Lab Session # 03

Theory
Bernoullis Theorem:It states that increase in speed of fluid
occurs simultensly with a decrease in pressure. The compressibility &
viscosity of fluid is negligible & flow is steady or laminar.
P/w +V2/2g +z=constant
P=pressure
W=specific weight
V=velocity of fluid
g=gravitational acceleration
z=height

Nomenclature:(1) Pressure of Fluid.

(2) Kinetic Energy of Fluid.
(3)
Potential Energy of fluid is particle in motion.

Applications Of Bernoullis Theorem:Air foil:Any surface designed so as to obtain reacting force from the air through which it
moves is called an air foil.

Atomiser or sprayer:An atomiser is used in perfume and deodrant bottles.

Blowing of the roofs of the houses during a storm:-

In a storm, cyclone or hurricane,

sometimes the light roofs of the thatchedhouses are blown off.

Bunsen's burner:In Bunsen's burner, the gas escapes through the fine nozzle with a high
velocity.

Vacuum brake:Vacuum brake is used to stop the railway train in case of emergency.

Limitations:01) The Velocity of Liquid particle in the centre of a pipe is maximum and gradually
decreases towards the walls of the pipe due to friction. Thus while using Bernoulli's Theorem,
only the mean velocity of the liquid should be taken into account because the velocity of
liquid particles is not uniform.
02) There are always some external forces acting on the liquid, which affects the flow of
liquid. Thus while using Bernoulli's Theorem, all such external forces are neglected which is
not happened in actual practice.
03) In Turbulent Flow some Kinetic Energy is converted into Heat Energy and in a Viscous
Flow some Energy is lost due to Shear Forces. Thus while using Bernoulli's Theorem all such
losses should be neglected, which is not happened in actual practice.
04) If the Liquid is flowing through curved path, the Energy due to Centrifugal Forces should
also be taken into account

Experiment
Objective:To verify Bernoullis Theorem by using Venturimeter.

Apparatus:o Hydraulic Bench

o Stop Watch

o Venturimeter Apparartus.

Venturi Meter:It is a flow

measurement instrument which use a
converging section of pipe. To give an
increase in flow velocity and the diverging

where flow

decreases.

Static Head:The static head of a pump is the maximum height (pressure) it

can deliver. The capability of the pump at a certain RPM can be read from its Q-H curve
(flow vs. height). Head is equal to the fluid's energy per unit weight.

Pressure Head:In fluid mechanics, pressure head is the internal energy of a fluid due
to the pressure exerted on its container. It may also be called static pressure head or
simply static head (but not static head pressure).
=

Procedure:-

P
pg

Procedure:Comments:-