1) Corrosion of metal (2) Turbidity (3)Hardness —_(4)Softening 2. Bacteriological examination of drinking water, for E. coli is performed because (1) they are pathogenic causing intestinal diseases (2) their presence indicates viral contamination of pathogens (3) they are used as indicating organisms for probable presence of pathogens (4) they represent the unique indicator organisms for sewage pollution 3. Asimple instrument used for the measurement of colour, in water is called (1) Spectrometer (2)Tintometer (3)Turbid meter (4)Nephelometer 4, The colour of water for domestic supplies on standard platinum-cobalt scale should not exceed (1) 10 units (2)15 units (3) 20 units (4)25 units be> ACE> 20:: > ACE> 5 The threshold odour number (TON) _ for a water sample of 40 mi, diluted to standard 200 mi mixture in which odour is just barely detectable to the sense of smell, is 6. Which of the following values of pH represents a stronger acid? (1) 2 (2/8 @? (410 7. When fluoride concentration in water exceeds 1.mgh or so, the disease that may be caused is (1) Methmoglobinemia (2)Fluorosis _(3)Dental caries in children (4)Poliomyelitis 8. MPN is a count for E. Coil (2)Hardness (3)Colour (4)Suspended solids 8. The permissible limit of chloride in potable water is about (1) 250 mgh —_(2)1600 mg (3)750 mah (4)None of the above 10. The arsenic in drinking water should not be more then (1) 0.1 ppm. (2)0.05 ppm (3)1.0 ppm (4)2.1 ppm. 11. The bacteria which can survive with or Without free oxygen, is (1) Aerobic bacteria (2)Anaerobic bacteria (3)Facultative bacteria (4) Coliform bacteria 12. Turbidity is measured on (1) standard silica scale (2)standard silica (3)standard cobalt scale (4)platinum cobalt scale 13. Which of the following is not awater borne disease? (1) Dysentery (2)Cholera (8)Typhoid (4)Malaria ‘14. Standard EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic) solution is usedto determine (1) hardness in water (2)turbidity in water (3) dissolved oxygen in water (4)residual chlorine in water 15. The maximum permissible colour for domestic water supply on cobalt scale is ()5 ppm (2)10 ppm (3/12 ppm (4)15 ppm 16. The maximum permissible nitrite content in public water supply (1) 0.20 ppm (2)1.00 ppm (3)3.25 ppm (4)Zero 17. The hardness of water which is due to presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium is known as (1) temporary hardness (2) permanent hardness (3) carbonate hardness (4) both (1) and (3)| > ACE> nan >ACED Chapter: 4. ‘Water Purification (synopsis) 1) Methods of purification : - 1) Screening 2} Plain sedimentation _—_3) Sedimentation aided with coagulation 4) Filtration 5) Disinfection 6) Aeration 7) Softening 8) Mise. treatment such as Fluoridation, Recarbonation, Liming, desalination ete. 1) Screening To remove large floating particles such as debris, trees, animals, branches, bushes etc with the help of screens, 2) Plain sedimentation To remove Suspended coarser particles which tend to settle down when offered storage or flow velocity reduced 1) Types of Sedimentation tanks:~ 1) Incermittent tank : - (also called quiescent type) Water is completely brought to rest Funeti ins intermittently bj Continuous Tank low velocity of water is reduced by providing sufficient length of travel. Designed such that the time taken by the water particle to travel from one end to another end is kept slightly more than the time required for settling of a suspended particle in water. Shapes : - Rectangular, square, circular il) Design concepts of sedimentation Tank Flow velocity Vi = 0/ BH Settling velocity= Vs ‘Surface loading or over flow rate, Vs = Q/B.L) ‘According to proportionality VWs = UH Vs = Vinx HL For settling. V, > V. Particles with settling velocity equal to or greater then Vs will settle down Sediinentation efficiency, iit) Design parameters a) Over flow rate, Vo For plain Sedimentation Tank, Va is 500 to 750 lithr/m? of plan area, For Sedimentation Tank aided with coagulation, Ve is 1000 to 1250 litihrim? By-decreasing the over flow rate particles smaller than that size can also be settled. Therefore in order to increase the efficiency over flow rate should be decreased clepth doesn't have any effect on the efficiency of sediment removal, b) Detention time (D,) :- ‘Theoretical average time for which water is detained in the tank For Sed, Tank D, = Vol. Of tank / Rate of flow For circular tank Volume = D* ( 0.014 D + 0.785h) +———— Cylindrical portion — Conival portion> ACES 22: > ACE > ~ For plain Sedimentation. Tanks, D, == 4 to 8 hours ‘Sedimentation aided with coagulation , D,- 2 to 4 hours ~ In order to increase the efficiency, the D, should be increased, therefore smaller size of particles can also be settled ©) Flowing through Period: It is the actual through a sedimentation tank. average time taken by water to pass Itis always < detention time (Due to short circuiting) 4) Displacement Efficiency = (Flowing through period/detention time) x 100 Itranges between 25 to50% ®) Normal design values adopted : 7 Length not allowed to exceed 4 times the width (L = 4B or 5B) * Flow velocity is normally kept : 0.3m/min * Total amount of flow from the tank within 24 hours should be made equal to max daily demand, { Length of the tank L = flow velocity x Detention time * Provision for sludge storage : 0.8 to 1.2 m IV) Theory of Sedimentation : - a) Factors affecting settling velocity: ') Flow velocity of water i) viscosity of water ii) Size, shape & Sp. Gr. of the particles, (a) For d= 0.1 mm (or for Re <1) For ds 0.1 mm (or tor Re <1) laminar flow condition occurs Stoke's Law :This law is valid for laminar flow condition (or when Cy = 24/Re), Setting velocity V.= 9 [8-1] is Where V,= setting velocity y Re d= dia. of particle inematic viscosity $= Specific gravity of Particle Reynolds Number = V,.dly \ Since y depends upon temperature, (T), another equation for Vs is “Ve = 418 (S-1) d? (3T+70) ++ Valid ford < 0.1 mm, “100 Units T= in°C d= inmm Vs = in mm/sec (b). For d lies between 0.1mm and 1mm Vs = 418 (S -1) d (3T+70) “00 {c). For d >1mm or for Ry> 1000 Here, turbulent condition occurs “ Ww=18 Ved (Sa) 3) Sedimentation. Aided with coagulation -~ 1 To remove very finé suspended particles and colloidal particles. * Certain chemicals called “Coagulants’ are mixe 'd with water which form a gelatinous precipitate called “floc’ which attracts the fine si suspended particles,> ACE > 523: ACE * Commonly used coaguiants ‘Alum Al (SOs), 1840 (Aluminum Sulphate). Also called fier alum, 2) Copperas (Ferrous Sulphate + lime) 3)Chiorinated Coppers (Ferric Sulphate ) 4)Sodium Sulphate * Iron salts ate used more frequently for treating sewage and alum is used for treating water. * Detention «ime : 2 to 4 hours “Overflow rete 1000 to 1250 lit hrm? of plan area. Infet chagnel Distribution Channel pas chambers ps Floc chamber Settling chamber Floc Chamber: “Aller mixing alum to the water in the mixing basin, it is gently stirred by paddles in the floc chamber ‘0 build up the floc. * Detention ume : 15 to 40 n * Depth of floc chamber i alf the depth of settling chamber. * Flocculation : Slow mixing technique which promotes agglomeration of particles * Coagulation : Mixing of coagulants + Flocculation Dos » it depends on the amount of turbidity present in water Average dosage for normal water is 14 mg/l (Optimum alum dosage may be determined by Jar Test. im functions effectively only when pH value lies between 6.5 and 8.8 Iron salts can he used over a wide range of pH values * Chemical Reactions 41) Al (SDa}s 18 HzO + 3 Ca (HCOs)2 > 2 Al (OH): + 3Ca SO, + 18 HO + 6CO, 2) Al, (S194) 18 H20 + 3 Ca (OH), > 2 Al (OH)s + 3Ga SO, + 18 H20 3) Aly (SIs)s 18 HO + 3 Naz CO5 + 3Hz0 > 2 Al (OH)s + 3Naz SO, + 18 H2O + 3CO, Addition of alum to water imparts permanent hardness and CO, evolved causes corrosion Presence of alkalinity is necessary for the functioning of coagulants. If raw water is not alkaline, lime or soda ash is added to make water alkaline. Advantages of alum as coagulant a) Reduces taste and odour apart from turbidity b) The flan is effective ©) Itis cheap Disadvantages of alum as coagulant : 2) Difficult to dewater the sludge formed b) It imparts permanent hardness ©) CO? causes corrosion> 10. "4 12, 13, ACE > 2a: > ACE> SET-A Particles intended to be removed in a continuous flow water sedimentation tank, should have settling velocity: @) more than the surface loading of the tank _b) less than the surface loading of the tank ) neither of the above ‘The settling velocity of inorganic particles in a sedimentation tank of a water treatment plant is governed by a) Darcy's law b) Stokes law) Dupuit's law) none of the above 4 sedimentation tank under normal conditions can remove suspended impurities up to say a) 30% b) 50% ©) 70 % d) 90 % Coagulation-Flocculation with alum is performed ( GATE 98) a) Immediately before chlorination b) immediately after chlorination ©) after rapid sand filtration d) before rapid sand filtration Flocculation is a process (GATE 97) 7 a) That removes algae from stabilization on pond effiuent b) That promotes the aggregation of small particles into larger particles to enhance their removal by gravity ©) That removes easily settlable solids d) Which is same as filtration In order to exclude as many fine particles as possible in a continuous flow sedimentation tank, the surface loading of the tank should, as far as possible, be: a) higher b) lower ©) neither of the two The caitling vulovily of Inrganic paitivies ul less lial 0. lim dia, varies with the dia(d), in proportion a) a b) od d) none of above Surface loading or overfiow rate of a sedimentation tank, passing a discharge Q, and having length = L, depth =D, Width = B, is given by: a) Q/B.D ») OBL QB, 4) BDL The efficiency of sediment removal in a continuous sedimentation tank does not depend upon the: a) discharge through the tank ») width of the tank ) length of the tank ¢) depth of the tank Detention time for a sedimentation tank(continuous flow type) is given for a tank, passing a discharge = Q. and having length =L, width =B and dept = H as a) BLHIQ b) Q/BLH ©)Q/BL —d)none Flowing through period of a sedimentation tank, when compared to its detention time, is always: a) more b) less e)equal —d) none When the raw water passes in a sedimentation tank, with out being detained for the intended time, : due to the existing currents in the flow, then the flow is said to be a) long-circuited b) short circuited ©) disturbed d) none Displacement efficiency of a sedimentation tank is given by: a) detention period ) flowing through period ©) (a)(b) above 4) (b)/(a) above. ACES B26: > ACE> 14. The sedimentation process in water treatment invoives settling of impurities in a tank under the action of a) sun rays b) gravitational force —_¢) biological action 4) velocity of flow 19 If the temperature of water in a sedimentation tank is increased the sedimentation speed wall a) increase b) decrease ¢) sometimes increase and sometimes decrease d) remain unaffected 16. The velocity of flow of water in a sedimentation tank is about a) 5010 100 mmisecond b) 150 to 300 mm/ second ©) 150 to 300 mi f minute 4) 150 to 300 mmvhour Fo a rectangular sedimentation tank the length to width ratio should preferably be ayet bya ant d) 10 18. For a given discharge, the efficiency of a sedimentation tank can be increased by’ a) increasing the depth of the tank. b) decreasing the depth of the tank ©) note asing she surface area of the tank d) decreasing the surface are of the tank 19. The most widely used coagulant for water treatment, is a) lime and soda b) Ferrous Sulphate ©) chlorinated coppera: d) alum The enount of coagulant needed in water treatment , increases with the a) increase in temperature of water b) increase in turbidity of water ©) decraase in turbidity of water d) none of the above 24 Coagulants, used in water treatment, function better when the raw water is a) acidic b) alkaline ©) neutral d) none 22. A clarifioculator is a a) plain sedimentation unit b) aeration unit ¢) coagulation-sedimentation unit d) none 23 Pi 5 of size around 1 micron (10%) size are best removed by ( GATE’ 90) a) filtration b) plain sedimentation Ui} Civetitibel priscipitetlon 4) chemical coagulation 24. ‘The 0 /er flow rate for sedimentation tanks using coagulants is about A) 20) tn 30 m! Fay fn b) 20 tw 30 m'yday/m? ¢) 40 to 50 m¥dayim® ) 50 to 60 m*day/m? 25. The depth of sedimentation tanks is decided on practical considerations, and may range from a) 1 tozm b)2.5toSm ©) 6 toBm d) 8 to 10m 26. Consider: For olain sedimentation tanks: 1. The detention period is 4 to 8 hours 2. ‘The velocity of flow of water should not excred 10 cm/min 3. The over flow rate is approximately 500-750 litim?+hour Of the above statements a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 2 and 3 are correct c) 3 and 1 are correct d) 1,2 and 3 are correct 27. Ina plain sedimentation tank, under normal conditions, Impurities are removed upto {a) 50% (©) 60% (©) 70% (d) 80%> ACE > #26) DACE> 28. Which of the following is not a coagulating agent? (@) Ferric sulphate “(b) Ferric chloride (c) Aluminum sulphate (a) Copper sulphate 28. The alum when mixed with water as a coagulant, (a) does not effect pH value of water (b) decreases pH value of water (c) increases pH value of water (d) none of these 30. The organic impurities in water form a layer on the top of a filtering media. Such a layer called (@) permeable layer (b) filtering layer (c) dirty skin (d) none of these 31, The time of contact for chlorination should be at least (a) 5 minutes (b) 20 minutes. (c) 1 hour (d) 2 hours 32. Pre-chlorination (a) improves coagulation (b) reduces odours (©) reduces tastes (d) all of these 33. The process of dechlorination is followed by () pre-chlorination (b) post chlorination (©) super chlorination (4) double chlorination 34. The amount of chlorine used for plain chlorination of water is about (2) 0.2 ppm (6) 0.3 ppm (c) 0.4 ppm (4) 0.5 ppm. 36. In orthotolodine test, safe residual for drinking water is indicated by ) yellow colour (b) green colour (c) lemon yellow colour (4) none of these 3 8 Bleaching powder is (@) slaked lime (b) chloride of ime (c) hypo-chloride of lime (4) hypo-chlorite of lime Key:t.a 2b 30 4d 5b 6b 7b &b 9d 10. 11.b 126 13d 14b 15a 16.¢ 17.¢ 18.6 19.d 20.b 21.b 22.¢ 23.d 24a 26b 26 2c 2d 2b 306 31b 32d 336 34d 36a 360 SET-C 1. 2 MLD of water is passing through a sedimentation tank, which is 6m wide 15m long and 3m water depth. The available detention time is (1) 0.135 hrs (2) 2.42 hrs (3) 3.24 hrs (4) 4.18 hes 2. 2 MLD of water is passing through a sedimentation tank, which is 6m wide 15m long and 3m water depth. The available overflow rate in Litrs / hr /Sq,m is (1) 680 hrs (2) 760 (3) 920, (4) 1080 5. Ina water treatment plant, the alum dosage is 14 ppm. The quantity of alum required per day in Kg in order to treat 12 million liters of water per day, will be (1) 140 (2) 302 (3) 84 (4) 168FRORS » DACED ACES Neh cstqny) Previous APPSC Questions . rover 1. For removing the finely suspended matter from the water, the process adopted is (1) Aeration (2)Sedimentation along with coagulation (3) Permutit method (4)Screening 2. The normal dose of alum in treatment of water is (1)2to3mgfit (2) 6 to Bmgflit (3) 50to 100 magflit. (4) 250 to 500 mgfit 3. In a continuous flow type sedimentation tank the particles intended to be removed should have their settling velocity (1) more then the surface loading for the tank (2) less then the surface loading for the tank (3) which is independent of surface loading for the tank (4) of certain constant magnitude 4. The settling velocity of a particle in a sedimentation tank depends on (1) Depth of tank (2) Surface area of tank (3)Both depth and surface area of tank —_(4) Neither depth nor surface area of tank 5. The most common coagulant is (1) acid (2) soap solution _(3)bleaching powder (4) alum 5. In flocculator, the detention time normally is (1) 1 minute (2)30 minutes. (3) 2 hours (4) tday 7. Alum as coagulant is found to be most effective in the pH range of (1)35 065 (2)65 toB5 (385 to105 (4) 1.8 t012.5 8, The detention period in coagulation tanks is usually kept as , (1)1 to 2 minutes (2)30 to 45 minutes (2) 2toGhours (4) 2to G days 9. Ifthe length, breadth and depth of water in a rectangular sedimentation of discharge Q are 1 and d, respectively, the settling velocity is * mar (2)QIb (3)Q/ (Id) (4) Q (by 10. The normal values of overflow rate in lit / hr /m? for plain sedimentation tank using coaguiants (1) 750-1000 (2) 1000-1250 (3) 1250-1500 (4) 1500-2000,> ACE> 328: > ACE> Chapter: 5 Filtration (synopsis) Filtration: * For removal of very fine suspended pariicles , colloidal particles, bacteria, dour & taste by means of filtering the water through bed of ‘granular materials Le., filter media Types: 1) Slow sand filter 2) Rapid sand filter 3) Pressure filter 2. Mechanism of Filtration: i) Mechani¢al straining ii) Sedimentation and adsorption ili) Biological metabolism iv) Electrolytic changes 2.4, Mechanical straining : The particles of suspended matter that are of size larger than the size of the voids are arrested and removed by the action of mechanical straining, 2.2, Flocculation, Sedimentation and adsorption : The interstices(voids) between the sand grains act as minute sedimentation tanks in which particles will settle and adhere to the Sides of sand-grains. Also the colloidal particles held in the voids and on the surfaces act 85 a gelatinous material and attracts the other fine particles 2.3. Biological metabolism : The bacteria which are caught in the voids of the sand grains utilize organic impurities present in water and convert them into harmless compounds by the complex biochemical reactions. The harmless compounds so formed are deposited at the surface of the sand in the form of a layer which contains a zoological jelly in which the biological activities are at their highest. This layer is called the schmutzdecke (dirty skin) This layer further helps in absorbing and straining out the impurities 2.4. Electrolytic action : Some of the sand grains of filter are charged with electricity of some polarity. Hence, when particles of suspended and dissolved matter having electricity of opposite polarity come into contact with such sand grains, they neutralize each other and itresults in changing the chemical characteristics of water. 3. Efficiency of slow sand filters : i) Bacterial load : They remove about 98 to 99% of bacterial load. \iGolour : SSF are less efficient in the removat of colour of raw water | 4. Efficiency of rapid sand filters : ') Bacterial load: Less efficient in reducing bacterial load .They remove about 80 to 90% of bacterial load present in water. ii) Colour: Highly efficient in colour removal 5. Loss of head: * Diff in water levels between fiter tank and outlet chamber. -due to the resistance offered by the sand grains to the flow. " If loss of head exceeds a specified value then filter should be cleaned. 6. Gleaning of filters ‘SSF: These are cleaned by scrapping and removal of tp sand layer of 1.5 to 3. om thickness. RSF: Washing of Rapid sand filter is done by Back washing system( for 10 to 15 minutes).Troughs | are kept to receive the back wash water. Water required for back washing is 2 to 5 % of total amount of water filtered water. Back wash water rate is 5 to 7 times filtration rate.& ae ACES we > ACE> 7. Filter troubles : Some of the potential filter troubles which may be encountered. in the operation of gravity type filters are as follows ') Formation of mud balls ii) Cracking and clogging of filter bed iii)Air binding iv) Sand incrustation v) Jetting and sand boils vi) Sand leakage 7.1. Formation of mud balls : Mud balls are the conglomerations of the sand grains, floc and other binding material, varying from the size of a pea to 25 to 50 mm in diameter. Found most densely collected at or near the surface of the sand bed. The cause of mud ~ ball formation is insufficient washing of the sand bed. Methods of removing mud balls. ~ breaking them up with rakes and washing ~ washing the sand in place to break up the mud balls by means of high velocity surface wash = washing with a solution of some chemicals such as caustic soda, sulphuric acid, ete ~ digging out with shovels the 7.2. Cracking and clogging of filter bed : Due to Shrinkage of the filter bed cracks would develop in the filter bed and pulling away the sand from the side walls. The remedial measures to overcome this trouble are same as those adopted to overcome the formation of mud balls. 7.3. Air binding: When negative pressure exceeds the water tends to release dissolved gases in the form of bubbles which seriously . affects the working of fitter such phenomenon is called “ Air binding’. It occurs due to a)more negative head , b) increase in temperature of water c)release of oxygen by algae To avoid air binding: avoid excessive negative head ,avoid warming up of water as it Passes through the filter, control growth of algae in the effluent, avoid super saturation of | water with air. 7.4. Sand incrustation : It may be caused either due to deposition of sticky gelatinous materials such as floc from the influent water or due to presence of calcium carbonates. Due to sand incrustation, the sand grains enlarge and the effective size of sand is changed Can be minimized by carbonating the influent, thereby dissolving both calcium carbonate and any mar.ganese that might have deposited on sand grains. 7.5. Jetting and sand boils : Results during back washing of the filter Can be minimized by surface wash, 7.6 Sand leakage : It is_ downward migration and escape of fitness. Can be minimized by properly proportioning sand and gravel layers.> ACE> 30:: > ACES &.GOMPARISON OF SLOW SAND FILTERS AND RAPID SAND FILTERS ‘S.No. Item | ‘Slow sand filters Rapid sand filters (2) (3) (4) 1. | Size of filter | Varies from 10 m? to 2000 | Varies from 10 m? to 50 m? bed m? or more 2. | Filter media of | Sand grains are finer Sand grains are slightly | sand coarser. Effective size:0.25to 0.35 mm. Effectivesize:0.45t00.70mm. Uniformity coefficient: 3 to | Uniformitycoefficient:1.3 5 to1.7 Thickness : 90 to 110 cm | Thickness : 60 to 75 cm, Reduced to not less than | ‘Not reduced by washing 40cm by scrapping 3. | Base material | Size: 3 to 65 mm Size: 2 to 50 mm of gravel Thickness : 30to75cm —_| Thickness : 45 to 60 cm 4. | Coagulation | Normally not required Essential 5. | Under Provide only to receive Provided to receive filtered drainage filtered water. water and also to supply system water for back washing of filter 6. | Rate of 100 to 200 litres/ hour/ m? | 3000 to 6000 litres / hour/ m? filtration 7. Scrapping of top layer of 15 | Agitation and back washing Method of to 30 mm thickness with or without compressed cleaning ait 8 0.2 to 0.6% of filtered water | 2 to 5% of filtered water Amount of 1 | wash water | ~ 9 1 to 3 months 1 to 3 days Period of | cleaning 10. Very efficient in the Less efficient in the removal Efficiency removal of bacteria but less | of bacteria, but more efficient in the removal of | efficient in tha ramaval nf colour and lurbiaity. colour and turbidity 9. Design criteria for Rapid Sand Filter: * Rate of filtration: 3000 to 6000 lithr/sq, m of fiter area. “Total C.S. Area of perforations should be about 0.2 percent of the total filter area, 11, PRESSURE FILTRS:- ‘Water is forced through the filter at Pr. ranging 3 to7 Kg/em? “Working is similar to RSF. | “RATE of filtration: 6,000 to 15,000 lit/hr/m? of fiter area. * Installed for colonies of few houses, individual industries, private estates, swimming Pools, railway stations etc.> ACES 34 PACED 10. DOUBLE FILTRATION- ROUGHING FILTER Water is allowed to pass through a rapid sand filter and then through a’slow’ sand ‘filter arranged in series. In double fitration the preliminary filter is known as roughing filter which in most of the cases is rapid sand filter . The roughing filters generally do not require the use of coagulants. Installation of roughing fiters practically double the capacity of slow sand filters and hence it 's quite useful where land available for the installation of slow sand filters is restricted SET-A 1. Cleaning of slow sand filters is done by: @) scraping and removal of sand) back washing) any of the above —_d) none 2. Back washing of rapid gravity filters, may face rough weather, due to a) air-binding ) mud-balls ©) negative head 4) craking of fters 3. Ai-binding phenomenon in rapid sand filters may occur due to a) excessive negative pressure b) mud ball formation ©) higher turbidity in the effluent 4d) low temperature 4. The quality of the fitered effluent and the working of the filter, in a rapid gravity filter, is adversely affected by a) air-binding b) mud-balls ©) cracking of filter d) none 5. Aroughening filter, as used in treating water supplies, is like a 2) slow sand filer) rapid gravity filter ¢) rapid gravity filter with coarser sand) none 6. Double filtration is used 2) to increase the filtration capacity of slow sand filters ») to increase the fitration capacity of rapid sand filters ©) for isolated colonies of a few houses d) none 7. In double filtration, the roughening fiter unit is placed a) prior to the slow sand filter b) after the slow sand filter ©) any of (a) and (b) d) none 8. Rate of filtration in slow sand filter in | / hr / m? is a) 100 to 200 ) 3000 to 6000 ©) 6000 to 15000 4) 15000 to 18000 8. The influent treated in rapid sand filter should generally be a) Plain sedimented b) Disinfected ——_c) Coagulated d) Free from impurities 10, Pressure filters are used for 2) Urban water supply b) Rural water supply ¢)Ground water _d) Swimming pools 11. High bacterial removal by slow sand filter is accomplished by ‘a)mechanical straining b)schmutzdecke ——_o)filtration d)electrolytic chambers 12.Consider 1, Mechanical straining 2. Biological Metabolism 3. Electrolytic clianges 4, Flocculation The processes o’ filtration are a) 1,2,3 and 4 b) 1,3 and 4 ©) 1,2 and 4 @) 1 and 2 13. Pick out the incorrect statement, for a rapid sand filter ; a) the effective size of the sand particles is 0.35 to 0.6mm b) the period of cleaning is usually 2 to 3 weeks ©) the maximum permitted loss of head is 3m 4) the removal of bacteria; impurities is upto 90% 14. The uniformity coefficient of sand used in rapid sand filter is a) 1.21018 b)2.5 o)3t04 = @) more than 4vy uetp aso (p pore (a gzq gLaZ Le SI 19 pues pide UI pasn pues Jo juaIoyja09 ANMUOMUN BYL “PL %06 ovdn s} Sanunduut ‘euajseq Jo fenow>1 9x7, (p wg $1 peay Jo $50} payunad winwixeut oy, (9 sx8am ¢ 0} Z Aljensn si Hulueafp Jo pound aj, (q WUIg'd 0) se'0 5! SeILed pues ay) Jo azIS anDaJa oy, (Pe 494 pues pided e Joy ‘juoW9}ey5 yoLIOoUI ay. NO >9Ic) EL Zpue | (p » pue z'1 (9 ppue EL (a v pur ez" (e aie Uoneny Jo sasse20K) oy, uoneinsc9|4 "py seBueyo onfjooey ‘¢ wsqoqReyy lesi6o01g Z Sululess eouey9ay\ | lapisuog Zh siaquieys angjaxjaaja(p uoneN( — ayapANWYDS(G —-—BulMeNS yeoILeyouN(e. Aq paysiidwoase | sayy pues mojs Aq jenowas feua}req YB “LL Sjood Gunuuimg (p s8}eM punoid (9 Aiddns saj}emjeuny (q—_Ajddns seem UGA (e 10} pasn ale S1BYY UNSSe1g “OL sonpndus wou 2a. (Pp pajeinbeog (9 payaayuisiq (q——_payuaunpas ui (@ 2g Ayesoue6 pinoys sey pues pides ui payees) wenyu ay, “6 00081 01 0004 (P 00051 9) 0009 (9 0003 01 doOE (4 002 9 GOL (e St ,WW /44 /| UI JOY PUES MOIS UI UOHEIIIY JO REY “g ‘auou (p (q) pur (e) jo Aue (0 22419 PUES mojs oxy Joye (q s3y1y PUES MO|s a4) o} JOUC (e pade|d s! yun sayy BuluayGno, a4) “uoReNIY ajGnop Uy auou (p SOSNOY Ma} E JO SeIUOJOD PayEIOs! 104 (9 ‘SJei1y pues pides Jo Aysedea uoneny ay) asees0U! 0} (G SO} PUR MOIS Jor AY-WeCTB vee ay sean Ut Up (Ww pasn si uoneny ajqnog “9 uo (p pues sesie09 Ym Jayy Anes pides (2 sayy AnesB pides (q Jeyly pues mols (e © ayy st 'sayddns sayem Buyean ul pasn se ‘sayy Bulvaubnos y°g auou (p Jey 40 Bupjoero (9 seq-pnuu (q Bupuig-ue (2 Aq payaye Ajasianpe S| Venn Aises6 pides e ul sayy a1 jo uPLOM OY pUE uONYE Perey au Jo AWend eyL -y aumerodiuay mol (p juanyye 24) ut Aupiqury weUbiy (0 uonrewio) ifeq pnw (q ainssaid enjeGau anssaoxa (2 ©} enp sno90 Aew siayly pues pices U; UoUSWOUaYd BiNpUIq-ny “¢ suey Jo Bupyeso (p peay annebau (9 siiea-pnw (q Bulpuig-ne (e ‘o} enp ‘JeyjeeM yBNos ee) Kew “s9yy) AACA pides jo Bulysem yoeg -Z suou (Pp — @noge ayy jo Aue (9 BulysemDeq (q pues yo jenowas pue Budeios (e ‘Aq, auop 51 Sia puURS. AAN)s: Jo BUD} “| v-las PO}OUISSL 5] SOY) PUES MOIS Jo UOHE|/eISU! au} 405 aIqeHEAe pue| e1YM IRJeSN aNd SI ¥ souey pue Say PUES Mojs 10 AredeD ela elanop Ajjeapiaeid sian Bi\finos Jo Hi9}PRHPISIT ‘sjueinbe0o jo asn ey) euinbes you op Ajjesua6 siayiy BulyGnos ay 48yy pues pidiu S| seseo yy Jo JSow UL YoIYM Jey BUIYBNOs se UMOUY SI 4944 AeUIWIEd ey) UOREAIY ajqnop u} seuss ul pabuewe 22H PUES MOJS e YENOILY Ley) PUE J9yy PUES pides e YBNOIy) ssed OJ pamoIIE SI JAE YALTd ONIHONOY -NOWLVYLTI4 37EN0G ‘oF eave vet <30vVe> ACE > B32: > ACE > 15. The effective size of sand particles used in slow sand filters 8) 0.25 100.35 mm —b)0.45t00.70mm —¢) 60101 00 mm dy 180 mm 16. The periodicity with which rapid sand filers need cleaning is usually a) 1 {0 3 days b)10t0 15days ——¢) 1 10. months 0) 1 to 2 years | '7. The rate of filtration of pressure fiers as compared to that of «apic gravity fiers a) poor b) equally good ©) better d) much better 18, Cleaning of rapid sand fiers is done by @) scraping and removal of sand b) back washing ©) any of the above d) none 19. AS compared to rapid sand filers slow sand filters are @) more efficient in the removal of bacteria but less efficient in the removal of colour and turbidity ©) ore efficient in the removal of bacteria as well as in the removal of colour and turbidity ©) less efficient in the removal of bacteria but more efficient in the removal of colour arn! turbidity @) less efficient in the removal of bacteria as well as in the removal of colour and te bidity 20. Rapid sand filters remove bacteria to as much as 2) 70 to 80 % b) 80 to 90 % €) 90 to 95 % 0) 98 to 99.% 21. As compared to slow sand fiters rapid sand filers give 2) lower filtration rate but higher efficiency in removal of bacteria 5) lower filtration rate and lower efficiency in removal of bacteria ©) higher filtration rate but lower efficiency in removal of bacteria o) higher filtration rate and higher efficiency in removal of bacteria 22. The percentage of filtered water which is ueed for back washiny it vapid sand fiters 1s about a) 0.2 to 0.6 % b)0.6t01% )2W5% ©) 610 8% 2-The quallty of fitered effuuent of pressure fiers as compared to that of rapid gravity fiers is a} poor b) equally good ©) better ) much better 24. In rapid sand filters the ratio of iength to diameter of the lalers! siiould not exce ACED #33: SET-C nov® baw oni} 1. Acity has to treat 24MLD of turbid water using Rapid sand fiter witha fitration rate of 8m*ihrm the size of the Filter bed required is (1) 340 m? (2) 180 m? (3) 480 m? (4), 200 m* Previous APPSC Questions 1, Slow sand filters have to be cleaned every (1) Two days (2)Two weeks (3) Month (4)One to.three months 2. The percentage of filtered water which is used for baickwashing in rapid sand filters is about (1) 0.2 to 06% — (2)0.6 to 1% (8)2 to 5% (46 to 8% 3. Backwashing is done for (1) Sedimentation tank (2)Slow sand filter (3) Rapid sandfilter__(4)Pressure filter 4. Air binding in a rapid sand filter is due to (1) excessive depth of water over the sand bed _—_(2) excessive loss of head (3) excessive negative pressure (4) excessive turbidity 5, The cleaning of slow sand filter is done by (1) reversing the direction of flow of water (2) passing sir through the filter (3) passing solution of alum and lime through the filter (4) scraping off the top layers of sand and admitting water 6. The maximum allowable negative head in case of rapid sand fiter is about (1) 0.5m (2) 1.5m (33.0 m (4)4.0m 7. The effective size (ES) of sand and its uniformity coefficient (UC) are the usually specified parameters for sand filters. In slow sand filters, as compared to rapid sand filters, (1) ES is less but UC is more (2) ES is more but UC is less (3) Both ES and UC are more (4) Both ES and UC are less Chapter: 6 . Disinfection (synopsis) 1. Disinfection : It is the process of killing pathogenic bacteria Methods ‘)Boiling of water 3 “Most effective method of disinfection of water * cannot be used for huge quantities of public water supplies “cannot take care of the future possible contaminations. “used only for Domestic purposes in emergencies ii) Treatment with excess limes :- * Effectively kills the bacteria, but cannot safe guard the future pollution. “Enough lime is added to water to raise its pH value to 9.5 or more, thereby most of the bacteria will be Killed “Ronarhonatian is neaeasary, The proocas of removal af qxnnan lima hnfarn it in supplied to public is known as Recarbonation ii) Ozone Ozone is @ more powerful disinfectant than chlorine. Qzone ig more costly than chlorine, Does not provide residual protection against recontamination, Cannot be stored Used for disinfection of water on a small scale such as for swimming pool waters> ACE > 34: > ACED iv) lodine and Bromine pills: “Compared to chlorine , iodine provides longer lasting protection against pathogens and reduced offensive tastes and odours ‘used for water supply for army troops, private plants, swimming pools * Cannot be used for public water supply as it is costly v) Ultra violet rays ; Very costly technique and is an effective method for the visinfection of wit: ‘No residual effect is available for protection against recontamination “Adopted for water supply installations of private Buildings, Institutions, Tr ating small quantities of water in hospitals, dispensaries for surgical use. Swimn ing pools vi) Potassium Permanganate “For disinfecting well water supplies which are generally contaminated with lesser amounts of bacteria ‘Can remove 100 % organisms causing cholera “It also oxidizes organic matter vil) Silver or Electro-Katadyn Process “Removes algae also and takes care of future pollution. It is costly vill) Chlorination * Universally adopted for public waters supplies because it 1s capable CI proving residual disinfecting effects for long periods. It satisfies all the requirenienis of an ideal disinfectant {It takes care of any possible future contamination ( ie it prevents recontannirstion) * only disadvantage is it imparts bad taste. * The addition of chlorine does not produce any significant change in the pt! value of the natural waters * Chlorination is not effective if the water is alkaline 2. Action of chlorine: When chlorine is added to water, the following reaction takes olace Ch, + HO «> HOCI +H” + Cr (Hydrolysis) This hydrolysis reaction is reversible. HOC! oH’ + OCI (Ionization) This reaction is also reversible. At pH <5.5 , > 100% HOC! and no OCI At pH >9.5 , > 100% OCI and no HOCI At pH =7.6 , > 50% HOCIand 50% Oc! Hypochlorous acid (HOC!) and the hypo chlorite ions (OC!) accomplish disinfection ot water Thus Chlorine reacts with water to produce hypo chlorous acid (HOC!) and hypo chlente (OC!) which are together known as “free available chlorine." HOC! is 80 to 100 times mare yowerlul than OCI. i ihe free Cle reacts with compounds such as ammonia, proteins, amine arirls in! plienat Wal inuy GHIarAly he prmwwil in Wator to form Chinvarninus atid Chior elerivelives, veucly are called “Combined Chlorine “. It possesses sone disinfecting properties but less cHective compared to free available chlorine .Gome free uluine wlsv ayiais along with combi available chlorine. Free chlorine is about 25 times more powerful than combined chlorine. These compounds either in free or combined form of chlorine, interfere with enzymes in the 1 bacteria forming toxic chloro compounds and thus destroying the bacteria Residual chlorine = Chlorine dosage - Chlorine demand> ACE> 3 38: Free residual ‘Break point Combined residual Chlorine residual, mg/L 00 2 03 04 05 7 08 09 10 Chlorine added, mg/L M= Destruction of chlorine residual by reducing compounds(Fe, Mn, HeS ) N= Formation of chloro-organic compounds and chloramines 0 = Destruction of chloramines and chloro-organic compounds P = Formation of free chlorine and presence of chloro-organic compounds not destroyed | Chioramines: i NH3+ HOCL -> NH2CL ( Mono chloramines) + HzO NH:CL + HOCL—» NHCL» ( Dichloramines) + HzO | NHCL;+ HOCL —> NCLs ( Nitrogen trichloride or Trichloramine)+ H20 “The Monochloramines & Dichloramines have got disinfecting properties. *The Trichloramine has got negligible disinfecting property. ‘The relative distribution of chloramines depends on pH value, If pH < 4.4, only trichloramine exists For pH: 4.4 to 6.5. only dichloramine exists. For pH: 5.5 to 8.4 , both mono and dichloramines exist. If pH > 8.4, only Monochloramines exist. 3. Factors affecting bactericidal efficiency of chlorin« (i) Turbidity: Turbidity decreases the efficiency of chlorine as disinfectant {it) Metallic compounds presence: Iron and manganese if present in water, they reduce the effectiveness of chlorine. i). Ammonia Compounds: Reduces the efficiency {iv)_ pH Value of water: Increased pH value reduces the effectiveness of chlorine 2s bactericide. (v) Temperature of water: At lower temperature, the efficiency will be less and hence requirement of residual chlorine will be more. (vi) Contact Time: The kiling of bacteria increases with increase of contact period. Viruses eine resistant than bacteria and hence require longer time of contact and higher doses of Clz . 4, Dosage: Osa «os chlorine which leaves a residual chlorine of about 0.2 mglitre at the end of 1° ii toe contact period is selected which gives the optimum dose of chlorine for the given water sample. i + Normal dosage 0.310 1.1 mg/l. ; ‘Residual Chlorine 0.1 t0 0.2 mg/t «Chlorine dose must be generally increased during rainy season. Ch dosage = Cl: demand + Clz residual> ACE > B36: >ACE> 5. Various forms of Chiorine:- 1. As bleaching power or hypo chlorite 2.As chloramines 3.As chlorine gas or liquid chlorine 4As chlorine dioxide gas 5.1. Bleaching powder. Calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)» ) The bleaching powder contains about 30 to 35 percent of available chlorine. Therefore, it can not be used for large public water supplies. This chlorination is known as hypochlorination. 5.2, Chloramines: Chloramines are the compounds formed by the reactions between ammonia and chlorine .chloramines do not cause bad taste and odour, Residual effects lasts for longer duration. Chloramines are much weaker disinfectants as compared to free chlorine. 5.8. Chlorine gas oF liquid chlorine: Chlorine in gaseous or liquid form is now-a-days universally adoptediiquid chlorine) as disinfectant for public water supplies It is a Powerful disinfectant and may remain in water as residual for sufficient time No sludge is formed in its application, as may be formed by using hyposhlorites or chloramines 5.4 Chlorine dioxide : It has an oxidizing capacity 2" times that of chlorine. Further it is effective in the removal of tastes and odours, but due to its high cost of production it is not economical 6. Types of Chlorination : 61. Plain chlorination “Only chlorine treatment and no other treatment. 1 Helps to temove bacteria and! colour from water and it also controls the growth of algae * Used in case of emergencies, when full fledged treatment cannot be given Also adopted for clean water. 8.2 Prechlorination :Chiorine is added before raw water enters sedinvetitalion tanks {It helps in reducing the quantity of coagulants and to improve coagulation | reduces taste and ariour of water; *controls the growth of algae “reduces the bacterial load on fiters; "It prevents putrefaction of sludge in settling tanks 8.3 Post chlorination : This is the standard form of chlorination in which chlorine is added to water as it leaves filters and before it enters distribution system, The residual chloring Present in water is useful for its protection against contamination in the distribution system. * Residual = 0.1 to 0.2 mgf. 8.4 Double or multiple chlorination: \t consists of pre-chlorination and post chlorination ‘Adopted when raw water is highly contaminated and contains large amount of bacterial life 6.5.Break point chlorination (ar free residual chlorination) When chlorine is added to water, some of itis consumed in killing bactetia and oxidizing organic matter to form its compounds (Chioramines) and the remaining chiorine is available oe ccdeed chlorine. This is indicated by line Q. The fall of line R incieaton oxidation of chikie-crmones Gompounds and chloramines, indicated by bad ner and taste in waiter Any further moneoe ia Uillorine dose beyond point 8 will appear as residual chlorine only and this is shown by line S, B--Break Point Line s residual chlorine in gpm ——> applied chlorine in ppm> ACE> 37: > ACE> The sudden decrease in the residual chlorine is due to the fact that the increased concentration of the applied chlorine breaks down chloramines by changing them to nitrogen ‘compounds, “Break point chlorination gives an idea of chlorine to be added to water so as to ensure the desired amount of residual chlorine. Advantages(or other actions)of Chlorine as disinfectant: 1. it will remove taste and odour. 2. itwill have adequate bactericidal effect. 3. itwill leave a desired chlorine residual 4, twill remove manganese and iron. 5. it will complete the oxidation of ammonia and other compounds. Organic matter. 6.6. Super chlorination ‘The application of chlorine to water beyond the stage of break Point is known as super-chlorination. It is most commonly added at the end of filtration. “Adopted whenever there is breakout of water borne diseases. When super-chlorination is practiced, it becomes necessary to remove the excess chlorine by any suitable method of dechlorination before water is supplied to the consumers 6.7 Dechlorination : Process of removing excess chlorine by dechlorinating agents. This is to avoid chlorinous taste from water. Chemicals used for dechlorination are:; sulphur dioxide, Sodium thiosulphate, sodium bio sulphate, Activated carbon, potassium permanganate, ammonia. 7. Testing of chlorine Residuals i) Orthotolodine test ii) D. P. D test ( Diethyl-p-Phenylene- il) Chlorotex test iv) Strach-iodide test mine) * The orthotolidine test is most commonly used to determine the amount of residual chlorine in water. * The Strach-iodide test is more precise than the orthotolidine test, particularly when residual chlorine is greater than 1 p.p.m. 8. KINETICS OF DISINFECTION: Chick's Law: The rate of kill of organisms is proportional to the number of organisms remaining in water at any time ‘t ~ Increase in temperature results in a more rapid kill SET-A 1. Common disinfectant in rural wells is a) Chlorine Gas. b) Ozone —_c) Bleaching Powder _d) Potassium permanganate 2. Consider 1. pl of water 2.COz 3. Organic matter The chlorine dosage in water treatment depends upon, a) 1 and 2 b) 2and3 ©) Sand 1 4) 1,2 and 3 3, Which une uf the following forms of chlorine has no alsinfectant property ‘7 @) Hypochlorous acid b) Hypochlorite ion c) Monochloramine 4) Trichloramine 4, Awater treatment works treats 5000 cubic meters of water per day. If it consumed 20 kg of chlorine per day, then the chlorine dosage would be a) 10mg/ b) aman ©) 0.40 mg/l ) 0.25 mgil> ACE> B38 > ACE> 5. Which of the following is not a dechlorinating agent a) activated carbon b) Sulphur dioxide c) Sodium thiosulphate 4) potassium dichromate 6. The most common method of disinfection (bacteria) of water is with the help of ) Chlorine b) Ozone <) Alum d) Ferric oxide 7. At break point chlorination the residual chlorine a) is zero ») is minimum ©) is maximum 2) reappears 8. Atrue sterilized water is obtained by treating it with a) ozone ) ultraviolet rays c) excess lime 4) silver 9, Chlorine demand of water is equal to a) applied chlorine —_b) residual chlorine) (a) +(b) above —_d) (a)-(b) above 10. The process, which involves chlorination beyond break point chlorination, is known as a) prechlorination —_b) super chlorination _—c) post chlorination d) dechlorination 11. Break point chlorination of water involves addition chlorine in an amount sufficient to a) react with ammonia and readily Oxidisable organic matter b)kill Giardia eysts ©) react with inorganic matter d) reduce bacteria growth in fiters (GATE 95) 12, In the given graph between residual chlorine available in mg// and applied chlorine dosage in mg/l; the break point of chlorination is a) A ») B res | chlorine | 0c in mg/l dD A ‘Applied chlorine magi! — 13. The suitable method for disinfection of swimming pool water is a) ultra violet rays treatment b) lime treatment ©) chlorination d)use of "Kmno,* 14, Disinfection efficiency of chlorine treatment a) is decreased at higher pH values of water b) is increased at higher pH values of water ©) is unaffected at higher pH values of water _d) is highest at pH = 7 of water 18. Pathogens are usually removed by (GATE 97) a) Chemical precipitation b) Sedimentation ©) Activated sludge process 4) chlorination 16. During situation of emergency, the most appropriate method of disinfecting water is by a) boiling b) chlorination — ¢) iodine d) copper Sulphate (GATE 90) 17. The percentage of chlorine in fresh bleaching powder is a) 10t0 15 b) 20 to 25 ©) 30 to 35 d) 40 to 50 18. The treatment of water with bleaching powder is known as @) pre-chlorination —_b) post~chlorination —_¢) dechlorination _d) hypo-chlorination 19. Which of the following chemical compounds can be used for dechlorination of water a) carbon dioxide ) bleaching powder ¢) Sulphur dioxide d) chloramines|DACE> > ACE> 20. In chlorination, with the rise in temperature of water, death rate of bacteria a) increase ——_—b) decrease ©) remains unaffected —_d) none of the above 21. As compared to higher pH values of water, the contact period required for efficient chlorination at lower pH vales of water is a) smaller b) larger ©) same 4d) none of the above Key:t.d 2¢ 3d 4b Sd Ga 7.b &b Od 10.b t1.a 12¢ 13a 14.4 15d 16a 17.c 18.4 19.¢ 20.a 21.4 SET-C 1, Itis required to supply water to a population of 20,000 at a per capita demand of 150 lit per day. Determine how much bleaching powder is required in kg on an average per day if the chlorine dosage is 0.2ppm. Assume bleaching powder contains 30% of available chlorine. (10.6 (2) 0.18 @2 (4)08 2. Chlorine usage in the treatment of 20,000 cu m of water per day is 8 kg. The residual after 10min. contaot is 0.15 mail. The chlorine dosage and demand of water in mg/l , are respectively (2580.25 — (2)2.582.36 (3) 0.4 & 0.25 (4) 0.4 & 0.15 3, For a water, the dosage at break point is 1.5 mg/l and residual chlorine at that time is found to be 0.3mg/L. If cumulative chlorine added is 2 mg/l, the residual chlorine will be (1) 1.2 mgit. (2) 0.8 mg/L (3) 0.5 mg/L (4) zero Previous APPSC Questions 41.Chiorines is the most efficient (1) Disinfectant (2) Sterilizer (3) Break-point item (4)Infectant 2.The starch iodine test is performed to test (1) residual bromine (2) residual chlorine (3) residual iodine (4)residual CO2 3. In chlorination {i) Chlorine is the most efficient sterilizer. (li) Quantity of chlorine added in superchlorination is beyond break point Correct answer is (1) @ only (2)(i) only @) Both (i) and (ii) —_(4)None of the above 4, Acity supply of 15000 cubic meters of water per day is treated with a chlorine dosage of 0,5 ppm. For this purpose the requirement of 25% bleaching powder per day would be (1) 300 kg (2)75 kg (8)30 kg (4) 7.5 kg 5, The following is not a method of _ disinfection. (1) Filtration (2) Boiling (3) Ultraviolet ray treatment (4) Chlorination 6. If the dose of chlorine is to be 0.5 ppm and the bleaching powder contains 30% of available chlorine, the quantity of bleaching power required for disinfecting 4 million litres per day is (1) 1g (2)2kg (3) 7.76 kg (4) 6.67 kg 7. The pathogens can be killed by (1) nitrification (2) chlorination (3) oxidation (4) None of the above —____4> ACE > B40: > ACED & The onthotoldine test indicates residual chlorine when colour of the. sample alior test (1) Yellow (2) blue (3) green (a)red S The chlorine demand of water sample was found to be 0.2mg/: The amount of bieac hing we) OG rag, NG 30% available chlorine to be added to treat one ire of such water same is (1) 0.67 mg (2)0.06 mg (3)1.33 mg (4) 0.14 mg 10. Dechlorination of water is achieved by adding (1) sodium sulphite (2) sodium thiosulphate (9) sodium bisuiphate (4)sodium chromate 11. The starch iodide test is performed to test (1) Residual iodine (2)Residual bromine (3)Residual chlorine (4) Sulphates Chapter :7 Miscellaneous Water Treatments (synopsis) TWATER SOFTENING: Removal of hardness from water is known as Wate Removal of Temporary Hardness: 1) by boiling; 2) by adding lime Removal of permanent hardness:1.Lime Soda Process, 2. Zeoiile Process 3. Demineralisation Process (or Deionization Pro seats Soda Process: Lime (Ca(OH):) and Sodium carbonate {NazCOs) {or soda ash) are used to remove permanent hardness from water, Chemicals required for the removal ofthe different types of hardness is indicated in the table below: Quick lime CaO, or hydrated lime Ca(OH)z can be used for water softening jt Lime Soda Water Softening plant consists ONthe following units ') Feeding and mixing devices ii) Settling tank or Settling basin. ii) Recarbonation plant iv) Filters iRecarbonation plant: Carbon dioxide COz gas is diftused through the eluent so that the fpenluble calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide combine with carbon dlovias to again form the soluble bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium 1.2Advantages of Lime-Soda Process: 5, Fagnomical 2. pH value increases and corrosion of the distribution system clecreases 3:_The process is suitable for turhid, chalybontn nnd acidic watuiu fot when coon process cannot be used. 4. Less quantity of coagutant will be required for coagulation 5. Removal of iron and manganese to some extent. &, Thee is fikallhood of faling of pathoyeni Lucterla in this process. 7 Di 1 Retter for excecsively hard waters, advantages of | ime-soda Process: A latge quantity of slucian is formed in thiu process wii weds to be uisposed ol! by some suitable method 2. In this process recarbonation is required. * By Lime soda process water of zero hardness cannot be producedACE > DACED | 2. Zeolite Process: -Zeolite is a complex compound of aluminium, silica and soda, -Hard water is passed through a bed of ion-exchange material or ion exchanger commonly known as Zeolite. * Calcium and magnesium are removed from water as these are substituted by sodium by ion- ‘exchange process. *By Zeolite process the hardness of water is reduced almost to zero. 2.2 Advantages of Zeolite process: 4. Sludge is not formed and there is no problem of sludge disposal. 2. Does not require ary skilled supervision. 3. Itis possible to reduce hardness of water to zero. This is useful for softening of water to be used for boilers and certain textile industries. 2.3 Disadvantage of zeolite process: 1. Cannot be adopted for highly turbid water 3. Demineralisation Process (or Deionization Process): it is similar to zeolite process with the difference that in demineralization process the metallic ions viz., calcium, magnesium, etc., are exchanged for hydrogen ions. ‘The ion exchanger is prepared with carbonaceous material or resin The effiuent obtained in the demineralization process is free from minerals and it has a quality almost equal to that of distilled water used for industries. 4, Removal of Colour, Odour and taste: 1: Aeration 2.Treatment by activated carbon 3. Use of Copper sulphate. 4.1. Aeration: Aeration is a process in which water is brought in intimate contact with atmospheric air to promote exchange of gases between water and atmospheric air. i) Carbon dioxide, hydrogen Sulphide and other volatile substances imparting taste and odour to water are easily expelled ii) Iron and manganese present in water are oxidized to certain extent by aeration 4,2. Treatment by activated carbon: Activated carbon is used to remove colour, taste and odour from water It is available in granular as well as powder form. Activated carbon removes organic contaminants from water by the process of adsorption. In adsorption high surface area is the prime consideration. Activated carbon can be applied for treatment of water in two ways: a) as filter media, b) as fine powder feed, 4.3. Use of Copper Sulphate: Copper sulphate CuSO, is used for i) removal of Colour, odour and taste from water i).control the growth of algae, bacteria and some types of aquatic weeds It can be applied either in the distribution pipes or in open reservoirs. 5, Iron and manganese Effects are as follows. 1. If water containing iron and manganese is used in a laundry, it will develop reddish or brownish stains on the clothes. 2. Deposited in distribution pipes and it leads to the blocking of pipes, meters, etc. : 3. The water is coloured either red or brown. 4, Water required for certain industries such as papér-making, photographic film ‘manufacturing, ice-making, etc., must be entirely free from iron and manganese. When iron and manganese occur in water without combination with organic matter, “tron and Manganese ran be lenuved by aeration followed by coagulation, sedimentation and fitration.a2: > ACE> 8-1 Houridation, The process of raising the fuoride content of water is known as oor lation. Sedum Muoride(NaF), is usually adopted for furidation of public water suppics fsea8t 0 apply fluoride ater other treatments, but at point where thorough mixing of ‘luoride with water can take place before water leaves the tieatinent gunk 6.2. Dellouridation. itis the process of reducing fluoride concentration in water, Nala ida Technique, Lime-soda process, activated carbon are used for Hechlorination juryose §;3 Nalgonda technique A new technique for deflouridation In this technique sodium Bruaale oF lime, bleaching powder and filer-alum are added to fluoride wa in sequence, \atet is then stirred for ten minutes and settled for one hour. Water oc then withdrawn without Dresctang the, Sediments. Sodium aluminate or ime accelerates settlement of meena out bleaching powder ensures disinfection wign’y Pe holed that the Nalgonda technique includes coagulation-sodimentation, disinfection and deflouridation 7, Desalnization or Desalination: it s the pracase of converting saline water to fresh water i. Distillation 2. Reverse Osmosis 3. Electrodialysis 4. Freezing 5.Demineralization 6. Solar evaporation 7-1. Distillation: The most commonly used method for Converting saline water to fresh water Saline water is boiled or evaporated ‘The vapours are condensed which gives fresh water 7-8. Electrodialysis: Salt ions are removed from saline water under the impetus of ai current. 1-4. Froezing: Temperature of saline water is gradually lowered inti ew erystale are formed Theec are free of sall and can be separated. The ice crystals wlien meres gwves iresh water 1-8 Demingralization: Galls ate removed trom water through the use of ion exchangers, 7 Solar evaporation: Solar energy is utlized to convert saline water to fresh water Typical Flow Diagram of a Water treatment Plant Coaputon : Raw water — AFH-OE) {| >= 4 I > me FOSHAN oy FROM yn Feet peenon Seouenrarion Resenvor SET-A 1. Odour and taste is controlled by a) Disinfection “b) Aeration _¢) Coagulation Soda — lime proc 2. Activated carbon is used to remove a) Odour and taste b) Hardness ¢) Iron and mangane d) Dissolved salts 3. The dosage of alum is decided by -- a) EDTA test b)Jartest ¢) Chloro test d) none 4 Approximately 1.0 mg/l fluoride in drinking water helps to prevent a) Mottling b)Fluorosis ——_¢) Dental cavities 4) Blue baby disease> ACE > 43 > ACE> 5. Fluoride concentration less than ..... ppm causes cavities in teeth, a) 0.25 b) 0.5 ot dis 6. For algae control the chemical used is a) calcium hydroxide b) sodium carbonate ©) copper Sulphate d) alum 7. Which of the following is not matched correctly? a) Odour > Aeration b) Colour > Burgess scale . ©) Turbidity > Threshold number 4) Bacteria > Disinfection 8. Which one of the following process of softening water may require re carbonation ? a) lime - soda process 'b) sodium — cation exchange process ©) demineralization process d) hydrogen — cation exchanges process 9. In lime-soda process of water softening a) only carbonate hardness is removed _) only non-carbonate hardness is removed ©) lime reduces non carbonate hardness, and soda removes carbonate hardness d) lime reduces carbonate hardness, and soda removes non-carbonate hardness 10. The main disadvantage of lime-soda process of water softening is that: a)itis unsuitable for turbid and acidic waters b) zero hardness effluent can not be obtained c) excessive hard waters can not be softened by it d) huge amount of precipitate is formed, posing disposal problem 11. Activated carbon is added to water to remove tastes and odours : a) before coagulation _b) after coagulation —_—_c) before filtration _d) any of the above 12, Iron and manganese can be removed from waters, by a) boiling b) aeration followed by coagulation ) chlorination d) activated carbon addition 13, The adsorbent most commonly used in water and waste water treatment is (GATE 97) a) sand of grain size from 0.1 to 2mm _b) Activated carbon granules of size 0.1 to 2 mm c) Ordinary Wood pieces fine size d) coal-tar 14. By lime soda process, hardness can be reduced to less than (a) 50 ppm (b) 75 ppm (©) 100 ppm (d) 150 ppm 16. The lime soda process of water softening (a) requires less quantity of coagulant (b) helps in killing pathogenic bacterias (C) is suitable for turbid and acidic water (d) all of these Key:1b 22 3b 4¢ 5c 6c 7c 8a Od 10d 11d 12b 13d 14a 15d Previous APPSC Questions 1.The mixture of silicates of sodium and aluminium is called (1) Zeolite gelatin (2) Sulphonated sand (3) Zeolite sand (4) Loam sand 2.Reverse osmosis process is used for (1) Desalinization (2) Fluoridation (3) Distillation (4) tonization 3.Permanent hardness of water may be removed by (1) lime-soda process (2) adding lime water (3) boiling (4) All of the above 4. Which of the following treatments reduce salinity of water? (1) Flocculation and sedimentation (2) Filtration (3) Reverse osmosis (4) Fluoridation2 ACES 44. AGF) 19, The process of desalination which makes use of micro porous membranes is (1) Electro-dialysis (2) Solar distillation (2)Aeration (4) Filtration 20. A device for mixing air with water is called (1) Eductor (2) Drafter (8) Air meter (4)Hydrant 21. Zero hardness of water is achieved by (1) using lime soda process (2) excess lime treatment (3) ion exchange method (4) using excess alum dosage 22, Which of the following treatments reduces salinity of water? (1) Filtration and reverse osmosis (2) Reverse osmosis and electrodialysis (3) Sedimentation and filtration (4) Flocculation and electrodialysis Chapter 8: Distribution system (synopsis) Pipes mains, sub mains, branches and laterals Valves For controlling flow Hydrants For releasing water during fire breakouts Meters For measuring discharges Pumps _For'fting water Service reservoir--For storing the treated water & stabilizing pressures Importance : It involves 40 to 70% of the total cost of W.S. scheme. 1.Recommendations: “Pressure for single storey buildings is 7m for two storey buildings is 1? m of water tor three storey buildings is 17 m of water “The fire hydrant’s pressure should not be less than 1 Kg/sq.cm “Minimum pipe size: 100 mm 2-Systems of Distribution : 1) Gravity System 2) Direct Pumping System 3) Combined System or Dual System, 2.1Gravity System : “Water is distributed by gravity only, to the consumers points, It is suitable for situations. “TIE System is economical and reliable since no pumping is involved at any stage. It needs lake or storage reservoir as a source of supply located at a sulficient higher level 2.2 Direct Pumping System: Treated water is directly pumped into the distribution pipes by ‘means of high lift pumps without storing anywhere. * Pumps should be capable of being operated at variable speeds to meet the maximum and minimum demand and maintain sufficient residual pressures at various points of consumption This system is not commonly preferred. Advantage is that during fire accidents, large quantities of water at high pressures can be Pumped to put off the fire.LL RR > ACE> 4! > ACE 2.3Combined or dual systems : "Pumping with storage system’ or *Direct- indirect system’, In this system, the treated water is pumped at constant rate into an-elevated reservoir as. well as directly into distribution system “Thus it is a combination of gravity system and direct pumping system. This is most widely adopted system in water supply schemes for its obvious advantages such as 1) Pumps can be operated with uniform speed at their rated capacities. 2) Itis a reliable system as there is always some reserve water in elevated tanks to augment the supply during peak demands, 3)_in case of fre acciclents large quantities of water can be drawn 4) tis an economic and efficient system. 3. Lay out of Distribution systems. 1. Dead end or tree system 2. Grid iron system of Reticulation or Interlaced system. 3, Circle or Ring system 4, Radial system A ips) 3.1Dead end system: Tz Branch(B) | ~ A supply main starting from the service reservoir is laid along the main road, The submains are connected to the main in both the directions along the other roads, Submains divide into several branch lines. Service connections are taken form these branches to the individual houses, Suitability: For old towns and cities with irregular and unplanned development Advantages: Quite simple design ; Lesser number of cutoff valves; Easicr expansions; Short pipe lengths are required Cheap and economical Limitations: Considerable area gets affected during repairs, Water stagnation at dead ends leads to pollution ‘Water rate of supply cannot be increased in case of fire breakouts. less successful in maintaining satisfactory pressures in the remote parts. 3.2.Grid iron system : Mains, submains and branches are interconnected with each other. Main line runs through the centre of the area. Suitability: Suitable for well planned cities. [a s Advantages: Z = Since water reaches from different directions, sizes of pipes ie get reduced — Very small area gets affected in case of repairs, ~- Due to free circulation, water cannot be polluted ~~ More water can be diverted tv case Uf fire LivakvulDACED > ACE> Disadvantages: ~ More lengths of pipes and larger number of valves ~ Coster 1 ~ Design is dificut < i 3.3. Ring system: Main pipe is laid peripheral] CS) ~ Laying of mains peripherally increase |-==s—}"—~ J the pressure at farthest points Suitable for towns and cities having [==> —| well planned roads. V ~ Advantages and disadvantages are sams = 2s Grid Iron system. Gr) 1@® ly [eo => pl eS 3.4. Radial system : The area is divided into small distribution zones and in the center of each zone a distribution reservoir is provided. Water from these reservoirs is supplied through radially laid distribution pipes running towards the periphery of the zone. "|b ~ Ensures high pressure and efficient = water distribution. SOS Z ~ Suitable for cities with radial roads, SNA SWIX 2 i Y 4. Design of Distribution System: — For head loss calculation, Hazen-Williams formula is more commonly used * Head loss by Hazen-Williams Formul 10.681 Qu vr formula: by = oS yea Avhere Cx = roughness coefficient hr is proportional to Q'** 4.1.Conditions to be satisfied: 1. The inflow into each junction must be equal to the flow out of the junction, as per principle of continuity 2. In each loop, the loss of head due to flow in clockwise direction must be equal to the loss of head due to flow in anticlockwise direction,(i.e the algebraic sum of head loss in each closed loop must be zorv ) Important Methods for Analysis of Pipe Networks:1.Equivalent pipe method, 2. Hardy -Cross method Equivalent Pipe Method: For the purpose of analysis the entire network of pipes is considered to be split up into two portions viz., () pipes in series, and (i) pipes in parallel. 4© 30a GH) > Ace> sae SAE 4.3. Hardy- Cross Method: It is a method of successivé approximations which involves a trial and error process. Hardy Cross method may be carried out in the following two ways. a) Balancing heads by correcting assumed flows; and b) Balancing flows by correcting assumed heads. 5. DISTRIBUTION OR SERVICE RESERVOIRS : These are used in a distribution system to meet fluctuations in demand of water, to provide storage for fire fighting and emergencies such as breakdowns, repairs etc., and to stabilize pressures in the distribution system. TYPES: According to the situation with respect to ground, the distribution reservoirs are classified in the following three types. (1) Surface reservoirs (2) Elevated reservoirs (3) Standpipes 5.1 Surface reservoirs : Constructed at ground level or below ground level | Surface reservoirs should be located at high points in the distribution system. | 5.2 Elevated reservoirs: Constructed at an elevation from G L. Also called as overhead tanks. 5.3 Standpipes : They boost the pressure.A standpipe is a vertical cylindrical tank resting jus! above the ground. 5.4, STORAGE CAPACITY OF DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIR: The storage capacity of a distribution reservoir to be provided is based on the following requirements. (Balancing storage ( or equalizing storage or operating storage ) (i) Breakdown storage or emergency storage (ii) Fire storage (i) Balancing storage (or equalizing storage or operating storage ) : The quantity of water required to be stored in the reservoir for balancing or equalizing the variable demand of water against the constant rate of pumping is known as balancing storage. ‘The balancing storage of a distribution reservoir can be determined by the following tow methods (a) Hydrograph method —_(b) Mace curve mothod EQUIRED STORAGE D LE 24 HOUR PUMPING RATE (MEAN HOURLY DEMAND) a wo DEMAND (10° LITRES/HOURS) 074 6 8 1 1 Mow IR mM 97 mM ‘TIME (HOURS) ———+ Fig: Uydrograph for cletermining storage required for distribution reservoirs> ACED > ACE> Demand — supply a 0 8AM 8PM 2a time time Total storage = A+B AS surplus B> deficit Fig: Mass curve for determining storage required for distribution reservoirs tii) Breakdown storage: tis the storage required to be provided in a distribution reservoir to ake care of emergencies which may arise due to failure of pumps, failure of electric supply, 2tc. For this storage a lump sum provision of about 25 % of the total storage capacity of the distribution reservoir is provided. (iil) Fire storage : A provision of fre storage in a distribution reservoir is required to be made to provide water for fire fighting purposes. 1 to 4 lit/per/day for normal Indian conditions. Total capacity of D.R. = Balancing storage * Break down Storage + Fire Storage 6.APPURTENANCES IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ; 1. Valves 2. Manholes 3. Fire hydrants 4. Water meters 61. Valves: Valvoo aro provided in the pipelines tu Luniliul We flow of water, to isolate and Grain sections for test, inspection, cleaning and repairs, to regulate pressures and to release or admit air 4) Sluice Valves or Gate Valves: used to regulate the flow of water through the pipelines ») Butterfly valves: used to regulate and stop the flow especially in large size conduits ©) Globe Valve: To regulate flow. In global valves the flow changes direction through 90° twice which results in high head losses. These valves are normally used in pipes of small diameter (less than 100 mm) and as water taps. ™ a Z Check Valves: Also known as reflux valves or non-return valves. A Check valve allows water to flow in one direction only and the flow in the reverse direction is automatically stopped by it. The reflux valve is invariably placed in a pumping main so that if the pump fails or stops, water is prevented from flowing back to the pump and thus pumping equipment is saved from possible damage. ©) Air Valve or Air-relief Valves: The air valve zlsv helps to admit alr Into the pipe when the pipe is boing emptied or when negative or vacuum pressure Is created in the pipe Ai valve operates automatically while allowing air to escape from or to enter a pipe The air valves are usually located at summits and also at changes in grade to steeper slopes, ) Scour Valves or Blow-off Valves or Drain Valves: Provided for completely emptying or draining of the pipe for removing sand or silt deposited in the pipe and for inspection, repair, etc Located at dead ends and depressions or low points in the pipelineI == > ACE> wa 9) Pressure-relief Valves: Also called overflow towers are provided to keep the pressure pipeline below a predetermined value, and thus protect it against the possible danger of bursting due to excessive pressure. =e Thus these valves are often placed at low points where the pressures are high: Fulthet!a pressure relief valve is usually provided on the upstream side of a sluice valve so that the pipe lying on the upstream side of the valve is relieved of water hammer pressure resulting from the sudden closure of the sluice valve. 6.2. Manholes: provided at suitable intervals along the pipeline for inspection and repairs. Usually spaced 300 to 600 m apart on large pipelines. Their most useful positions are at summits and downstream of main valves. 6.3. Fire hydrants: Hydrant is an outlet provided in a pipeline for tapping water mainly for the purpose of fire fighting. Also be used for withdrawing water for certain other purposes such a sprinkling on roads, flushing streets, etc, Generally fire hydrants are placed at all important road junctions and at intervals not exceeding about 300 m, 6.4WATER METERS: Installed in pipelines to measure the quantity of water flowing through them. Types: (j) Inferential type meters or velocity meters: Used for large pipes. (i)Displacement type meters: Used for small pipes and domestic connections. Location of leaks: For locating leaks in water supply pipes following methods may be used. a) By direct observations b)By using sounding rods ©)By plotting hydraulic grade line 4)By using waste — detecting meters(Deacon’s meter) sounding rods: A metal rod is inserted into the ground at the suspected portion, If there is a leak in the pipe the sound of the water escaping through the leak can be heard by placing the ear against the rod, or by means of an amplifying device such as aqua phone or sonoscope. SET-A 1. When the source of water is a reservoir on a mountain slope and the city is in plains then the system of distribution is a) gravity system —b) pumping system _c) combined gravity and pumping system d) gravity system for a part and pumping for remaining 2. Pumping system is best suited when a) fire accidents occur frequently b) source of water is at low level ) density of population is high and space available is less d) power failures are more common 3. Combined pumping and gravity flow system best suited, where a) the city is in plains and source is fairly elevated b) the city had @ gentle slope and source is elevated ©) the city is on steep slopes and source is below —_ d) any type of topography 4. Adisacvantage of combine pumping and gravity flow is that a) it needs pumping round the clock b) elevated storage reservoir required ©) adequate pressure may not exist in pipes d) we may not get enough water to fight fire 5. An advantage of intermittent system of supply of water is a) itis economical b) supply is assured during a fire accident ‘c) pumping is for limited hours d) repairs can be carried out during non-supply hours> ACE> = 80: > ACED 6. A major disadvantage of intermittent system of supply of water is 3) bigger pipes and pumps required b) more number of valves required ©) consumers should store water) infiltration of impurities may occur through leaky joints 7. Intermittent system is more popular in India because a) supply hours can be staggered for different zones of different elevations, b) Less quantity of water shail be sufficient ©) Wastage is quite less d) Itis highly economical in the long run 8. The purpose of stand pipe is that it a) increases storage capacily of water b) helps fire fighting ©) is of great help in intermittent supply system — d) boosts pressures in pipes Losses in a distribution system are due to ) poor quality of pipes and fittings b) unauthorized connections ©) dead end system of network of pipes d) low morale of people 10. Storage capacity of a distribution reservoir should be a minimum of cumulative a) Aor B whichever is greater |pumging / b)B | oA 1 d) A¥B | fA) gimseive seman 11. The only advantage of dead end system is a) ithad more number of dead ends —_b) blow off valves empty stagnant pockets of water ©).le8e pipe length d) suited for any towr 12. Grid iron system is best sulted to a) an irregularly grown old town —_b) undulating topography ©) radial roads 4d) planned city on a gentle slope 13. A disadvantage of interlaced system is a) not suited for any town b) elevated reservoirs required ©) more length of pipes required _d) repairs can not be attended easily 14. Computations of discharges is difficult for a) dead end system —_b) reticulation system ——c) radial system —_d) ring system 18. The suitable layout for a water supply distribution system, for an irregularly grown town, is a) dead end system b) gfid iron system —c) ring system 4) radial system 16. The suitable layout for a water supply distribution system, for a city of roads of rectangular pattern, a) is dead end system b) is grid iron system _c) is ring system d) is radial system. 17. Distribution layout in which the mains, sub mains and branches are interconnected with each other is a)Tree system ») Grid iron system ©) Radial System —d) none 18, Distribution layout in which a large number of scour valves required is a) Dead end system ——b)Grid iron system ——c) Radial System ——_)Ring system 19, The chances for contamination of water are less in a) Continuous system b) Intermittent system ©) Combined system d) Dead end system> ACE > > ACES St: 20. In radial distribution layout, the service reservoirs are generally located at the ...of the area under its control. a) centre bjouter ©) at the periphery ) anywhere 21, The storage capacity of the service reservoir is found by ..........method. a) Hyetograph b)Flow frequency curve c) Mass Curve ¢) all the above 22. The cheapest distribution layout system is system, a) Dead end system b)Grid iron system ©) Radial System ¢)Ring system 23, The minimum residual pressure for single storey buildings is a) 5m b) 7m ©) 10m 4) 15m 24, Valve which allows water in one direction only is known as a) Sluice valve b) Scour valve) Alr valve d) Reflux valve 25.The valves which are used to remove the sediment in the pipelines are called, a) Butterfly valve ——b) Scour valve —c) Air valve 4) Check valve 26. Check valves are used a) At summit points b) To prevent back flow ©) At dead ends 4d) At junctions of main and branch pipe 27. The valve used for controlling the flow is a) Sluice valve b) Check valve c) Scour valve _d) Pressure relief valve 28. A scour valve, in a water distribution system, is provided at (2) low points (b) high points (¢) junction points _—_(d) all of these 29, The valve provided on the suction pipe in a tube well is {a) sluice valve (0) airrelief valve (c) pressure relief valve (d) reflux valve 30. A pressure relief valve is provided to prevent {a) the water flowing out of the suction pipe (b) the back flow, when the pump is stopped (c) the increase of pressure after certain safe limit (d) all of the above 31. The corrosion in pipe is due to {a) dissolved oxygen in water (b) pH value of water (o) impurities in the material particularly those having a lower potential (@) all of the above 32, The plain ends of cast iron pipes are joined by {a) spigot and socket joint —_(b) flanged joint (0) victuallic joint (d) dresser coupling joint 33. The suitable layout of a distribution system for weil planned cities is (a) dead end system (b) ring system (c)radial system —_(d) grid iron system Key:t.a 2c 3d 4b 5d 6d 7a Bd Gai 10.d 11.c 12d 13.6 14d 15.a 16.b 17.b 18.a 19. 20.a 21.¢ 22a 23.b 24d 25.b 26.b 27.a 28a 29d 30c 31d 32d 33b> ACE > 82:1 ACE > Previous APPSC questions 1. The layout of distribution system.” which water flows towards the outer peripher (1) Ring system (2) Dead end system (3) Radial system —(4)Grid ron system 2 Hardy Cross method is used to design (1) Sedimentation (2) Pipe network (3) Septic tank (4) Sewer 5, The suitable layout of distribution system for a city with roads of rectangular patter | (1) gridiron system (2) dead end system 3) ring system (4) radie! system 4, A scour value (1) removes silt in a pipe (2) releases the accumulated air (8) controls water flow (4) improves water quality SANITARY ENGINEERING Chapter—1 Introduction ( 1, FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS: a) Refuse ° All the material that is wasted, (Solid + liquid + Semisolidl) +) Garbage : Dry refuse, organic in nature. E.g: Vegetables, Grass, Sweepings etc ©) Rubbish : Dry waste from offices, residences, inorganic in nature. lis combustible. E.g: Paper, Rags, et 4d) Sewage : A liquid waste of domestic or Industrial origin. ‘Foul in nature. Corssists 99.9% water ‘Domestic and industrial sewages’ are collectively called sanitary sev. ace e) Sullage : Waste water from bathrooms, Washbasins, Kitchens. Less foul in nature 9) Storm Water : The run-off from roads, buildings and other catchment arews, Genersily called ‘Storm drainage’ or ‘Drainage’ 9) B.W.F : Dry weather flow i.e, normal flow available in any season. It is due to “Sanitary sewage’. “D.W.F is generally 1/20th to 1/25th of max. flow during monsoon, h) Sewer: A pipe carrying sewage. i) Sewerage : The process of ‘collection + conveyance’ of sewag 2. SYSTEMS OF SEWERAGE: 8) Separate system: Sanitary sewage and storm water are collected, conveyed and disposed off separately. i) Suitability : ) in areas of uneven rainfall in a year. b) In hilly areas with steep slopes c) Where deep excavations cannot be easily done, b) Combined system : Both sanitary sewage and storm water drainage are collected into the same conduit ‘Suitability :') Where rainfall is evenly distributed through out the year. ii) In plain areas where excavation is easy and less costly, ill) when. area is congested or for narrow streets ©) Partially separate system : Designed for carrying sewage discharge plus part of the storm drainage from the roofs and courtyards| | D ACES > ACE> 3. CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS: a) House sewer : Sewer pipe carrying sewage from a building to the point of its immediate disposal. The sewerage system originates from it ») Lateral sewer : A sewer which receives the discharge from a number of independent houses. Also called branch sewers or sub mains. ©) Trunk or Main sewers : These are main sewers to which lateral sewers are connected ) Out fall sewer : The sewer which transports the sewage to point of treatment and from the TP to disposal point. 4. As far as possible should be designed to flow under gravity with % or % th full. 5.Sewage treatment plant should generally be located in a low-lying area. Chapter 2: Estimating The Sewage Discharge (synopsis) 1, *Quantity of sewage should be equal to the quantity of water supplied. * But certain additions and subtractions may take place. * Generally , the Net quantity of sewage = 75 to 80% of the water supplied. 2. Variations of sewage flow: "Max. daily flow "Max. hourly flow 2x Average daily flow 5 x Max.daily flow = 3x average dialy flow * Peak flows for lateral sewers are much greater than that of large trunk sewers because more flow time for trunk sewers compared to laterals. * Sewers are designed for carrying the max. hourly flow running 3/4th full 3. Minimum tow: _* At minimum flow, velocity reduces therefore silting occurs. * Slope at which sewer is to be laid is decided based on permissible minimum velocity at minimum flow Minimum daily flow = 2/3 x Average daily flow Minimum hourly flow = 1/2 x minimum daily flow 3.x Average daily flow “Sewers must be checked for minimum velocities at their minimum hourly flow. 4. Design periods of different components: a) Branches, mains and Trunk sewers —- Generally 30 years b) Treatment units - 151020 years ) Pumping plants 5 to 10 years> ACE > 84: > ACE> Chapter 3: Estimating Storm Drainage yopsis) 1. Estimating peak runoff: 1) By the use of rational formula :Qp = K.Pe.A 36 Qp = peak rate of runoff in cumec. K = Coefficient of tunolt A = Catchments area contributing to runoff in hectares. Pe = Critical rainfall intensity in emihr corresponding to ‘ime of concenitation “The period after which the entire area starts contributing to the runoff is called the lime of concentration’ or Itis the maximum time taken by a drap of water tc travel from the farthest point or remotest point to the outlet of the catchment “The maximum runoff will be obtained from the rain having a duration equal ‘o the time of concentration and this is called ‘Critical rainfall duration Coefficient of runoff (Kk) K =_ Runoff Precipitation “K’ increases as imperviousness of the area increa: ~ For paved areas , k= 0.9 to 1 For Lawns and garuens. k = 0.15 TURK tt where t, = lime of concentration te = time of entry or inlet time lime of flow = time required to flow in the sewer from inlet to the point of concentration Empirical formula: Pc = 75I( 4, + 10) fort. varying between 5 to 20min. Pe ~ 100/( t+ 20) for ‘te’ varying Letweers 20 tv 100.n Where, = duration in minutes. Pe = intensity of rainfall in crv/hr 2. Emperical formulas: For larger catchment areas i.e. more than 400 hectares, it is advisable to use empirical formula, i) Dicken's formula: For North indian catchments Q, = cm M = Catchment area in Sq.km Q, = Peak discharge in cumec. C= Constant depending on different factors ii) Ryve's formula: For South Indian catchments Q,= CMe Where Gp, Mand (:, have the same meaning as Dickcn's formula ‘1, Introduction \. 2. Estimating Sewage discharge f (OBJECTIVES) 3. Estimating the peak Drainage discharge _ | 1. The liquid wastes originating from residential and industrial buildings, are collactively called: 8) domestic sewage b) combined sewage —c) sanitary sewage _d) None of these 2, The sewer which transports the sewage to the point of treatment, is called a) house sewer b) main sewer ¢) outfall sewer d) Nove of these> ACE> 55: > ACE> 3. Acombined sewerage system, collectively carries: a) domestic sewage and industrial sewage _b) storm sewage and domestic sewage c) storm sewage and industrial sewage d) storm sewage and sanitary sewage 4. Asewer which receive's the discharge from a number of independent houses, is called: a) house sewer b) intercepting sewer —c) lateral sewer —_d) None of these. 5. A sewer pipe carrying sewage from a building to the point of its immediate disposal, is a) intercepting sewer b) lateral sewer _c) house sewer d) None of these 6. When rainy season is confined to a few months, like that in India, the preferred sewerage system would be a) combined system _b) separate system c) partially separate system — d) None of these 7. The suitable system of sanitation for an area having uniformly distributed mild rains throughout the year, like that in England, is: a) separate system . b) combined system ©) partially separate system 4d) partially combined system 8. The water carriage system of collection of waste products is prefferred to dry conservancy system, because a) itis cheaper in initial cost ») it does not require treatment before disposal ©) it is more hygienic in nature ¢) itis easier to maintain 9. The waster water coming from kitchens and bath rooms is popularly known as: a) domestic sewage discharge b) sullage discharge ©) drainage discharge d) None of these 10.For the design of sewers in India, the percentage of sewage discharge, is assumed as: a) 25-30% of water supplied from water works »b) 75-80% of water supplied from water works c) 100% of water supplied from water works d) None of these 11. The peak design flows, expressed as number of times their average values, will be a) greater for smaller lateral sewers, as compared to these for larger trunk sewers ') greater for larger trunk sewers, as compared to these for smaller lateral sewers ©) equal for all sizes and types of sewers 4) None of these 12. The ratio of minimum hourly flow to the average flow of sewage, is a) 13 b) 172 0) 213 a3 13.Point out the wrong statement, in the following assumptions, generally made in the design of moderate sized sewers: a) average daily flow = annual average daily flow b) minimum daily flow = 2/3 average daily flow ©) minimum hourly flow = 1/3 average daily flow d) none of these 14, 1/4 to 1/3 space is left vacant in the design of sewer pipes at maximum discharge, due to: a) possible low estimates of maximum and average flows b) large scale possible infitration of storm water ©) unexpected increase in population 4) all the above factors 15. The min. and the max. diameter of sewers, generally adopted in the designs, may be: a) 15cm and 100 cmb) 15 cm and 300 cm ¢) 25cm and 450 em d) 60 cm and 300 cm 16. The value of the coefficient of runoff for perfectly impervious areas, tend to: a)morethanone b)lessthanone c) equal toone —_d) None of these 17. With the increase in its duration, the intensity of rainfall will: a) decrease ») increase ¢) Not change> ACE> 5 86: > ACE > 18. The drainage discharge of a town of 16 hectares area, consisting of 40% hard paved {K=0.80), 30% unpaved (k=0.20), and remaining as wooded (k=0.10), with a mannsuh rain intensity of § cm/hr, would be computed by Rational formula, as equal to a) 0.91 cumecs. ») 0.091 cumecs ©) 9.1 cumecs d) None 19. minimum velocity. should.be maintained in sewer to a) enable the sewage to reach the treatment unit quickly b) reduce the size of sewer ©) keep the suspended matter in suspension 4) prevent clogging due to floating matter and fats 20. A sewer which receives sewage from the collection system and conducts it to a Point a final disposal is called a (@) common sewer —_(b) trunk sewer (c) branch sewer _(d) ouffall sewer 21. A separate system will be favourable when (2) the sewers are to be laid in rocks —_(b) the finances are limited (6) the topography is flat necessitating deep excavation for combined sewers (d) all of the above 22, The sanitation system in which a small portion of storm water is allowed to enter in the Sanitary Sewage sewers and the remaining storm water flows in separate ect ef sewers, is known as (a) separate system (b) combined system (©) partially separate system (A) partially combined system Key:1.c 2¢ 3d 4¢ 5c 6b 7b Be Ob 10.b 1a 12a 13.4 14d 18b 16. 17a 18a 190 20d 21d 226 SET-B "A aly has a population of 1,00,000 with water supply rate of 200 Ipcd Assuming 75% of Water Supplied reaches the sewer, the Dry Weather Flow in m°/see. wil be (1) 0.232 (2) 0.174 (051 (4) 0.68 2. A residential area has an area of 50 Hectares. Assuming critical rainfall intensity as 1 cm/hr and run off coefficient as 0.80, the calculated storm discharge in m*/sec will be (1)28 * (@40 Qin (4) 3.33, Previous APPSC Questions {The sewer used in transporting swage to the sewage treatment plant is known as (1) outfall sewer (2) main sewer (3) lateral sewer (4) prime sewer 2. Storm water for sewer design is generally calculated using (1) Flood frequency studies (2) Unit hydrograph method (3) Rational method (4) Lacey's formula 3. Sewage treatment units are designed for (1) maximum flow only (2) minimum flow only (8) average flow only (4) maximum and minimum flow 4. Atain sanitary sewer is constructed to carry (1) sewage (2) storm water“ (3) surface water (4) ground waterLaOK & > ACE > O67: > ACES Chapter—4 Design Of Sewers Introduction (synopsis) Design of sewers 1. Difference in the design of water supply pipes and sewer pipes: a) Sewage contains solid particles either of organic or inorganic nature. They may settle down or clog. They may also cause wearing of pipe material. Hence the sewer pipes be of such a size and laid at such a gradient so as to generate "Non silting and Non scouring Velocities" at different possible discharges. ») Water pipes are generally ‘Pressure Pipes’ and hence they may be carried up and down the hills and valleys. Sewer pipes are ‘Non pressure pipes’. Therefore they must be laid at @ continuous downward gradient up to out fall, from where it will be lifted up, treated and disposed off. Self cleansing velocity: It is the velocity which causes both floating and heavy solids-to get transported easily. “Itmay be noted that , larger the size of the sewer, the higher is the velocity of flow. Self cleansing velocily, Vs =C Tk.d (S51) ~ Shield’s equation Ss= Specific gravity of sediment K = a sediment characteristic constant to be determined by experiments. d' = diameter of grain C = Chezy's constant 3. Minimum velocity to be generated in sewers to avoid silting is equal to self cleansing velocity. Itis taken as 0.75 m/sec generally. 4. Manning's formula is generally used to design sewers. This formula gives mean velocity of flow for a given slope and dimensions of conduits. Vmctiny 2 51 | | | I | Where 1ean velocity of flow. Manning's coefficient or rugosity coefficient. S= bed slope, 4. When flow is more than half full for partial flow, the maximum velocity will be equal to or more than those occur in full sectional flow. 5. Maximum velocity occurs when sewer flow depth is 0.81 x full depth. SET-A 1, The must suilable section of a sewer in a separate sewerage system is : | | | | * The diameter of the sewer shall not be less than 150 mm. | | a) rectangular) circular ©) newegg shaped) parabolic 2. The most suitable section of a sewer in a combined sewerage system is a) rectangular) circular ) newegg shaped) parabolic> ACE> 1 58: > ACE> 3. An egg-shaped sewer, when compared to a circular sewer, is @) economical b) more stable ©) easier to construct 4) provides better self cleansing velocity at low discharges 4. The flow velocity in a sewer does not depend on a)its grade by its length ©) not to cause any effect d) no ne of the above 5: The effect of increasing the diameter of a sewer, on the self cleansing velocity, is 9) fo increase it b) to decrease it c) not to cause any effect d) no ne of the above 6. Pick up the correct statement from the following With self cleansing velocity in sewers, 2) the siting occurs at the bottom b) the scouring occurs at the bottom ©) the silting and scouring both occur at the bottom 4) neither silting nor scouring occur at the bottom 7 Two sewer sections laid at same grade, will be hydraulically equivalent, if a) their discharge capacity when running full are equal ») their flow velocity when running full are equal ©) their flowareas when running full are equal ¢) all the above factors are equal 8. Which one of the following statements is true? a) The velocity of fio same slope ) The velocity of fiow in sewer is maximum when it flows full ©) The velocity of flow in a sewer is maximum when it flows full that flowing in full condition ©) The velocity of flow in an eliptical sewer flowing full is more than the velocity of flow in a Sewer of circular section of the same area of section and same slope, flowing full large sewers flowing full is more than that in smaller sewers for the 8. A sewer has to carry large discharge, the shape of the sewer which has good stability for the | above purpose is | a) circular ) rectangular: c) horse shoe shape d) eqg shape | 10. Corrosion of concrete sewers occurs due to a) high velocity of flow in sewers ) aerobic decomposition of sewage solids ©) anaerobic decomposition of sewage solids d) high pi value of the'sewage 11. combined sewer is one which transports (GATE 91) a) domestic sewage, industrial wastes and storm water ») domestic sewage and industrial wastes ¢) domestic sewage and seepage flow 4d) domestic sewage and storm water 12. The self cleaning velocity, eecommended for indian conditions, in order to Prevent setting down of sewage at the bottom or on the sides of a large sewer ic (2)0.25m/s (b)0.50m/s (©) 0.75 mis. () 1.5 mis 13. The internal diameter of the sewer should not be less than (a) 15cm (b) 25cm (©) 50cm (@) 75cm Key: 1b 2¢ 3d 4b 5a 6d 7a Ba Oc 16 Wa 12¢ 13a | 8. 420 cm dia, sewer is laid at a slope of 0.004 and is designed to carry a discharge at a qqhth of 10 cm with Mannings n = 0.014, the design discharge is - (GATE 91) (1) 966 liter/sec (2) 19.2 literisec (3) 0.009 liter/sec (4) None SET-B | |> AGED Previous APPSC Questions 4. The flow in a sewer is (1) pressure flow (2) open channel flow (3) laminar flow (4) super-critical flow 2. Self-cleansing velocity is (1) the minimum velocity of flow required to maintain a certain amount of solids in the flow (2) the maximum velocity of flow required to maintain a certain amount of solids in a sewer (8) such flow velocity as would be sufficient to flush out any deposited solids in a sewer (4) such flow velocity as would be sufficient to ensure that sewage does not remain in the. sewer 3, The slope of a 1.0 m diameter concrete concrete sewer laid at a slope of 1 in 1000, develops a velocity of 1 m/s when flowing full. The velocity of flow the sewer when it is flowing half full, will be (1) 0.5 mis (2) 2 mis (3)1.0 mis (4) 2.0 mis Chapter 5: Quality Characteristics Of Sewage (synopsis) 1 Decomposition of sewage [> - Occurs in the presence of oxygen 1) Aerobic ——| L____s - end products are CO2, Sulphates, Nitrates [> - Occurs in the absence of oxygen ii) Anaerobic. |___, - end products are COz, CHs, H2S, NH 2 Physioal oheractorictioe 1. Turbidity 2.Colour 3. Odour 4. Temperature Colour: * Indicates the freshness of sewage Yellowish, grey or light brown [fresh sewage Black or dark brown| stale and septic sewage Temperature Has an effect on (i) biological activity (i) solubility of gases in sewage Suspended > size upto 1 1. Total solid Colloidal > 1 to 10% > pissolves > < 10% 27 Inorganic Eq: Minerals, salts , gravel, debris, sand Total sollds > Organic 3. Chemical characteristics: Organic matter Carbohydrates such as cellulose, fibre, starch, sugar, etc.. Fats and oils il) Wastes from animals, urea fatty acids, hydrocarbons.> ACE> > ACE> 4. Determination of solids i) Total sotids(in mg) ~ Determined by evaporating a known volume of sewage sample, and weighing the diy residue left. ~ The mass of the residue divided by the volume of the sample evaporated, will represent total solids in mg/l ii) Suspended solids: lv ~ Those solids retained by a fiter of 1 pores ~ glass fibre fier apparatus is used ili) Dissolved and Colloidal solids: = ference between the fal sods and suspended sods \ iv) Volatte and fixed solids ‘Total eusponder solids = Voluie + fixed —— a) Volatile solids: ee ~ Suspended solids are burnt and ignited at about 550°C in an electiic inuitle furnace for about 15 to 20 min ~ Loss of weight due to ignition represents volatile sols b) The difference between the suspended solids and volatile solids gives 1 ¥) Settleable solids: ~ Sewage is allowed to stand in this imhoff cone for a period of 2 hours ~ The quantiy of solids settled in the bottom of the cone «an be ditectly rea as settleable solids conical glass vessel solids 5. Dissolved oxygen (D.0): ~ To know the extent of pollution of sewage ~ At least 4 ppm of D.O should be ensured while discharging sewage into iver stream. ~ Ifthe temperature of the sewage is more, the D.O content is less + Saturation D.O content at 20°C > 9.2 ppm ~ Determined by winkier's method. Biologically active (means bacteria can stabilize ‘his organic matter) 6. Organic matter - “> Biologically inactive ( bacteria can not act on this organic matter) 7. Oxygen Demand: Itis the amount of oxygen consumed by readily oxidizable o'ganic matter for oxidation, 8. Chemical Oxygen Demand(C.0.D) : It is chemical oxidation with Potassium Permanganate or Potassium dichromate in an acid solution §. Theoretical oxygen Demand: Itis the oxygen demand that can be worked out theoretically 10. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.0.D); Its the amount of oxygen required for biclogical decomposition of biodegradable organic matter under aerobic conditions ai 2 specified temperature and for a specified duration, Standard D.0.D. is 1epurted at 20° C for 6 days period B.0.D, > 5 days at 20°C 68% vt the total demand *C.0,D represents both biologically active and inactive organic matter Where as B.0.D. gives biologically active organic matter only Therefore C.0.D. >8.0.0> ACES = 61: ACE > 11. Test method: 1. Initial 0.0 measured in the beginning for the sample diluted with water, 2, Sample incubated for 5 days at 20°C. 3. Final D.O of the sample measured after 5 days. 8.0.0. = (Initial D.O ~ Final D.0) x Dilution Factor Dilution factor. Number of times sewage is diluted with distilled water, Eg: For 2 % solution, Dilution Factor = 100/2 = 50. ‘Amount of organic Matter present Lisl att=0 tS Time in daysit) 11, Rate of change of Organic matter with time is directly proportional to the organic matter present in the sewage at the time, DL; « -Ly Where L:= Amount of organic matter present at time *t” at K= Rate constant, Kp = deoxygenation constant — c Il stage B.O.D Ly=L.e*t (nitrified demand) 4o #1 B.0.D ~ B in pp BOD,=Li-e* 4 "t B.0.D, = L(1-10-*° +) I stage B.O.D (carbonaceous demand) oO time in days(t) B.0.D, = ultimate B. 0. D ; whent = infinite, BOD, Ko changes with Temp. (T) : K¢ (2) = 0.23 / day Kocr) = Koen [1.047] Koco) = 0.1/day 12. (a) Carbonaceous Demand: The first demand that occurs during the first 20 days due to the Oxidation of Organic matter is called Carbonaceous demand (or) | stage demand The term B.O.D. usually mean | stage demand, Represented by “OAB" in the above figure ») Nitrogenous demand: ~ The latter demand that occurs due to kiological Oxidation of Ammonia, ~ Represented by "AC" in the above figure. 13. B.O.DIC.O.D. Ratio 1. If BOD./COD lies between 0.92 and 1, then the waste water can be considered to be fully biodegradable 3. f BODs/ COD vary between 0.63 and 0.68 then the waste water can be considered to be fully biodegradable wastes. 14 Rulalive Stability * Ratio of amount of oxygen available in the effluent (D.0) to the total oxygen required to satisfy the first stage B.O.D. demand.> ACE> 60: > ACE> 4, Determination of solids: i) Total sotidsin ing) ~ Determined by evaporating a known volume of sewag residue lett. ~ The mass of the residue divided by the volume of the sample evaporated, will represent total solids in mg/l ii) Suspended solids: & ~ Those solids retained by a filter of 1 js pores ~ glass fibre filter apparatus is used ili Dissolved and Colloidal solids: ~ Difference between the total solids and suspended solids iv) Volatile and fixed solids: Total suspended solids = Volatile + fixed [amore] a) Volatile solids: aad ~ Suspended solids are burnt and ignited at about §50°C in an electric mutile furnace for about 15 to 20 min. ~ Loss of weight due to ignition represents volatile solids | b) The difference between the suspended solids and volatile solids gives fixed solids / v) Settieable solids: ~ Sewage is allowed to stand in this imhoff cone for a period of 2 hours ~ The quantity of solids settled in the bottom of the cane can be directly 122 settleable solids ple, and weighing the dry conical glass vessel 5, Dissolved oxygen (D.0): ‘© know the extent of pollution of sewage At least 4 ppm of D.O should be ensured while discharging sewage into river stream Ifthe temperature of the sewage is more, the D.O content is less Saturation D.O content at 20°C > 9.2 ppm Determined by winkler's method. _-7 Biologically active (means bacteria can stabilize ‘his organic matter) 6, Organic matter “~S Biologically inactive ( bacteria can not act on this organic matter) 7, Oxygen Demand: it is the amount of oxygen consumed by readily oxidizable organic matter for oxidation, 8. Chemical Oxygen Demand(C.0.D) : It is chemical oxidation with Potassium permanganate or Potassium dichromate in an acid solution 8. Theoretical oxygen Demand: Its the oxygen demand that can be worked out theoretically. 10. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.0.0): Its the amount of oxygen required for biological decomposition of biodegradable organic matter under aerobic conditions at a specified temperature and for a specified duration, Standard 8.0.0. is reported at 20° C for § days period B.O.D. > S days at 20°C 68% of the total demand *C.0.D represents both biologically active and inactive organic matter Where as 0.0.0. gives Livlugically active organic matter only Therefore C.0.D. >B.0.D> ACE > > ACE> 15. Population Equivalent * Industrial waste waters are generally compared with per capita normal domestic waste water so as to charge industries properly. Population equivalent = _ Total Standard BODs of industrial sewage per i Standard BOD; of domestic sewage per person per « * Average standard BODs of domestic sewage is about 0.08 kg/day/persor SET-A 1. The specific gravity of sewage is, a) Zero b) Slightly less than 1) equal to 1 @) Slightly greater than 1 Pick up the incorrect statement 8) Aerobic bacteria flourish in the presence of Oxygen bb) Anaerobic bacteria flourish in the absence of Oxygen ©) Facultative bacteria flourish in the presence as well as a absence of Oxygen d) None of the above 3, Well oxidised sewage will contain nitrogen, largely in the fom of a) nitrites b) nitrates ©) free ammonia —d) all of thes. 4. Partially oxidised stale sewage will contain nitrogen mainly in the form of a) nitrites b) nitrates. ¢) free ammonia d) (a) and (c) botit 5. Well oxidised sewage will contain Sulphur. largely in the form of a) sulphites. _b) sulphates ©) hydrogen sulphide) all of these 6, Temperature variations affect the a) biological activity of bacteria in sewage _b) viscosity of sewage ©) solubility of gases in sewage 4d) alll of the these 7, Imhoff cone is used to measure, in sewage a) total solids b) total organic solids ¢) total inorganic solids d) settivable solids 8. The pH of fresh sewage is usually a) less than 7b) more than 7 ©) equal to 7 equal to Z2rc 9. Methaemoglobinemia disease is caused in children, by a) conversion of nitrates to nitrites b) conversion of nitrites to nitrates ©) reaction between hemoglobin and carbon dioxide) both (a) and (c) 10. The solubility of oxygen in sewage, when compares to its solubility in distilled water. is a) 80% b) 20% €) 99% d) 99.9% 11, Pathogenic bacteria, enter waste water primarily from a) industrial wastes, ©) both industrial as weil as domestic wastes i b) domestic wastes d) infitration in sewers from the surrounding scils | 12, Biodegradable organics enter waste waters, from | a) industrial wastes, ©) both industrial as well as domestic wastes ») domestic wastes 4) intitration in sewers trom the surrounding soils 13. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of sewage is the a) oxygen required to oxidise biologically active organic matter ©) (a) and (b) both b) oxygen required to oxidise biologically inactive organic matter 4) Noneaoa < 10 > ACES 63: > ACE> ° t 14, Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) of sewage is the a) oxygen required to oxidise biologically active organic matter ©) (a) and (b) both b) oxygen required to oxidise biologically inactive organic matter. __d) None. 15, Minimum D.O. prescribed for a river stream, to avoid fish kills, is q a) 2 ppm b) 4 ppm ©) 8'ppm d) 10 ppm 16. BODs represents 5-day biochemical oxygen demand at a temperature of aoc b) 20°C ©) 30°C d) none of above 17. Standard § day BOD at 20° C, when compared to ultimate BOD, is about a) 58% b) 68% ©) 98% d) none 18. Between BOD and COD, the greater of the two, is a) BOD b) COD ©) both are equal 4) Depends on the sewage characteristics. 19. The average BODs of domestic sewage is : a) 80 kg/day/person b) 8 kg/day/person ©) 0.8 kg/dayiperson 4d) 0.08 kg/day/person 20. The graphical representation of BOD (Y) exerted against time in days (t) is given by: a) — »b) °) d) none " ( " we " | =r ae re t t t 21, The graph between the amount of organic matter left in sewage and time elapsed in days, is:a)linear —_b) parallelto time axis) exponential. d) none 22, The relative stability of a sewage sample, whose D .O. equals the total oxygen required to satisfy its BOD, is a) zero b) 1% ©) 100% ¢) infinity 29, Standard Slay NOD of a waste eater sample X% of tho ultimate BOD, where X is a) 48 b) 58 ©) 68 4) 78 24,Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of a sample is always greater than BOD since it represents a) Biodegradable and organic matter only ) non- Biodegradable organic matter b) Biodegradable and non-degradable organic matter) in organic matter 25. A single rapid test to determine the pollution status of river water is a) BOD b) COD ©) Total organic solids) D.O 26. Presence of excess nitrates in river water indicates a) recent pollution of water with sewage ») past pollution of water with sewage c) immediate pollution of water with sewage 4d) no pollution of water with sewage 27. BOD of waste water is a measure of a) total concentration of biochemicals b) total concentration of organic matter ‘c) concentration of biodegradable organic matter : ¢) concentration of chemically oxidisable matter 28, High COD to BOD ratio of an organic pollutant represents a) high Biodegradabilty of the pollutant —_b) low Biodegradability of the pollutant ©) presence of free oxygen for aerobic decomposition d) presence of toxic material in the pollutant> ACED 64:2 > ACE> 29. A rapid test to indicate the intensity of pollution in river water is a) BOD b) DO o) MPN 4d) total dissolved solids 30. As a result of stabilisation of sewage effluent the most a appropriate end product produced is; a) chlorides b) plant nitrates c) hardness d) alkalinity 31. The appropriate percentage of water in sewage is a) 90 b) 99 0) 99.9 d) 99.99 52, The correct relationship between Theoretical Oxygen Demand(TOD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (80D) and Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) is given by a) TOD> BOD >CoD b) TOD> COD >BOD. ©) COD> BOD >TOD d) BOD> COD >TOD 53. The main constituents of gas generated during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge are @) CO and CH, —b) CHeandethane—¢) CO, and CO”) CO, Ne 34: The percentage ratio of the oxygen available in sewage to the oxygen required to satisty one stage of bio-chemical oxygen demand (B.0.D,) is termed as, (a) chemical oxygen demand (b) oxygen consumed (c) relative stability (d) bio-oxygen demand Key ‘SET-A 1d 2d 3b 4d 5b 64 7d 8b 9a 10b 11b te 136 14a 15b 16b 17.b 18b 19d 20a 21. 22¢ 23¢ 24b 26d 2b 27.6 28b 29b 30b 31.c 32b 33a 34c SET-C 1: The ultimate BOD of sample of waste water which has a § day 20°C BOD of 180 mg/l will be approximately (Assume k = 0.23/day for base e a) 180 mg/_—_b) 264 mg/l ©) 366 mg/l d) 458 mga 2. Ifthe depletion of oxygen is found to be 2 mg/l after incubating 3 mi of sewage diluted to 300 mi,at 20° C for 5 days, then the BODs of sewage would be a) 200 mgt b) 300 mg 6) 600 mg/l d) none 3. Ifa 2% solution of sewage sample is incubated for § days at 20°C, and the dissolved oxygen depletion is 10 mg, then the BOD of the sewage would be a) 0 mg/l b) 200 mga ©) 500 mg/l 4) 5000 mga 4 Auaste water sample diluted to 100 times with aeration water had an initial D.O. of 7.0 mgi and after 5 days of incubation at 20°C, the D.O was zero. The BOD of waste water is a) 700 mg b) 100 mgit ©) cannot be determined) 7 mg/l | |€eRe TE > ACE> > ACE > 26 : HAT DAMA! Previous APPSC Questions 1. Putrefaction is the process of (1) Aerobic decomposition (2) Facultative decomposition (3) Anaerobic decomposition (4) Intermittent decomposition 2, The solids present in sewage in a finely divided from, in suspension in solution, are knows as (1) Settled solids (2) Dissolved solids (3)‘Colloidal solids (4) Suspended solids 3. Consider the following statements Assertion (A): BOD is preferred to COD as an index of sewage concentration. Reason (R): BOD test is easier to perform and gives more reliable results. Of these statements (1) Both A and R are true, and Ris the correct explanation of A (2) Both A and R are true ‘but R is nota correct explanation.of A (3) Ais true but Ris false (4) Ais false but Ris true 4, The bacteria which helps is decomposition are called (1) Active (2) Non-pathogen (3) Pathogen (4) None of the above 5. The solids present in sewage in a finely divided form in suspension are called. (1) dissolved solids (2) colloidal solids (3) suspended solids (4) facultative solids 6. The solid matter content in sewage is about (1) 0.2% (2) 2% (3) 5% (4) 10% 7. Imhoff cone is used to measure (1) pl value (2)BOD (3) Settleable solids (4) COD 8. The least expensive and most suitable excrete disposal unit for rural areas would be the (1) soak pit (2) pit privy (8) leaching cesspool. (4) septic tank 9. If a 2 percent solution of sewage sample is incubated for € days at 20° C “and the depletion of oxygen was found to be Sppm the B.O.D of the sewage is (1) 200 ppm (2) 225 ppm (3) 250 ppm (4) 300 ppm> ACE> = 66: > ACE> Chapter'6 Treatment Of Sewage (synopsi 1, TREATMENT PROCESSES ARE CLASSIFIED AS: ) preliminary treatment Gi primary treatment (iii) secondary or biological treatment (iv) compiete final treatment () Preliminary Treatment ‘Separating floating materials, heavy inorganic solids Processes used :- (a) screening : Floating matter removal (b) Grit chambers or detritus tanks: to remove grit or sand (©) Skimming tanks: To remove oils or greases (ii) Primary Treatment ~ Removal of large suspended organic solids ~ Processes used ‘Sedimentation tank : to remove suspended solids (ii) Secondary Treatment : The effluent from sedimentation tank should be stabil.zed aerobically or anaerobically to get clearer effluents Aerobic biological units Anaerobic biological units a) Filters : Trickling filters a) Septic tank b) Aeration tanks: Activated sludge process b) Imhoff tank ©) Oxidation ponds ©) Sludge digestion tank (iv) Final or Tertiary treatment : -- To kill pathogenic bacteria ~ chtorination of sewage () Pretiminary weatment + 1) Grit chambers: To separate out the grit, gravel, sand, egg sells ete of size 2 mm or larger. aetling tank with lesser detention time of 1 min and flow vel: 0.2 to 03 msec The flow vel. Should neither be far low as = > to cause settling of lighter organic matter inlet Depth outlet Ror should it be so high as not to cause the J settlement of the entire silt and grit present Ej settled grit in sewage. 2) Detritus tanks: ~ Te separate out not only larger grt but also very fine sand particle ~ Detention time should be kept between 3 to 4 min 3) Skimming tank: ~- To remove greases and oils >¢ grease FZ] ~ Greases and oils interfere with the activated sludge i treatment process and inhibit the biological growth ‘Baffle in trickling fiters, “Bullet ~ Efficiency of skimming tank can be increased by passing chlorine gas compressed air” ~ Detention time should be 3 to 5 min a “22 Primary treatment 1. sedimentation tank: principles same as explained in “water. ‘Supply engineering” b) Detention time : 2 hours ( between 1 and 2 hours ) ~ velocity of flow 0.3m/min, ~ Plain sedimentation tank removes 60 to 65% suspended solids672: > ACES AcE > / Septic tank: = Itis a sedimentation tank with longer detention time i.e., 12 to 36 hour = Both sedimentation and sludge digestion takes place in this tank. ~ Effluents should be disposed off either for sub surface irrigation a in ticking fier before disposed off in water course ~ Sludge collected at the bottom gets digested anaerobically. “The digested sludge is periodically removed ~ Provided in areas where sewers have sludge not been laid and for isolated communities, ee schools, hospitals, other public institutions ete. or in cess pools or soak pits or treated inlet | 00 f= outlet tT — Baffle Design Criteria 1) Capacity of tank = sewage stored in detention time + volume of sludge stored during period of cleaning ~ sludge :'30 litiperson/year — period of clearing 6 months to 3 years (generally 1 year) ~ detention time : 12 to 36 hours ( generally 24 hours) Disposal of effluents from septic tank “The effluent of septic tank will have BOD of 100 to 200 mg/l and hence it can not be dispésed of into water courses. ‘Methods of Septic tank effluent disposal: a)absorption trenches ) Soak pit c)Leaching cess Pool : ') Sub surface imgation methods using absorption trenches: The suspended organic matter present in the effluent will be absorbed in the absorption trench filled with gravel. -——— open jointed pipes il) soak pit: The effluent is'allowed to be soaked'or a absorbed into the surrounding soil percolation capacity ~ 1250 litfcumiday Aj, brick work * Pitis filled with gravel brick bats'etc.,. os } inlet ) ie coarse sand : i> ACE> : 68: > ACE > ii) Coss poo! The top portion acts a absorption trench and bottom PRK Portion acts as a septic tank used winon subse ie | 7®S~ porous and when there is no well ne arby i] Acts like absorption Coarbe Acts like aggregate septic SE ges vent Brick masonry with cement joint wvtt Imhoff tank sediment] | | ~ Incoming sludge is not allowed to get \\ | tank | mixed up with sludge \\ | | Suitable for small treatment plants where \\ / Separate sedimentation tank and sludge bas AV i digestion tank can not be constructed Ve ~ Depth of tank is more, costlier construction |___ Neutral zone | ~ obsolete these days ‘nil seca Its is a anaerobic unit = 4 NN sludge 7 ‘chamber IMHOFF TANK ~ The upper chamber is used for sedimentation of solids and the lower chamber meant for digestion and storage. SET-A 1) The treatment in a grit chamber is a) primary treatment 6) preliminary treatment ©) Secondary treatment 4) tertiary treatment 2) Floating substances like oil a) bar screens ©) skimming tank | fat and grease are separated and removed by b) primary sedimentation 9) trickling filter 3) The two chambered tank in which the upper one is used for sedimentation and the lower for digestion is a) imhoff tank b) septic tank ©) detritus tank d) sedimentation tank 4) The partial treatment and sedimentation unit suitable for isolated building is a) imhoff tank ) septic tank ©) detritus tank) sedimentation tank 5) Grit chambers are designed to remove a) fine sand particles ) organic particles ©) particles equivalent ty fine sand.u.2mm diameter and specific gravity of 27 with a minimum of organic material ©) pailicles with 0.2 em diameter and specific 8) The process of waste water tr ) aerobic suspended culture ©) anaerobic digestion gravity 3.5 with maximum of organic matter ‘eatment in imhoff tank is classified b) aerobic attached culture d) none 7) The average normal efficiency of BOD removal in imhoff tank is | a) 95 % b) 75% ©) 60% d) 30 % jAce + 69: > ACES 8) The detention period adopted for grit chamber is of the order of a) 1 minute b) 5 minutes ©) 2-4 min 4) 12 min 9) The detention period in a septic tank is of the order of a) 2~6 hours b)2—4hous —¢) 12~36 hours) 4 Bhours 10) The BODs of the effluents obtained from septic tanks, is of the order of a) 10-20 mg/t b) 50 ~ 100 mg/?—¢) 100-200 me? d) more than 200 mg /? 11) The sewage treatment units, which work on anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, are ) oxidation ponds _b) septic tanks _¢) activated sludge plants _d) (b) and (c) both The grit chambers of a sewage treatment plant, normally néed cleaning a)everyhour ~ b)everyday ——c) every fortnight d) every year In the design of grit chambers in sewage treatment ‘ a) baffles are essential b) temperature control is an important factor ©) the maximum flow velocity should be of the order of 0.3 m/sec d) the detention period should at least be 10 minutes. 12 13) 14) The working conditions in Imhoff tank are a) aerobic only b) anaerobic only ©) aerobic in lower compartment and anaerobic in upper compartment 4) anaerobic in lower compartment and aerobic in upper compartment 15) The rate of sludge accumulation in a septic tank is generally of the order of a) 10 litres/person/year ») 20 litres/personiday ) 30 litresiperson/year 4) 100 litres/person/year 16) The effluent of a septic tank is a) fit for discharge into any open drain ») highly foul, containing large amount of suspended solids, needing sedimentation ©) as good as that from a complete treatment plant. -d) norie of the above 17) To remove floating matter like papers, rags etc, the unit usedis a) screens —_b) grit chamber) imhofftank _d) septic tank 18) The settleable faecal and other organic solids are removed in a) activated sludge proness b) Trickling filter f ¢) primary sedimentation tank ) secondary sedimentation tank | 19) Anaerobic bacteria play the main role in t a) trickling filter) activated sludge process _¢) septic tank _d) sedimentation tank 20) A septic tank is a) 2 settling tank) a digestion tank. c)both(a) and (b) d) none 21. In preliminary treatment of sewage, the operation which takes place, is f (a) removal of fine suspended particles I (b) removal of fine dissolved organic material t (c) removal of lighter floating material (d) removal of harmful bacterias and other organisms 22. The secondary treatment of sewage is carried out by the use of (@) screens (b) grit chambers —_(c) trickling filters (@) chlosinators 23. In primary settling tank, suspended solids are reduced from (@) 10 to 20% (b) 20 to 40.% (©) 40 to 70 % (@)70 to 90 % Key:1b 2¢ 3a 4b 6e 6c 7d 8a Ge 106 t.b.12¢ 13 14d 18.c¢ 16d 17a Be 186 ec te We 2> ACE > = 70: > ACE > ser-n ') A. colony with 200 people is supplied water at 2 rate of 135 lit/ person day anid 5 % of he water Supplied converts into sewage. The rate of sludge deposition is 40 lit” person / year Assuming detention time of 24 hrs and cleaning interval of sludge as one year, the required volume of tank is a) 22.25 m? b) 20.25 m? ©) 28,25 m° ) 30 Previous APPSC Questions | During treatment of sewage removal of sand and grit is done by (1) Detritus tank (2) Skimming tank (3) Screening (4) Digestion tank 2.The top and bottom parts act as absorber and septic respectively in the (1) Gully trap (2) Bell cistern (3) Leaching cesspool (4) Squatting water closet 3. The working conditions in Imhoff tanks are (1) aerobic only (2) anaerobic only (3) aerobic in lower compartment and anaerobic in upper compartment (4) anaerobic in lower compartment and aerobic upper compariment hapter 7 : Sludge Digestion (synopsis) * Sludge with drawn from the sedimentation tank must be decomposed in a sludg digestion process, * Decomposing: In the decomposition process, 40 to 80% of organic solids are conveited by Luuluriu inty GOz, Cl lanaeiubically) 1. Sludge digestion process: Sludge gets broken up into three following forms: ') Digested sludge: Stable humus like solid matter with tary black in colour free of aathogenic bacteria may contain cysts, egas of bacteria etc. * Vol = 1/3 vol, of undigested sludge * Dried up and used as a fertiizer ii) Supematant liquor + Finely divided solid matter and liquid with BOD about 3000 ppm * Retreated in treatment plant along with raw sewage ii) Gases of decomposition Methane (65 to 70%), CO2(30%), other gases like nitrogen, HS are evolved Methane gas is produced 2. Stages of decomposition ') Acid fermentation ii) Acid regression it) Alkaline fermentation i) Acid fermentation (or) Acid production stage :Acidic in nature. ) Acid regression * BOD remains high during this stage * Itbecomes foamy and scum forms at top due to gases trapped i) Alkaline fermentation * During this stage, liquid, digested solids and gases get separated. * Alkaline in nature * BOD falls rapidly * Large volume of Methane gas along with small amount of other gases is evolvedACE > ACES 3. Factors affecting sludge digestion’ 1, Temperature * Rate of digestion is more at higher temperature * Optimum : a) period: 30 days 'b) Temp: 29°C (Mesopholic bacteria will act ) 2. pH value * Alkaline conditions must prevail ( Optimum pH = 7.2 to 7.4) to encourage bacterial action. * To increase the pH, hydrated lime is added, 3. Seeding with digested sludge * Proper seeding helps in balance condition. 4, Mixing and stirring of raw sludge with digested sludge: * Bacterial enzymes present in digested sludge should be mixed thoroughly for better decomposition. “Under uncontrolled naturally condition, sludge digestion takes about 4 % months. However if the factors are controlled, duration can be shortened 4, Sludge and its moisture content(m.c) a) Sludge from sed tank -- 95% m.c b) Secondary sludge from trickling filter - 96 to 98% m.c ©) Secondary sludge from A.S.P 98 to 99% 95% me means 5 lit solid matter in 100 lit sludge ‘90% me means 10 lit solid matter in 100 lit sludge The sludge with 90% m.c. will be half the gnty as compared to that of sludge with 95% m.c. Vi (100-p1) = V2 (100-pe) jolume of sludge at moisture content of p; % volume of sludge at moisture content of p> % SLUDGE DIGESTION TANK dome Raw sludge —» 9 ——— “> Supernatant liquor i ae Digested variation studge - ~N ‘ 5, Detention time : Generally , 30 days> ACE> B72 > ACE> SET-A ‘The gas from sludge digestion tank is mainly composed of a) nitrogen 'b) carbon dioxide ) hydrogen sulphide - d) methane 2. The gas coming out from a sludge digestion tank is a) methane only b) carbon dioxide c) 70% methane and 30% carbon dioxide) 30% methane and 70% carbon dioxide 3. The first stage of natural process of sludge digestion is a) hydrolysis, b) acid fermentation) alkaline fermentation _d) methane fermentation 4. Sludge digestion is done by the following bacteria a) aerobic b) anaerobic ©) facultative ¢) pathogenic 5. The main useful gaseous component in the digestion process is a) ethane b) methane ©) butane. d) propane rol 6. For the same solid content if the quantity of sludge with moisture content of 98% is X, then the quantity, of sludge with moisture content of 96% will be a) Xi4 b) xI2 ox d) 2x Previous APPSC Questions |. If he percentage decrease in the volume of sludge Is 50, the moisture content Is about (1) 90-100 (2) 80-90 (3) 70-80 (4) 60-70 Chapter — 8; Trickfing Filters (synopsis) ‘The effluent from primary settling tank which contains unstable organic matter should be converted into stable forms like nitrates & Sulphates by oxidation ( aerobic process ) Filtration: Infiuent should be sprinkled over the open beds of coarse aggr2gate. Effluent from filters again settled in secondary settling tank Sludge in secondary clarifiers or sedimentation tank is digested in sludge digestion process, if required. Types of Filters : i) Intermittent sand filters Contact beds ii) Low rate trickling filters iv) High rate Trickling Filters 1) Intermittent Sand fiters: * Used in special cases for treating sewage form Tuberculosis hospitals * BOD removal is 90 to 95 %, 2) Contact beds(contact filters) Filter media consists of Gravel, broken bricks or stone. BOD will be removed to an extent of 60 to 75%.PACED 7: 3) Tickling filters : They work on the principle of “Attached growth process” a) Conventional or low rate trickling filers * The purification of sewage is brought about mainly by aerobic bacteria which forms a bacterial film around the particles of fitering media } * Size of filter media 25 mm to 75 mm stone aggregate, depth of fitter is 2 to 3m. Provided with open top and there will be free circulation of air through the medium. | * BOD removal efficiency is 75 to 80 %. | Rotating distributing arm | a = Nozzles } 3h AAT) Pa OUT Filter media Honey comb wall Under drainage influent oo effluent channel * Suitability : Conventional trickling filter is very useful to medium town and industrial cities requiring full treatment of sewage OPERATIONAL TROUBLES : 1) Fly nuisance : Psychoda (Fly) 2) Odour nuisance : The remedy is chlorination of sewage. 3) Ponding troubles : Filters media gets clogged due to growth of algae and fungi and this is called ponding, Adding chlorine or Copper Sulphate to the sewage kils algae there by ponding can be avoided Efficiency (n) = BOD removed x 100 BOD APPLIED Efficiency (n) = ____100 1+ 0.0044 Vu 11= Efficiency of filter in terms of percentage: of applied 8.0.0. removed. Organic loading in Kg/ ha. m/ day applizd to the filter. (unit organic loading) b) High Rate Trickling Filters * Same as low rate Trickling filters but re-circulation of sewage is essential. In high rate T.F the rate of fitration and efficiency are high compared to the low rate T.F * Due to re-circulation, it is possible to pass sewage at greater loading thus requiring lesser space and lesser filter media * BOD removal efficiency is 80 to 95 %> ACES > ACE> ¥ a 7 Secondary Clarifier Primary Clarifier 4) Single Stage Re-circulation Process * Recirculation helps in seeding the sewage with bacteria and accelerating biological oxidation process. * Recirculation also helps in reducing odours, fly nuisance. Efficiency of High rate trickling Fitters : a) Re- circulation Ratio(R /1) :Itis the ratio of volume of sewage ( R) to the volume of raw sewage (I). FILTER LOADING : Hydraulic Loading (hy): itis the amount of sewage flow that can be applied per unit surface area of the filter per day, Organic Loading (u): Its the aniount of B.0.D. in kgs. applied on to the fiter per unit volume of the filter. SET-A 1) Which of the following term appears in trickling fier treatment process ? a) Sludge volume index b) Thickening of sludge ©) Scum removal 4) recycling of effluent 2). The funetion of trickling filter unit is a) Solid liquid separation b) Removal of settleable solids €) Sloughing of biomass 4) Symbiotic reaction 3) Which of the following impurities are removed in tricking filter process 7 a) Large floating matter ) Suspended inorganic ©) Suspended organic matter d) Dissolved organic matter 4) Tricking fter plants are preferred for sewage treatment for a) towns and smaller cities b) medium sized cities ©) large sized cities, d) (a) and (b) both 5) The type of bacteria responsible for biological oxidation of dissolved solids in trickling filter are a) Pathogenic bacteria ») Facultative bacteria c) Anaerobic bacteria 4) Aerobic bacteria> ACES 3 75) 6) A reactor in which the surface area for growth of biofilm is provided by randomly, packed solid medium is called a) Activated sludge reactor b) trickling filter ©) stabilization pond d) mixed reactor 7) The sludge form secondary settling tanks in a trickling fiter is called a) leachate b) compost ©) humus d) ashes 8) Trickling filter treatment process is classified as : a) Aerobic suspended culture _b) Aerobie attached culture ©) Anaerobic digestion d) none 9) Ina high rate trickling filter, the problem of ponding can be solved by a) Flooding and raking b) chlorination and supply of air 6) raking and chlorination d) flooding and supply of air 10) The average normal efficiency of BOD removal in tickling filter process is a) 95% b) 90 % ©) 60% 4) 30% SET-B 1) The BOD of a sewage entering a T.F is 200 mg /l I the effluent of the sewage of TF is 40 ong Alen Une efivienicy OF thes TE IS a) 40 % b) 85% ©) 80% 4) zero 2) ATF is designed with an unit organic loading of 0.175 kg / m?/ day. If the influent BOD of the sewage is 150 mg/, then the effluent BOD is a) 43.35 mg/l b) 23.3 mg/i ©) 126.7 mgit 4) None of the above - hm> ACE > 5 76: > ACED Chapter: 9 Activated Sludge Process (synopsis) Activated sludge: It is a sludge containing a large concentration of highly active aerobic micro organisms, 1.Principle: Activated sludge is mixed with raw sewage along with large quantity of air for about 4 to 8 hours in a aeration tank. The settled sludge in SST is called activated sludge. It is again recycled to the head of aeration tank to be mixed with sewage being treated. 2) Flow diagram : Aeration tank tet Thickener Sludge digestion Activated sludge _/ To sludge drying Q= Rate of flow of sewage. Q, = Rate of returned sludge Qe = Rate of sewage effluent Qu = Rate of wasted sludge. Xt = mixed liquor suspended solids (MISS) in mg //_in aeration tank Xn = Concentration of solids in the retumed sludge Xe = Concentration of solids in the effluent. Xw = Concentration of solids in the wasted effluent. ¥i= BODs of tho influcnt sewage Yo BOM), of the ettiuent eowage V = Aeration tank volume 3) Components of ASP : a) Primary settling tanks: * Lesser Detention time, ie., 1.5 to 2 hours b) Aeration tank * Detention time : 4 to 8 hours. ©) Secondary sedimentation tank : detention time, 1.5 to 2 hours 4) Sludge thickener and sludge digestion tank : * Sludge from a secondary settling tank contain too much of me. ic., 98 to 99%, therefore bulky, the m.c. is first reduced by sending it to ‘sludge thickener’ *'m.c. will be reduced from 98 to 93 %. * helps in reducing the capacity of digestion tank. * similar to circular settling tanks with Dt of 12 to 24 hours 4) Bulking of sludge and its control : * Under sick conditions, the settled sludge may contain more moisture and thus resulting in swelling of sludge volume. * Due to sludge bulking, it remains in suspensinn and carried in tho offlunnt of secondary clarifiers. b) Remedial Measures : ') Elimination of industrial wastage ii) Chlorination of the sewage ill) Increased aeration iv) Raising the pH of sewage to 8 by adding lime.> ACE> nT > ACE > 5) Activated Sludge process variables : a) Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) = Volume of the tank Rate of sewage flow into the tank HRT = via \V = Volume of aeration tank, HRT is defined as an average remains in the aeration tank. Q = Sewage inflow rate excluding sludge retuned }e time for which the sewage flowing into the aeration tank b) Volumetric BOD loading or ( Volumetric Organic loading ) (u): !tis defined as BOD load applied per unit volume of aeration tank. ‘Mass of BOD applied per day to the aeration tank through influent sewage. y Volume of the aeration tank v ©) Food (F) to Micro Organism (M) Ratio : ( F/M) ratio, 'tis also called Organic Loading I's defined as the ratio of kg of BOD applied per day (representing microbial feed) to kg of MLSS in aeration tank (micro organism). (F/M) = @Q.y) Wx) * F/M ratio is main factor controlling the design. * Lower is the F/M ratio; higher is the BOD removal in the plant. 4) Sludge age or Mean cell residence time(:0¢) It is defined as Average Time for which particles of suspended solids remain under aeration. e) Sludge Volume Index ( SVI) : It is the volume occupied in ml by one gm of solids in the mixed liquor after settling for 30 minutes SVI_= Volume of sludge settle in ml MLSS in gm Usually an SVI of 50 to 150 mi/gm is adopted 6. Usual values adopted in the conventional ASP: F/M =0.4t00.3 Mean cell residence time = 5 to 15 days Qa /Q =0.25 to 0.5 Efficiency = 85 to 95 % ,78 > ACE > SET-A 1) A town produces sewage of 50 x 10° //d with BOD of 180 me’) Taling permissible volumetric organic loading as §50 gm of BOD per 1 cu.m of volume, the volume of aeration tank required is a} 16363 m° b) 14360 m* ) 2800 m 1) 8423 m. 2) The MLSS concentration in an aeration is 2000 sigi! and the sludge vol after 30 min of settling in a 1,000 mi graduated cylinder is 176 ml, then SVI is a) 88 mgm b) 176 mln, ) 200 ign d) zero ated sludge is the (a) aerated sludge in the aeration unit (b) sludge settled in the numus tank (c) sludge in the secondary tank after zeration and rich in microbial mass (d) sludge in the secondary tank after aeration and rich in nutrients. 4) In a conventional activated sludge plant, the oxygen demand is highest near the (a) inlet end of the aeration tank (b) outlet end of the aeration tank (©) inlet end of the clarifier (d) outlet end of the clarifier 5) Lower F/M value in a conventional activated treatment plant will mean (2) lower BOD removal b) higher BOD removal (6) no effect on BOD removal 6) The aeration process adopted in an activated studge plant, which ensures optinval utilization of air, is known as (a) conventional process (b) step aeration (0) activated aeration (a) tapered aeration 7) Recirculation in ‘Activated Slucige Process’ is done to (a) uilute the Incoming sewage {b) dampen the effect of flow variation (0) operate the plant continuously (d) supply seed materials to the aeration tank 8) For conventional activated sludge process, the mixed liquor suspended solid should range between (a) 10 to 100 mg/t (©) 150 to 300 my (©) 1500 to 3000 me (2) 5000 to 10000 my’? 9) What is the % of activated.sludge mixed with the sewage in primary settling tanks ? (@) 10t0 20 (b) 40 to 50 (©) 20 to 40 {d) 50 to 70 10) Activated sludge treatment plants are normally preferred for {a) towns and smaller cities (b) medium sized citied (0) large sized citied (A) all of them 11) The activated sludge (a) Contains fertilizing constituents (b) Indicates the degree af aeration (0) Indicates high water content (8) All of the above 12) Mean cell residence time for activated sludge process is (@) 4-8 hours — (b) 20-30 days (c) 30-40 days (d} 4-15 days 13) Consider activated siudge (i) Itis obtained by setting of sewage in presence of plenty of oxygen (ii) The aeration period is 3 to 6 hours (ji) The bulking of sludge is remedied by chlorination Pick up the correct statements a) i only b) iand i ©) i, iand ii 4) ii and i> ACE> B79: > ACES 14) In activated sludge process, the activated sludge is added to. (a) influent of primary sedimentation tank —_(b) influent of secondary sedimentation tank (c) effluent of primary sedimentation tank _(d) effluent of secondary sedimentation tank 15) Assuming that the supernatant is clear of suspended solids one liter of activated.sludge Containing 1000 mg/1 MLSS occupies a volume of 200 mi after settling for 30 minutes in a measuring cylinder, the value of SVI will be (a) 50 (b) 100 (©) 200 (a) 400 16) An aeration basin with a volume of 400 m° contains mixed liquor with suspended solid Concentration of 1000 mg/l. The amount of mixed liquor suspended solids in the tank is (2) 500 kg (6) 250 kg (©) 6600 kg (2) 400 kg 17) For normal sludge, the value of sludge index for Indian conditions is (a) 0to 50 (b) 50 to 150 (0) 150 to 350 (d) 350 to 500 Key:t.a 2a 36 4a 5b 6d 7d Be 9c 16 11d 12d 13¢ 14.¢ 15.c 16.4 17.b SET-B 1. The MLSS concentration in an aeration is 2000 mg/! and the sludge vol. after 30 min of settling in a 1,000 m! graduated cylinder is 176 mi, then SVI is a) 88 mligm b) 176 mi/gm ©) 200 mligm d) zero 2. An average Operation data for conventional activate sludge treatment plant is as follows influent BOD = 250 mg/l effluent BOD = 20 mgi Based on this information, Percentage efficiency of BOD removal is a) 80% b) 88 % 0) 92% d) 96 % 3. An average Operation data for conventional activate sludge treatment plant is as follows waste water ‘low = 35,000 m°/d. vol, of aeration tank = 10,900 m° Influent BOD 50 mg/l. Mxed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) = 2,500 mai! Based on this information, Food to microorganism ratio F / M (kg/d BOD/kg MLSS) is a) 0.18 b) 0.32 ©) 0.48 4) 0.52 Previous APPSC Questions 1, Which one of the folloing statements is true of trickling filter sludge? (1) It_has a comparatively low sludge volume index. (2) Itis more difficult to dewater than activated sludge. (3) It has @ comparatively low concentration of sludge solids, (4) itis bulky. 2. In activated sludge process, the sludge is mixed thoroughly with activated or (‘)treated sludge (2) untreated sludge () raw sludge —(4) oxidized sludge> ACE> 2 80:5 > ACE > Chapter: 10 Oxidation Ponds (synopsis) ee : uf Qxdation ponds : These are open flow through earthen basins specilically designed for eating sewage with the combined action of algae and aerobic bacteria 1) Principle and operation | Baw sewage or primary settled sewage is allowed to be collected in the pond, * Stabilization of organic matter is carried out by combined action of algae and other tures organisms by symbiotic relationship, * Symbiotic relationship exists between algae and microorganisms in the sense. alge produce or2gen while growing in the presence of sunlight and that oxygen is ullized by the rmcro organism, * End products of the process are CO,, Ammonia and phosphates. These are utilize-1 by algae. * Effluents of oxidation pond can be used for land irrigation 2) Construction details :Itjs a shallow earthen pond made below the giound and s aruewied on all four sides by high embankment, 3) Design criteria * Organic loading : For hot countries : 150 — 300 kg /hect / day For cold countries : 60 - 90 kg / hect / day h unit may have an area 0.5 to 1 heet. Depth may be kept between 1 10 1.5 m Detention time : 20 to 30 days (varies with the local temperature) Results : BOD removal upto 90 % Clearing of settled sludge -- Generally once in 6 years To stimulate algae growth, sodium nitrate may be added. It ic plant food and oxidvsina agent also. SET-A, 1) Ina shallow waste stabilization pond, the sewage is treated by a) aerobic bacteria only b) algae oniy ©) dual action of aerobic bacteria and algae d) sedimentation 2) The waste stabilization ponds can be a) aerobic b) anaerobic ©) facultative 4) any of the above 9) The function of algae in-an oxidation pond is to @) provide a mat Over the surface ofthe oxidation pond so as to prevent evaporation of water b) Provide oxygen for bacteria ta degrade organic matier ©) Provide a greenish appearance to the pond 4) Prevent the odour nuisai 4) The sewage in a waste stabilization pond is treated by 9) aerobic bacteria b) algae c) aerobic bacteria and algae 4) facultative bacteria SET-B 1 The sewage flow of a colony of 10000 people is @ of 150 Iped with influent BOD of J74iNg organic loading rate of 300 kg/hec/day, the area of the oxidation pond vequier’ a) tha b)1.Sha —c)2ha )3ha Previous APPSC Questions '. Mechanical aeration is not required In the following (1) Oxidation pond (2) Oxidation slucge process (3) Activated sludge process (4) Aerated lagoon 2. The growth of algae is useful in (1) sedimentation tank (2) slow sand filter (3) oxidation pond (4) sludge digestion tankD ACES 4 sates Chapter :11 ‘ Disposing Of The Sewage 4ffluents (synopsis) General methods of disposing of the sewage effluents: a) Dilution i.e. disposal in water; and ) Effluent Irigation or Broad Irrigation or Sewage Farming, ie. disposal on land 1. Disposal by Dilution oie “Discharged into a river stream, or a large body of water, such as a lake or sea, “Itis puntied by "self purification process” of natural waters. “The degree of treatment to be given to raw sewage before disposing depends on quality of raw sewage, the self purification capacity of the river stream and the intended use of its water. iii. le “The ratio of the quantity of the diluting water to that of the sewage is known as the dilution factor, 2, Standard of Dilution for discharge of Waste waters into Rivers: Dilution factor Standards of purification required ‘Above 500 No treatment is required Between 300-500 Primary treatment such as plain sedimentation is to be given Between 150300 Treatments such as sedimentation, screening and essentially chemical precipitation are required Less than 150 Complete thorough treatment should be given to sewage. * The BODs of sewage effluents discharged into surface waters, shall not exceed 20mg/l as. per BIS. ** The BODs of industrial effluents discharged in public sewers, shall not exceed 500mgil as per BIS * The BODs of industrial effluents discharged into Marine Coasts shall not exceed 100mg/l as per BIS. “The BODs of effluents used for sewage farming. shall not exceed 500mgi/l , 3. Various natural forces of Self purifivaliuis, Physical forces are: (Dilution and dispersion (i) Sedimentation (ii) Sunlight Chemie.il forces aided by biological forces () Oxidation (i) Reduction 4. Dilution and Dispersion: When sewage of concentration C, flows at a rate Q, in to a river stream with concentration Cr flowing at a rate Qe, the concentration C of the resulting mixture is given by C= (CsQs+ Cra) (Qs+Qx) “The above equation is applicable to the concentrations of D.O., B.0.. etc. 5. Sedimentation: Settleable Solids will settle down into bed of the river 6 Sun light: Algae Plants by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen by a process as, Photo Synthesis 7 Onitatinn: Owidntion will continue til the organic aller law Luu uuraplilely oxidienal, This is the most important action responsible for effecting soit purification of rivers> ACES 82:: > ACE > 8. Reduction: Anaerobic bactetia at the bottom of river bed will help in spitting the complex organic constituents of sewage into liquids and gases, and thus paving the way for thew ultimate stabilization by oxidation 8. The various factors on which these natural forces of purification depend are: Temperature, turbulence, hydrography. dissolved oxygen, rate of re aeration etc “At higher temperatures. the capacity to maintain the D.0 concentration is low while the rate 2f bological and chemical activities are high, causing thereby rapid deletion of DO at higher temp 10. Zones of pollution in a River-Stream: (1) Zone of degradation (2) Zone of active decomposition (3) Zone of recovery; and (4) Zone of cleaner water. 10.1 Zone of degradation or zone of pollution: This zone is found for a certain length just below the point where sewage is discharged Water becomes dark and turbid with formation of sludge deposits at the bottom. 0.0. is reduced to about 40% of the saturation value. 10.2 Zone of active decomposition: This zone is marked by heavy pollution. 0.0 concentration falls down to zero, and anaerobic conditions may set in, Fish life will be absent 10.3 Zone of recovery: Stream tries to recover 8.0.0 falls down and D.O. content rises above 40% of the saturation value. The organic material will be mineralized to form nitrates, sulphates, phosphates, carbonates, etc 10.4 Zone of cleaner water: The river attains its original conditions with D.O. rising up to the saturation value, Fish (requires at least 4 mg/l of D.O) and usual aquatic life prevails 11. Disposal of waste Water in Sea Water: ~ Sea water normally contains 20% less oxygen than that contained in fresh water of a river stream, 111 | Sludge-banks :Sewage solids thrown into sea weter, chemically react with the GissoNed matter of sea water, resulting in precipitating some of the sewage solide giving a milky appearance to sea water and forming sludge banks, “The specific gravity of sea water is greater than that of sewage, and temperature of sea water is lower than that of sewage. 11-2 Sleek: The lighter and the warmer sewage will rise up to the surface when thrown into the Sea water and will result in spreading of the sewage at the top surtace of sca ina thin fin; of sleek, 12. Disposal of Sewage Effluents on Land for Irrigation Pisposing of the sewage, may help in increasing crop yields (by 33% or so) “The BODs of effluents used for sewage farming shall not exceed 500mgf 13. The oxygen Deficit of a Polluted River-stream, Oxygen deficit(D) = saturation D.O. — Actual D.O| | | } r > ACES : 3KGE> lsxoaal ty — Griical detict De 14, Oxygen deficit of a polluted river stream: 100 % SS “oxygen sag curve } 00% ' Deoxygenation Curve | oxygenation dave *Similar to | stage B.0.0. curve i | Deoxygenation ‘curve Reoxygenation Curve: Time (ty * Oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere to counteract the depletion of D.O. content. 15. Oxygen Deficit Curve: (Oxygen Sag Curvey “Obtained by algebraically adding the deoxygenation and reoxygenation curves. “Deoxygenation Rate > Reoxygenation Rate > Deficit increases. “When both the rates are equal > Critical deficit occurs. “Reoxygenation > Deoxygenation Rate > Deficit decreases. 16. Self Purification constant,f = Ky/Ko Ky =Deoxygenation Rate ; Ki Reoxygenation Rate ‘17. Sewage Sickness :- When untreated sewage is continuously applied on a piece of land, during course of time the soil voids get clogged thereby free circulation of air is prevented and anaerobic conditions develop. Then the land can not take any further sewage load and foul gases will evolve. This phenomenon is known as * Sewage Sickness " SET-A 1) Sewage can generally be disposed of without any specific treatment in a water body, if the dilution factor available is a) more than 150 _b) between 150 to 300 cc) more than 150d) more than 500 2) Complete thorough treatment should generally be given to sewage, before its disposal in a stream of river, if dilution factor available is a) less than 150 b) less than 250 —¢) less than 300d) ess than 350 3) Both fish life and algae are absent in the river zone known as a) zone of degradation b) zone of active decomposition ©) zone of recovery 4d) zone of clear water 4) Concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) may fall down to zero causing anaerobic conditions in the river zone known as a) zone of degradation b) zone of active decomposition ©) zone of recovery d) zone of clear water 5) IF a sewer carrying a discharge of 3 cumiac ouifalls inte a river having @ discharge of 10 cumec and DO equal to 9.1 mg//|, the resultant DO of the mix will be equal a) 5mg/I b) 6 mg// 7 mg/l d) 8mg/I 6) As compared to river water sea water contains a) 10 % less oxygen b) 20 % less oxygen ©) 10.% more oxygen _d) 20 % more oxygen