Figure 7 .

1 3

Time-area relation for St. Paul Basin.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100

Time of concentration (%)

8. F r o m e q . ( 7 . 7 ) , Q ; = 0 . 5 ( 0 ; _ i + O - )
T h u s , average t h e o r d i n a t e o f the l U H w i t h a n o t h e r o r d i n a t e o f the l U H o n ei n t e r v a l
before t oobtain the u n i t hydrograph i n c o l u m n 7.

7.10

C H A N G I N G

T H E U N I T

H Y D R O G R A P H

D U R A T I O N

A u n i t h y d r o g r a p h represents 1 i n c h ( o r 1 m m ) o f direct r u n o f f f r o m the rainfall o f a specified p e r i o d o f t i m e . Rainfall o f different durations will produce different shapes o f the u n i t
h y d r o g r a p h . T h e longer d u r a t i o n o f the rainfall w i l l l e n g t h e n the t i m e base a n d l o w e r the
peak, a n d vice versa, since a u n i t h y d r o g r a p h b yd e f i n i t i o n contains 1 u n i t o f direct r u n o f f .
There are t w o c o m m o n techniques b yw h i c h a u n i t hydrograph can b e adjusted f r o m

one

duration t o another.
7.10.1

Lagging Method

T h i s i s r e s t r i c t e d t o cases w h e n a d u r a t i o n has t o b e c o n v e r t e d t o a l o n g e r d u r a t i o n w h i c h is
a m u l t i p l e o f t h e o r i g i n a l d u r a t i o n . I f a u n i t h y d r o g r a p h o f d u r a t i o n t^. i s a d d e d t o a n o t h e r
i d e n t i c a l u n i t h y d r o g r a p h l a g g e d b y t^., t h e r e s u l t i n g h y d r o g r a p h r e p r e s e n t s t h e h y d r o g r a p h
o f 2 u n i t s o f s t o r m o c c u r r i n g i n2t^ t i m e , as s h o w n i n F i g u r e 7.14. I f t h e ordinates o f this
h y d r o g r a p h are d i v i d e d b y2, a u n i t h y d r o g r a p h w i l l result. I n general t e r m s .
sum
U H o f t, d u r a t i o n =

S e c t i o n 7.10

o f n, U H o f
duration
e a c h l a g g e d b y t^. t i m e

Changing the Unit Hydrograph Duration

[ L ^3 Tm - n

(7.8)

361

Table 7.7

Unit H y d r o g r a p h C o m p u t a t i o n by the Clark M e t h o d

(3)

(2)

(1)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)"

lUH, 0 ,
(m^/s)

2-hr
Unit
Hydrograph
Q, (mVs)

Inflow (from Fig. 7.13)

No.

Time (hr)

Cumulated
Area

Incremental
Area, o,
(mm-km^)

35

35

4.9

1.57

0.79

140

105

14.6

5.74

3.66
7.83

(mVs)
(eq. 7.6)

275

135

18.8

9.92

455

180

25.0

14.75

12.33

140

19.5

16.27

15.51

11.06

13.67

10

12

595

14

7.52

9.29

16

5.11

6.32

10

18

3.47

4.29

11

20

2.36

2.92

12

22

1.60

1.98

13

24

1.09

1.35

14

26

0.74

0.92

15

28

0.50

0.62

16

30

0.34

0.42

17

32

0.23

0.29

18

34

0.16

0.20

^ At any time step: col. (6) = C x col. (5) + (1 - C) x col. (6) of previous step.
^ Col. 7 = 0.5 [col. 6 + col. 6 of previous step].

E X A M P L E 7.5

T h e f o l l o w i n g u n i t h y d r o g r a p h results f r o m a 2-hour s t o r m . D e t e r m i n e t h eh o u r l y
nates o f a 6-hour unit hydrograph.
Time (hr)

Q (m^/s)

1.42

8.50

11.30

5.66

1.45

SOLUTION

S e e T a b l e 7.8.

ordi-

t^ =2 h r
.4.

6-hr duration
n =

362

2-hr d u r a t i o n

-3

.
.,r.

., .

Estimation o fSurface Water Flow

Chapter 7

Figure 7.14

Lagging procedure to convert unit hydrograph duration.

Unit storm of

duration

Unit storm of 2tr duration

Unit
hydrograph
Unit hydrograph
lagged by
Runoff hydrograph
of two-unit storm
of 2fr duration
Unit hydrograph
of 2fr duration

Table 7.8

Conversion of Unit H y d r o g r a p h Duration by L a g g i n g

(2)

(1)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Three 2-hr Hydrographs Each Lagged by 2 hr

Time (hr)
0

2-hr Unit
Hydrograph
(m^/s)
0

1 xUH

1 xUH

1 xUH

1.42

1.42

8.50

8.50

11.30

11.30

1.42

5.66

5.66

8.50

Total

(7)
6-hr Unit
Hydrograph
(mVs)
(col. 6/3.0)

1.42

0.47

8.50

2.83

12.72

4.24

14.16

4.72

11.30

1.42

14.17

4.72

5.66

8.50

14.16

4.72

1.45

11.30

12.75

4.25

5.66

5.66

1.89

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.45

0.48

10

S e c t i o n 7.10

Changing the Unit Hydrograph Duration

363

7.10.2

S-Ciirve M e t h o d

B y the s u m m a t i o n - c u r v e m e t h o d , a u n i t h y d r o g r a p h can be converted to any other durat i o n o f s h o r t e r o r l o n g e r t i m e p e r i o d . T h e S - c u r v e results w h e n t h e u n i t r a t e o f excess

r a i n f a l l c o n t i n u e s i n d e f i n i t e l y . T h e S - c u r v e is t h u s c o n s t r u c t e d b y a d d i n g t o g e t h e r

s e r i e s o f t ^ - d u r a t i o n u n i t h y d r o g r a p h s e a c h l a g g e d t h e u n i t d u r a t i o n , t^, w i t h r e s p e c t t o
t h e p r e c e d i n g o n e , as s h o w n i n F i g u r e 7 . 1 5 . T h e c u r v e a s s u m e s t h e S - s h a p e a n d i t s o r d i nates i n its e q u i l i b r i u m c o n d i t i o n acquire a constant o u t f l o w rate equivalent to the rainf a l l e x c e s s . I f T i s t h e t i m e b a s e o f t h e u n i t h y d r o g r a p h , t h e s u m m a t i o n o f T/t^

unit

h y d r o g r a p h s w i l l p r o d u c e t h e S - c u r v e . I t is n o t necessary, h o w e v e r , t o a d d so m a n y u n i t
h y d r o g r a p h s t o p r e p a r e a n S - c u r v e . A s i m p l i f i e d p r o c e d u r e is i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b l e 7.9. I n
c o l u m n 3 , t h e v a l u e s o f c o l u m n 4 , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e p r e v i o u s t^. d u r a t i o n , h a v e b e e n
r e p e a t e d . C o l u m n 4 , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s t h e S - c u r v e , is t h e s u m o f c o l u m n s 2 a n d 3.
T h e n e x t t h r e e c o l u m n s o f t h e t a b l e d e m o n s t r a t e t h e c o n v e r s i o n p r o c e s s . I n c o l u m n 5,
t h e t ^ - d u r a t i o n S-curve (values o f c o l u m n 4 ) are lagged b y t h e desired revised d u r a t i o n ,

t\.

C o l u m n 6 i n d i c a t e s t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f S - c u r v e o r d i n a t e s , t h a t is, c o l u m n 4 m i n u s c o l u m n 5.
T h e ordinates o f the t'^-duration h y d r o g r a p h are c o m p u t e d b y m u l t i p l y i n g the S-curve differences (col. 6) b y t h e r a t i o t^/t'^.

E X A M P L E

7.6

S o l v e E x a m p l e 7.5 b y t h e S - c u r v e m e t h o d .
SOLUTION

7.11

C o m p u t a t i o n s are s h o w n i n Table 7.10.

F O R M U L A T I O N

O F S Y N T H E T I C

U N I T

H Y D R O G R A P H

F o r sites w h e r e h y d r o l o g i c records are n o t available t o d e r i v e a u n i t h y d r o g r a p h , t h e u n i t

g r a p h is s y n t h e s i z e d f r o m t h e p h y s i c a l characteristics o f t h e w a t e r s h e d . S e v e r a l m e t h o d s
(Snyder, 1938; C o m m o n s , 1942; W i l l i a m s , 1945; Mitchell, 1948; Taylor a n d Schwarz, 1952;
U.S. S C S , 1957; H i c k o k et al., 1959; B e n d e r a n d R o b e r s o n , 1 9 6 1 ; Gray, 1961) have been
d e v e l o p e d , s o m e t o s e r v e s p e c i a l p u r p o s e s , s u c h as

flood

estimation. T w o o f these c o m m o n

m e t h o d s are described b e l o w .

7.1 I . I Snyder's M e t h o d
T h e f o u r p a r a m e t e r s l a g t i m e , peak flow, t i m e base, a n d standard d u r a t i o n o f rainfall
excess f o r t h e u n i t h y d r o g r a p h h a v e b e e n r e l a t e d t o t h e p h y s i c a l g e o m e t r y o f t h e b a s i n b y
the following relations:
t p = Cf (iLj^)"'^
C
Qp

[unbalanced]

(7.9)

A
[unbalanced]

(7.10)

(7.11)

[T]

(7.12)

5.5
364

Estimation of Surface Water Flow

Chapter 7

Figure 7.15

Illustration of t h e S-curve.
Unit storm
i I I I i i I i i i I I i i I i i i

-duration
S-hydrograph

Unit hydrographs
each lagged by t.

-duration
S-hydrograph

-duration S-hydrograph
lagged by desired revised
duration, t\

Xtr/t'r

W h e n t h e d u r a t i o n o f r a i n f a l l e x c e s s , t^, i s o t h e r t h a n t h e s t a n d a r d d u r a t i o n , t p , t h e f o l l o w ing a d j u s t m e n t s i n lag t i m e a n d peak discharge are m a d e :

^

tp^=tp +0.25 (t^-t^)

[T]

-n

(7.13)

(7.14)

'PR

S e c t i o n 7.11

Formulation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph

365

Table 7.9

Computation of S-Curve a n d Conversion of Unit Hydrograph Duration

Computation of S-Curve from Unit Hydrograph

(1)

(2)

Time

atioi Unit
t^-Duration
Hydrograph

(3)

Conversion of f^-Duration Unit Hydrograph to t)-Duration UH

(4)

t^-Duration S-Curve
S-Curve Additions
(col. 2 + col. 3)

duration
of rainfall
excess =

(5)

(6)

(7)

r-Duration S-Curve
Lagged by t\

S-Curve Difference
(col. 4 - c o l . 5)

t)-Duratlon UH
(col. 6 X f / t ; )

a
b'

a'
b'
c'

c'

a'

d'

b'

e'

c'

f
g'
h'

d'
e
f
etc.

k'

I'

m'

n'

j'

o'

etc.

C o m p u t a t i o n of 2-Hour S-Curve a n d 6-Hour Unit Hydrograph

Table 7.10
(1)

(3)

(2)
2-hr Unit
Hydrograph
(m^/s)

Time (hr)

(4)

S-Curve
Addition

2-hr S-Curve

(5)
2-hr S-Curve
Lagged by
6-hr

(6)
S-Curve
Difference

(7)
6-hr Unit
Hydrograph
(col. 6 X 2/6)

+0

1.42

+0

1.42

1.42

8.50

T O ^

11.30

-M.42

12.72

5.66

+8.50

>14.16

+12.72

14.17

14.16

14.16

14.16

4.72

14.17

14.17

12.75

4.25

14.16

14.16

14.17

14.17

10

14.16

14.16

11

14.17

14.17

3
4
5

1.45

8.50

}
0
1.42

0
0.47

8.50

2.83

12.72

4.24

14.16

4.72

14.17

4.72

8.50

5.66

1.89

12.72

1.45

0.48

14.16

14.17

vhere
f n = s t a n d a r d d u r a t i o n o f r a i n f a l l excess, h o u r s
C = d u r a t i o n o f rainfall excess o t h e r t h a n s t a n d a r d d u r a t i o n a d o p t e d i n t h e study, h o u r s
lag t i m e f r o m m i d p o i n t o f rainfall excess d u r a t i o n , t ^ , , t o p e a k o f t h e u n i t h y d r o g r a p h ,
hours
GD

'PR

i ;

l a g t i m e f r o m m i d p o i n t o f d u r a t i o n , t ^, t o t h e p e a k o f t h e u n i t h y d r o g r a p h , h o u r s

r = t i m e base o f u n i t h y d r o g r a p h , days
Q p = peak flow for standard duration, t p
p e a k flow f o r d u r a t i o n ,
stream mileage f r o m the outlet t oa point opposite the basin centroid
stream mileage f r o m the outlet t othe upstream limits o f the basin
A-

drainage area, m i ^ o r k m ^
coefficient representing slope o f the basin;
v a r i e s f r o m 1.8 t o 2 . 2 f o r d i s t a n c e i n m i l e s , o r f r o m 1.4 t o 1.7 f o r d i s t a n c e i n k i l o m e t e r s ;
T a y l o r a n d S c h w a r z state t h a t C j equals 0 . 6 / V s f o r distance i n m i l e s , S b e i n g t h e basin
slopes

= coefficient indicating the storage

capacity;

varies f r o m 360 t o 4 4 0 f o r E n g l i s h u n i t s , a n d f r o m 0.15 t o 0.19 f o r m e t r i c u n i t s

I f t h e u n g a g e d b a s i n a n dt h egaged b a s i n a r e located i n close p r o x i m i t y t o each o t h e r
w i t h i n a region, t h ecoefficients
a n d Cp a r e c o m p u t e d f r o m t h e d a t a o f t h e g a g e d b a s i n .

S e c t i o n 7.11

Formulation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph

367

T h e coefficients so obtained a r e used i n t h e preceding

equations

t o construct

the unit

h y d r o g r a p h f o r t h e u n g a g e d basin. O t h e r w i s e , generalized values are u s e d f o r the coefficients.

A u n i t h y d r o g r a p h is sketched, f r o m the lag t i m e , peak discharge, a n d t i m e base c o m p u t e d f r o m eqs. ( 7 . 9 ) t h r o u g h ( 7 . 1 4 ) , t o r e p r e s e n t a u n i t r u n o f f a m o u n t (area u n d e r

the

graph). E q u a t i o n (7.11) usually gives l o n g base l e n g t h for s m a l l t o m e d i u m basins.

The

f o l l o w i n g C o r p s o f Engineers f o r m u l a s give a d d i t i o n a l assistance i np l o t t i n g t i m e w i d t h ,

WgQ, i nh o u r s , a t t h e d i s c h a r g e p o i n t e q u a l t o 5 0 % o f t h e p e a k discharge, a n d t h e w i d t h ,
W73, i n h o u r s , a t t h e d i s c h a r g e p o i n t e q u a l t o 7 5 % o f t h e p e a k f l o w .
VE5o=

770^1.08
g

^ 5 0 =

0 2 3 A ' ^
' 108

' :
7

(English units)

[unbalanced]

(7.15a)

'
(metric units)

[unbalanced]

(7.15b)

(English units)

[unbalanced]

(7.16a)

(metric units)

[unbalanced]

(7.16b)

^pR

and
;

440A^-"^
^ 7 5 =

or
0 13A^^
~ ~ T o s
QpR

I n eqs. ( 7 . 1 5 a ) a n d ( 7 . 1 6 a ) , A i s i n m i ^ a n d Q i n cfs, a n d i n eqs. ( 7 . 1 5 b ) a n d ( 7 . 1 6 b ) , A i s i n

k m ^ and Q i n m^/s.
A s a r u l e o f t h u m b , t h e w i d t h s WgQ a n d W 7 g a r e p r o p o r t i o n e d e a c h side o f t h e u n i t
h y d r o g r a p h p e a k i n t h e r a t i o 1:2,w i t h t h e s h o r t side o n t h e left o f t h e s y n t h e t i c u n i t
hydrograph.
E X A M P L E 7.7

For a basin o f 500 k m ^ having L = 2 5 k m a n d

hydrograph. Assume that

= 1.6a n d

10 k m , derive t h e 4-hour

unit

= 0.16.

SOLUTION

1 . t,. = 4 h r ( g i v e n ) . F r o m e q . ( 7 . 9 ) ,
1^=1.6(25x10)-^ = 8.38 h r
2. F r o m e q . ( 7 . 1 0 ) ,
Q

=
^

0.16(500)
5^
^ = 9.55
8.38

m^/s

3. F r o m e q . ( 7 . 1 1 ) ,
8 38
T = 3 + ^ = 4 . 0 5 d a y s o r 9 7 h r
4. F r o m eq. (7.12),
8.38
_ ,
In =
= 1-5 h r
"
5.5
368

Estimation of Surface Water Flow

Chapter 7

5. F r o m e q . ( 7 . 1 3 ) ,
Ip^ = 8.38 + 0 . 2 5 ( 4 - 1.5) = 9 h r
6. F r o m e q . ( 7 . 1 4 ) ,

QpR

7. T i m e

from

9.55(8.38)
- = 8 . 8 9 m 3/s
9.0

beginning t o peak.
P r = y + ^pR=2 + 9 = l l h r

8. F r o m e q . ( 7 . 1 5 b ) ,
^.1.08
0.23(500)^
W , n =
7 7 : ^ = 18 h r
(8.89)'
9. F r o m e q . ( 7 . 1 6 b ) ,

W,. =

vl.08
0.13(500)'
A - - = 10 h r
, (8.89)

T h e unit hydrograph has been sketched i n Figure 7.16.

7.11.2

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) M e t h o d

T h e N R C S e m p l o y s a n average dimensionless h y d r o g r a p h developed f r o m a n analysis o f a

large n u m b e r o f u n i t hydrographs f r o m

field

data o f various-sized basins i n different geo-

graphic locations.
T h i s d i m e n s i o n l e s s h y d r o g r a p h h a s i t s o r d i n a t e v a l u e s o f d i s c h a r g e e x p r e s s e d as t h e
d i m e n s i o n l e s s r a t i o w i t h t h e p e a k d i s c h a r g e a n d i t s a b s c i s s a v a l u e s o f t i m e i n t e r v a l as
the dimensionless ratio w i t h t h e p e r i o d o f rise ( t i m e f r o m b e g i n n i n g t o t h e peak

flow).

T h e ratios f o r the N R C S dimensionless unit hydrograph are given i n Table 7.11.

T h e unit hydrograph ordinates for different t i m e periods can be obtained
Table 7.11. H o w e v e r , t o use this table, t h e values o f

and

from

are required, w h i c h are c o m -

p u t e d as f o l l o w s :
484A
Qp=-
(Fnglishunits)
Pr

[unbalanced]

0.208A ,
Qp=-(metric

r , ,
[unbalanced]

'

(7.17a)

or

"^^"^

'

. ,
units)

P r = J + tp

[T]

'

/'^

(7.17b)

^^

'

(7-18)

T h e t i m e l a g , t^, i s c o m p u t e d b y e q . ( 7 . 9 ) o r b y a r e g i o n a l e m p i r i c a l r e l a t i o n , o r b y t h e
N R C S equation involving the N R C S curve number.

S e c t i o n 7.11

Formulation o fSynthetic Unit Hydrograph

369

Figure 7.16

Synthetic unit hydrograph by Snyder's m e t h o d .

1
1
T \
Time to peak flow = 11 hr
Peal r flow = 8.89 m3 Is

l \

J
F

1
3.3 hr \

= 6.7 hr

Pn 6

1
1

--12 hr

6hr
]

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Time (hr)

E X A M P L E 7.8

Solve E x a m p l e 7.7 b yt h e N R C S m e t h o d .
SOLUTION

1.

tp - 8 . 3 8 h r , f r o m e q . ( 7 . 9 ) c o m p u t e d i n E x a m p l e 7 . 7 .

2. F r o m e q . ( 7 . 1 8 ) ,

= 4/2 + 8.38 = 10.38 h r 10.5 hr.

3. F r o m e q . ( 7 . 1 7 b ) ,
0.208(500)
,
i
^= 9.90m3/s
^
10.5
4. U s i n g T a b l e 7 . 1 1 , t h e h y d r o g r a p h o r d i n a t e s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 7 . 1 2 .
Q

7.12

E S T I M A T I O N

O F S T R E A M F L O W

F R O M

U N I T

H Y D R O G R A P H

A direct application o f the u n i t h y d r o g r a p h is t o synthesize t h es t o r m r u n o f f ( D R H ) a n d

t h e s t r e a m f l o w ( b y a d d i n g t h e baseflow) f r o m a series o f rainfall events o f v a r y i n g intensity.
I f t h e rainfall records a r e available o n a d a i l y basis, t h e r e s u l t i n g h y d r o g r a p h is o f daily
370

Estimation of Surface Water Flow

Chapter 7

Table 7.11

Ratios for t h e NRCS D i m e n s i o n l e s s Unit Hydrograph

Time Ratio, f/P^

Hydrograph Discharge Ratio, (Q/Qp)

0.1

0.030

0.2

0.100

0.3

0.190

0.4

0.310

0.5

0.470

'

0.6

0.660

0.7

0.820

0.8

0.930

0.9

0.990

^^ -

1.000

1.0
'

..

0.990

(
1.2

0.930

1.3

0.860

1.4

0.780

1.5

0.680

1-6

0.560

1.8

0.390

2.0

0.280

2.2

0.207

2.4

0.147

2.6

0.107

2.8

0.077

3.0

0.055

3.5

0.025

4.0

0.011

4.5

0.005

5.0

0.000

Source: NRCS (formerly Soil Conservation Service), 1972.

streamflow. W h e n the rainfall record belongs t o a heavy storm, the hydrograph

is f o r t h e f l o o d f l o w , a s d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r 8 .

produced

C o n s i d e r t h a t a s t o r m consists o f a series o f r a i n f a l l excesses i j ,

., t, e a c h o f d u r a t i o n d. T o f o r m u l a t e t h e s t o r m h y d r o g r a p h , a u n i t h y d r o g r a p h o f d d u r a t i o n ( u n i t t i m e )
will b e required for t h ebasin. T h e ordinates o fthe d-duration u n i t hydrograph will be
m u l t i p l i e d b y i^. S h i f t i n g t h e b a s e b y t i m e d , t h e u n i t h y d r o g r a p h o r d i n a t e s w i l l b e m u l t i p l i e d b y 12, a n d s o o n , c o v e r i n g a l l e x c e s s e s . E a c h o f t h e s e h y d r o g r a p h s r e p r e s e n t s t h e D R H
for i n d i v i d u a l r a i n f a l l excesses, a n dt h e i r s u m is t h e D R H f o r t h e e n t i r e s t o r m . T h e estimated baseflow added t othis will provide the streamflow (storm) hydrograph.

S e c t i o n 7.12

Estimation of Streamflow

from

Unit Hydrograph

371

Table 7.12

Synthetic Unit H y d r o g r a p h by NRCS Method

(ir

(3)

t/Pr

f(hr)

Q/Qp
(from Table 7.11)

Q (mVs)

0,2

2.1

0.100

0.99

0.5

5.25

0.470

4.65

8.4

0.930

9.21

1.00

9.90

m-vv

r A,:::

0.8
1.0

10.5

(4)"

1.5

15.75

0.680

6.73

2.0

21.0

0.280

2.77

3.0

31.5

0.055

0.54

4.0

42.0

0.011

0.11

5.0

52.5

0.000

0.00

" Col. 2 = col. 1 X

^ Col. 4 = col. 3 X Qp

E X A M P L E 7.9

G i v e n b e l o w i s a h y d r o g r a p h t h a t r e s u l t e d f r o m a n i s o l a t e d 2 - h o u r d u r a t i o n s t o r m o f 1.5
i n . r a i n f a l l excess. D e t e r m i n e t h e s t r e a m f l o w h y d r o g r a p h f r o m t h e s t o r m s e q u e n c e i n d i c a t e d . A s s u m e t h a t t h e losses a m o u n t t o 60% o f t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n .
Hydrograph data:
Time (hr)

10

Flow (cfs)

151

146

268

562

660

630

510

370

250

190

150

Storm sequence data:

Time units = 2 hr

Uniti

Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 4

Precipitation (in.)

2.75

4.5

2.25

SOLUTION

1. T h e b a s e f l o w is separated f r o m t h eh y d r o g r a p h b y t h e t e c h n i q u e o f S e c t i o n 7.7. F r o m
the D R H thus obtained, the unit hydrograph is derived using the procedure o f Section
7.9.1. T h e values are s h o w n i n c o l u m n s 1 a n d 2 , respectively, o f Table 7.13.
2. T h e s t o r m ( r a i n f a l l ) excess s e q u e n c e i s o b t a i n e d , e x c l u d i n g 60% l o s s e s f r o m t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n a m o u n t s g i v e n i n t h e p r o b l e m . T h e s e w i l l b e 0.4 i n . , 1 . 1 i n . , 1 . 8 i n . , a n d 0.9 i n .
f o r u n i t 1 t h r o u g h u n i t 4.
3. T h e o r d i n a t e s o f t h e U H a r e m u l t i p l i e d b y t h e s u c c e s s i v e v a l u e s o f t h e r a i n f a l l excess,
e a c h l a g g e d b y t h e e f f e c t i v e d u r a t i o n a s s h o w n i n c o l u m n s 3 , 4, 5, a n d 6.
4. T h e total o f c o l u m n s 3 t h r o u g h 6 results i n the D R H . A d d i n g baseflow t o this provides
the streamflow hydrograph.

372

Estimation of Surface Water Flow

Chapter 7

Table 7.13
(1)

Streamflow H y d r o g r a p h from Unit H y d r o g r a p h

(3)

(2)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

Unit4
0.9 x U H

Total
(cfs)

(8)

(9)

DRH Ordinates
Time
(hr)

2-hrUH
(cfs)

Uniti
0.4 x U H

81

32

Unit 2
1.1 x U H

Unit 3
1.8 x U H

277

111

342

137

89

321

128

305

241

96

376

146

147

151

151

146

146

32

146

178

111

147

258

226

147

373

433

148

581

618

148

766

59

353

499

911

149

1060

,27

265

616

73

981

149

1130

11

162

578

249

1000

150

1150

74

434

308

816

150

966

11

30

265

289

584

150

734

12

121

217

338

150

488

67

27

-10

13

49

132

181

150

331

14

61

61

150

211

15

/'flu7/

24

24

150

174

150

150

16

7 , , -,-;r

EXAMPLE7.10

Streamflow
Baseflow Hydrograph
(cfs)
(cfs)

7-,

D u r i n g the month of September, the weighted average values of the daily rainfall recorded
at various stations in the Housatonic basin above New Milford ( C T ) are as given below. A
representative 24-hour duration unit hydrograph* for the basin is also indicated, along with
the baseflow observed at the New Milford site. A study indicates that the infiltration and
other losses constitute 8 5 % of the precipitation. Compute the streamflow for the month.
Date

15

21

Rainfall (in.)

1.21

0.48

3.22

1.02

Time (days)

1000

2950

125,000

5600

1750

120

120

120

125

130

135

Unit hydrograph (cfs)

Baseflow (cfs)

* T h i s is o b t a i n e d f r o m a 1-day segregated rainfall a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e c o r d o f s t r e a m f l o w . C . W . S h e r m a n

i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e a c t u a l d u r a t i o n o f a 1-day r a i n s t o r m i s 10 t o 13 h o u r s .

S e c t i o n 7.12

Estimation of Streamflow

from

Unit Hydrograph

373

Time (days)

10

11

Unit hydrograph (cfs)

1000

620

500

350

270

250

Baseflow (cfs)

140

125

120

120

120

120

120

SOLUTION

7 -

120 for all other days

C o m p u t a t i o n s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 7.14.

Part B: Correlation
7.13

12

A U G M E N T I N G

S H O R T

Technique

S T R E A M F L O W S

A N D F I L L I N G

I N

M I S S I N G

D A T A

T h e m o s t c o m m o n t e c h n i q u e s f o r e x t e n d i n g d a t a o f s h o r t d u r a t i o n a r e (1) p r e c i p i t a t i o n
r u n o f f r e l a t i o n , (2) c o r r e l a t i o n o f t w o s e t s o f s t r e a m f l o w d a t a , a n d (3) c o m p a r i s o n o f f l o w d u r a t i o n curves. T h e same m e t h o d s are applicable for filling i n the gaps o f a stream-gaging
station record. T h e application o f the multiple correlation technique b yutilizing m e t e o r o logical a n d drainage b a s i n data h a sb e e n m a d e t o d e v e l o p t h e generalized relations f o r the
u n g a g e d sites, as d e s c r i b e d i n P a r t D . C o m m o n l y , t h e t e c h n i q u e o f r a i n f a l l - r u n o f f r e l a t i o n
is u s e d t o e s t i m a t e a n n u a l f l o w s f o r m i s s i n g years, a n d c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e s t r e a m - g a g i n g stat i o n records isused t oextend s h o r t - t e r m m o n t h l y records.

7.14

S T A T I O N A R Y

A N DH O M O G E N E O U S

C H E C K

O F

D A T A

F o r t h e s t a n d a r d statistical t e c h n i q u e s t o b e a p p l i e d , t h e l o n g - d u r a t i o n data series s h o u l d

satisfy t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f s t a t i o n a r i n e s s a n d h o m o g e n e i t y . W h e n a series i s d i v i d e d i n t o several s e g m e n t s a n d a statistical p a r a m e t e r s u c h as t h e m e a n v a l u e is used t o characterize the
data o f each segment, the expected value o f the statistical parameter ispractically the same
f o r each s e g m e n t i n a s t a t i o n a r y series.
T h e t e m p o r a l h o m o g e n e i t y check isp e r f o r m e d t o detect a n y sudden changes o r i n c o n sistency i n t h e data a t a n y t i m e i n t h e p e r i o d o f record. T h e d o u b l e - m a s s c u r v e analysis (Sect i o n 2.6.2) is often used for this purpose. T h e spatial h o m o g e n e i t y is checked t o ensure that
t h e d a t a are r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f h y d r o l o g i c a l l y a n d m e t e o r o l o g i c a l l y s i m i l a r areas. T h e h o m o g e n e i t y o f the m e a n o f data istested b yStudent's d i s t r i b u t i o na n d the h o m o g e n e i t y o f the stand a r d d e v i a t i o n ( v a r i a n c e ) b y t h e F i s h e r d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e s e tests are d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 8.5.

7.15

P R E C I P I T A T I O N - R U N O F F

R E L A T I O N

F O R

E S T I M A T I O N

O F

S T R E A M F L O W

T h e r u n o f f i n this context signifies t h es t r e a m f l o w . T h e rainfall a n drunoff, b e i n g parts o f

t h e s a m e h y d r o l o g i c cycle, a r e i n t i m a t e l y correlated. T h e r u n o f f relates t o t h ef l o w passing
t h r o u g h a s e c t i o n i n a s t r e a m a n d i t reflects t h e c u m u l a t i v e effect o f t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n falling
a n y w h e r e i n the area representing the c a t c h m e n t o f t h a t section. A n areal average o f the prec i p i t a t i o n f r o m t h e m e a s u r e d v a l u e s a t t h e r a i n gages w i t h i n t h e c a t c h m e n t isd e t e r m i n e d b y
Thiessen's p o l y g o n o r Isohyetal m e t h o d (Section 2.7). T h e average m o n t h l y o r a n n u a l precipitation isrelated t o the corresponding short-duration record o f m o n t h l y o r annual r u n off (streamflow). T h e variability o f s t r e a m f l o w is n o t reflected i nthe relation. Further,t h e
precipitation i n the c a t c h m e n t area takes t i m e t o reach the p o i n t o f flow, depending o n the
374

Estimation of Surface Water Flow

Chapter 7

Table 7.14
(1)

Date
1

Estimation of Daily Streamflow by Unit Hydrograph

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

Rainfall
(in.)

Losses^
(in.)

Rainfall Excess
(in.)

UH
(cfs)

Sept. 5

Sept. 8

1,000
2,950
12,500
5,600
1,750
1,000
620

2
3
4

1.21

1.03

0.18

6
7
8

0.48

0.41

0.07

500

350

10

270

11

S-i

250
.

12

'

13

14

Sept. 15

'-'7 f

180
531
2,250
1,008
315
180
112
90
63
49
45
0

70
207
875
392
123
70
43
35
25
19
18
0

120

21

1.02

0.87

0.15

26
27
28
29

30
^85% of Col. 2

if-

.::

Baseflow (cfs)

130

20

22 ,

Total

25

18

7. fx A

Sept. 21

17

19

(11)

24

0.48

(10)

23

3.22

16

(9)

480
1,416
6,000
2,688
840
480
298
240
168

15

2.74

(8)
DRH (cfs)

150
443
1,875
840
263
150
93
75
53
41

180
531
2,250
1,078
522
1,055
504
213
133
92
560
1,441
6,019
2,706
840
480
448
683
2,043
970
383
150
93
75
53
41

120
120
125
130
135
140
125
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120

(12) :t
Streamflow
(cfs)
120
120
125
130
3T5

671
2,375
1,198
642
1,175

624
333
253

212

680
1,561
6,139
2,826
960 ;
600 ;
568
803
2,163
1,090
503
270
213
195
173

161

distance. H e n c e the r u n o f f at a stream p o i n t m a y i n part b e a result o f the precipitation that

h a d o c c u r r e d i n t h e c a t c h m e n t i n t h e past. I n r e l a t i o n t o runoff, precipitation s h o u l d
include all carryover p o r t i o n s that contribute t o a current level o f runoff. T h e antecedent
precipitation i n d e x ( A P I ) is a w e i g h t e d average o f current a n d antecedent precipitation that
is " e f f e c t i v e " i n c o r r e l a t i n g w i t h r u n o f f . I t i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t r i a l a n d e r r o r .
I n a m o n t h l y c o r r e l a t i o n study, t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n c a r r y o v e r effect extends m a n y
m o n t h s i n t h e past. T h e p r o c e d u r e is as f o l l o w s . F o r each i n d i v i d u a l m o n t h , t h e correlations are a t t e m p t e d b y a s s u m i n g a r e l a t i o n o f the type:
Q=

ho + h j A i + ^2^2

[unbalanced]

(7.19)

where
m e a n m o n t h l y f l o w for the m o n t h i nquestion

;K

X j , X 2 =values o f m o n t h l y precipitation for the current m o n t h

a n d series o f p r e v i o u s m o n t h s i n different c o m b i n a t i o n s

h g , b j , ^2 = c o n s t a n t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n
For

example,
V

Xi-Pi+Pi-i+Pi-2

[L]

X2=Pi-,+P^-4+P.-5

(7.20a)

[L]

(7.20b)

where
= average precipitation for the m o n t h i n question
P f _ i ) Pi-2,

= precipitation i n previous months

T h e relationship y i e l d i n g the best value o f the correlation coefficient is adopted for a n

individual m o n t h . T h e separate relations are derived for each m o n t h . T h e trial nature o f
the p r o b l e m , w i t h m a n y possible combinations, makes i t desirable t o solve this b y c o m puter. A n e l e m e n t o f c o m p l e x i t y i s i n t r o d u c e d i n case o f a s i g n i f i c a n t g r o u n d w a t e r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e s t r e a m f l o w w h e n t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n effect m a y e x t e n d years i n t h e past.
T h e a p p r o a c h b e c o m e s less t e d i o u s i n c o r r e l a t i n g a n n u a l series b e c a u s e t h e a n t e c e d e n t
precipitation i n d e x consists o f the c u r r e n t a n d the previous year or, at m o s t , a f e w additional
years. T h e antecedent precipitation i n d e x i n a n a n n u a l correlation study is ascertained b y a
t r i a l - a n d - e r r o r p r o c e d u r e a p p l y i n g r a n k analysis. T h e t w o steps i n v o l v e d a r e (1) d e t e r m i n ing t h e antecedent precipitation i n d e x b y r a n k analysis, a n d (2) d e r i v i n g a precipitationr u n o f f e q u a t i o n b ysimple regression analysis.

7.15.1 R a n k Analysis for Antecedent Precipitation I n d e x (API)

I n a n n u a l series, t h e A P I is t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e c u r r e n t year's p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e preceding years' p r e c i p i t a t i o n t h a t furnishes t h e c u r r e n t year's s t r e a m f l o w :
P ^ = a P Q + b P ^ + cP2 + ---

[F]

(7.21)

where
Pg = a n n u a l A P I
.

P Q = current year's precipitation

P j , P2 > = p r e v i o u s y e a r s ' p r e c i p i t a t i o n
a , b, c, . . . = c o e f f i c i e n t t h a t m u s t a d d t o u n i t y

376

Estimation of Surface Water Flow

Chapter 7

T h e trial s h o u l d start w i t h t h e t w o years' precipitation, P Q a n d P p a n d s h o u l d b e

extended b e y o n d i f g o o d c o r r e l a t i o n is n o t achieved w i t h these t w o years. T h e procedure is
explained i n the following

E X A M P L E

example.

7.11

T h e W a r r e n R i v e r i n W a r r e n , R h o d e I s l a n d , h a s a n a n n u a l s t r e a m f l o w r e c o r d f r o m 1979 t o
2005 a s s h o w n i n T a b l e 7.15. T h e a v e r a g e a n n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n v a l u e s c o m p u t e d f r o m t h e
s t a t i o n s i n t h e d r a i n a g e b a s i n are also listed. B o t h t h e s t r e a m f l o w a n d p r e c i p i t a t i o n d a t a are
checked b ythe d o u b l e -m a s s t e c h n i q u e a n d f o u n d t ob e consistent. D e t e r m i n e the antecedent precipitation index for the basin.
Table 7 . 1 5

A n n u a l Flow of t h e Warren River, R h o d e Island

Year:

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

Streamflow (m^/s)

82.33

97.68

97.68

31.14

108.72

54.64

50.45

66.53

70.22

0.82

0.79

0.82

0.44

0.91

0.57

0.59

0.67

0.68

Year:

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

Streamflow (m^/s)

77.86

89.14

64.84

104.76

31.14

29.73

77.58

58.04

0.73

0.78

0.64

0.87

0.46

0.50

0.74

0.61

0.49

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

0.73

0.44

0.46

0.76

0.61

0.49

0.45

0.52

0.60

Precipitation (m)

.'4--

Precipitation (m)
V

Year:

Streamflow (m^/s)
Precipitation (m)
SOLUTION

R e f e r t o T a b l e 7.16.

'

A n n u a l r u n o f f is a r r a n g e d i n c o l u m n 2 a n d p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n c o l u m n 4 o f t h e table.
T h e yearly r u n o f f f r o m second r o w o n w a r d is assigned a r a n k n u m b e r b e g i n n i n g w i t h
t h e h i g h e s t r u n o f f a s n u m b e r 1, a s s h o w n i n c o l u m n 3. W h e n t w o v a l u e s a r e i d e n t i c a l ,
t h e y are b o t h assigned t h e average o f t h e t w o sequence n u m b e r s t h e y w o u l d have i f t h e y
w e r e s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m e a c h o t h e r , a s f o r y e a r s 1980 a n d 1981, a n d 1982 a n d 1992.
T h e y e a r l y p r e c i p i t a t i o n h a s a l s o b e e n a s s i g n e d a r a n k n u m b e r i n c o l u m n 5. T h e d i f f e r e n c e i n r a n k b e t w e e n t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d t h e r u n o f f i s s q u a r e d a n d n o t e d i n c o l u m n 6.
T h e s u m o f c o l u m n 6 is obtained.
A f o r m u l a f o r antecedent p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n d e x isassumed. I n the first trial a relation o f
- 0.9PQ + O . l P j h a s b e e n a s s u m e d a n d t h e v a l u e s b a s e d o n t h i s f o r m u l a h a v e b e e n c o m p u t e d i n c o l . 7. T h e c o m p u t e d p r e c i p i t a t i o n v a l u e s a r e a g a i n a s s i g n e d r a n k

numbers

f r o m h i g h e s t t o l o w e s t i n c o l . 8, a n d t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e r a n k h a s b e e n s q u a r e d a s
b e f o r e . T h e s u m o f t h e s q u a r e s o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n r a n k , i . e . , 5.0 i s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h a t
f o r t h e p r e v i o u s c a s e , i . e . , 11.0. A l o w e r v a l u e m e a n s t h a t t h e t r i a l r e l a t i o n i s b e t t e r t h a n
t h e p r e v i o u s case.
D i f f e r e n t trial relations a r e a s s u m e d , gradually raising t h ep r o p o r t i o n o f the

previous

year precipitation, u n t i l a lowest p o i n t i n the s u m o f the squares isreached. B e y o n d that

S e c t i o n 7.15

Precipitation-Runoff Relation for Estimation of Streamflow

377

p o i n t , the s u m o f the squares increases w i t h raised p r o p o r t i o n o f the preceding

year's

p r e c i p i t a t i o n . F o r t h i s e x a m p l e t h e b e s t r e l a t i o n is
P , = 0.8Po + 0.2Pi

[F]

' '

(7.22)

7.15.2 C o r r e l a t i o n o f A n t e c e d e n t P r e c i p i t a t i o n I n d e x a n d R u n o f f b y
Regression Analysis
T h e equation o f the relation between

antecedent

p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n d e x a n d r u n o f f is a

straight line o f the f o r m

Q=C+mP^
where
r

' '
Q

[unbalanced]

'

(7.23)
T

- -

' T

= runoff (streamflow)

^ C, m = constants representing

abstractions

Pg = a n t e c e d e n t p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n d e x
T h e yearly values o f antecedent

p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n d e x c o m p u t e d i n Section 7.15.1 are

p l o t t e d against t h e a n n u a l r u n o f f a n d a s t r a i g h t l i n e is d r a w n t o average t h e p a t t e r n o f p l o t t e d p o i n t s . I n m a n y i n s t a n c e s i t is d i f f i c u l t t o d r a w a l i n e t h r o u g h t h e s h o t g u n p a t t e r n o f
t h e p o i n t s . A l i n e o f l e a s t - s q u a r e s f i t is d r a w n b y s i m p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s as d e s c r i b e d i n
C h a p t e r 6.
F o r a s t r a i g h t - l i n e r e l a t i o n , y = mx

+ C, t h e f o l l o w i n g set o f e q u a t i o n s

(reproduced

f r o m C h a p t e r 6) p r o v i d e the values o f constants C a n d m a n d other statistical parameters.

^ _ ( l y ) ( l x ^ ) - ( I x ) ( I x y )
(6.28)

iV(Xx2)-(Ix)'
N ( I x y ) - ( I x ) ( I y )
m

[dimensionless]
N ( I X 2 ) - ( I X ) ^

(6.29)

Standard variance:
(6.30)

[L^

N-l
Standard error:
^2

^ I / ^ - C l y - m l x y

'yx

N"-2

[L^]

(6.31)

[dimensionless]

(6.32)

C o r r e l a t i o n coefficient:
.2

r = I -

^yx

Q'^

w h e r e N is t h e n u m b e r o f p a i r s o f d a t a .

378

Estimation of Surface Water Flow

Chapter?

Table 7.16

C o m p u t a t i o n of A n t e c e d e n t Precipitation Index

Runoff
(1)

(2)

Year

Yearly
(mVs)

1979

82.33

1980

97.68

Observed Precipitation
(3)

Rank

(4)

(5)

Average
Yearly
Rank
(m)

(6)
Col.
(5-3)2

First Assumption
(7)

Second Assumption

Third Assumption

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

Col.
(8-3)2

0.8Po+0.2Pi

Rank

Col.
(11-3)2

0.7Po+0.3P,

Rank

Col.
(14-3)2

0.25

0.80

0.25

0.80

(8)

0.9PO+0.1PI Rank

0.82
3.5

0.79

0.25

0.79

2.5

1.0

1981

97.68

3.5

0.82

0.25

0.82

0.25

0.81

0.25

0.81

6.25

1982

31.14

14.5

0.44

16

2.25

0.48

16

2.25

0.52

15

0.25

0.55

15

0.25

1983

108.72

0.91

0.86

0.82

1.5

0.25

0.77

4.5

12.25

1984

54.64

12

0.57

13

0.60

12

0.64

11.5

0.25

0.67

9.5

6.25

1985

50.45

13

0.59

12

0.59

13

0.59

13

0.0

0.58

13.5

0.25

1986

66.53

0.67

0.66

0.65

10

1.0

0.65

11.5

6.25

1987

70.22

0.68

0.68

0.68

0.0

0.68

7.5

0.25

0.73

0.72

0.72

Q;

1988

77.86

0.73

1989

89.19

0.78

0.78

0.77

0.77

4.5

0.25

0.65

10

0.67

1.0

0.68

7.5

6.25

0.85

0.82

1.5

0.25

0.80

2.5

0.25

0.54

14

0.25

0.58

13.5

1.0

16

1990

64.84

10

0.64

10

1991

104.76

0.87

1992

31.14

14.5

0.46

15

0.25

0.50

14.5

1993

29.73

16

0.50

14

0.50

14.5

2.25

0.49

16

0.49

0.72

0.69

0.67

9.5

0.62

11

0.64

11.5

0.25

0.65

11.5

1994

77.58

0.74

1995

58.04

11

0.61

11

Total

11.00

5.0

4.0

6.25
0.25
47.0

E X A M P L E

7.12

F o r F x a m p l e 7 . 1 1 , d e t e r m i n e t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n - r u n o f f r e l a t i o n b y (a) g r a p h i c p r o c e d u r e ,
(b) b y r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s , a n d (c) u s i n g t h i s r e l a t i o n , e x t e n d t h e s t r e a m f l o w r e c o r d
through 2005.
SOLUTION

(a)

Precipitation-runoff relation by graphic procedure

1. Refer t o Table 7.16. R u n o f f data are g i v e n i n c o l u m n 2 a n d the best antecedent prec i p i t a t i o n i n d e x d a t a i n c o l u m n 10 o f t h e table.
2 . T h e s e d a t a are p l o t t e d i n F i g u r e 7.17, w h i c h is a s t r a i g h t l i n e h a v i n g a s l o p e o f 2 4 1 : 1 .

,v

3. F r o m Fig. 7.17, for y = 88, x = 0.75

or 88 = 241(0.75) + C
thus C = -

(b)

92.75

R e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s is a r r a n g e d i n T a b l e 7 . 1 7 .
4. F r o m e q . ( 6 . 2 8 ) ,

N ( I X 2 ) - ( X X ) '

(1110.2)(7.53)-(10.85)(794.47)
16(7.53)-(10.85)^

= -94.34
5. F r o m e q . ( 6 . 2 9 ) ,
_ i V ( I x y ) - ( I x ) ( I y )
N ( S X 2 ) - ( I X ) '

16(794.47)-(10.85)(1110.2)
16(7.53)-(10.85)^

= 241.42
6. F r o m e q . ( 6 . 3 0 ) ,

N-l
(87.18xl03)-(lll0.2)^/16
16-1
= 676.4
7. F r o m e q . ( 6 . 3 1 ) ,
X / ^

- C X y - w X x y
N--2

(87.18 X 1 0 ^ ) - ( - 9 4 . 3 4 ) ( l 1 1 0 . 2 ) - (241.42)(794.47)
16-2
= 8.24
380

Estimation of Surface Water Flow

Chapter 7

Figure 7 . 1 7

Precipitation-runoff relation of E x a m p l e 7 . 1 2 .

110

100

90
<r5~

o
c
E
^

80

70

41

/
/

60

50

40

30

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Antecedent precipitation index, Pe(m)

8. F r o m e q . ( 6 . 3 2 ) ,

r = 1-

8.24

1/2

676.4,

= 0.99 (good correlation)

9. T h u s t h e c o r r e l a t i o n e q u a t i o n i s
Q = 241.42 Pg-94.34
(c)

(7.24)

Extension o f streamflow record

10.

U s i n g eq. (7.22), t h e average a n n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n is c o n v e r t e d t o t h e antecedent

p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n d e x as per c o l u m n 2 o f Table 7.18.

11. B y e q . (7.24), t h e s t r e a m f l o w is ascertained f r o m t h e effective p r e c i p i t a t i o n as

s h o w n i n c o l u m n 3 o f Table 7.18.

S e c t i o n 7.15

Precipitation-Runoff Relation for Estimation of Streamflow

i S ^ l

Table 7.17

No.

Q=y

x2

xy

(xlO^)

97.68

0.80

0.64

78.14

9.54

97.68

0.81

0.66

79.12

9.54

31.14

0.52

0.27

16.19

0.97

108.72

0.82

0.67

89.15

11.82

54.64

0.64

0.41

34.97

2.99

50.45

0.59

0.35

29.77

2.54

66.53

0.65

0.42

43.24

4.43

70.22

0.68

0.46

47.75

4.93

77.86

0.72

0.52

56.06

6.06

89.19

0.77

0.59

68.68

7.95

11

64.84

0.67

0.45

43.44

4.20

12

104.76

0.82

0.67

85.90

10.97

13

31.14

0.54

0.29

16.82

0.97

14

29.73

0.49

0.24

14.57

0.88

15

77.58

0.69

0.48

53.53

6.02

0.64

0.41

37.14

3.37

10.85

7.53

794.47

87.18

'

58.04

16
X

1110.2

C o m p u t a t i o n of Runoff from Precipitation

(2)

(3)

Year

Antecedent precipitation
index(m)

Streamflow (m^/s)

1996

0.51

28.78

1997

0.68

69.82

1998

0.50

26.37

(1)

1999
2000

u+oc=".--\

2001
2002

t'/A

2003
2004

2005

382

Pe = x

10

Table 7.18

Regression A na l y s i s for Precipitation-Runoff Correlation

'i'^'^i-:

:-^:A:.rr-A'rj,i'^iA'v

0.46

16.71

0.70

74.65

0.64

60.17

0-51

28.78

0.46

16.71

0.51

28.78

0.58

45.68

Estimation o f Surface Water Flow

Chapter?