Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.
1) AnorganismofthegenusStaphylococcus is________,whileanorganismofthegenus Spirochaeta is
________.
A) coiled/spherical
B) rodshaped/coiled
C) spherical/coiled
D) spherical/rodshaped

1)

2) Bacteriawithappendages
A) possesstubularorstalk-likeextensionsoftheircells.
B) donotexist.
C) havefilamentsthatarecommonlycalledappendages.
D) havethebasiccharacteristicsofeukaryoticcells.

2)

3) Thetermsrunandtumblearegenerallyassociatedwith
A) clusteringpropertiesofcertainrod-shapedbacteria.
B) movementofthecell.
C) cellmembranestructures.
D) cellwallfluidity.

3)

4) Morphologyisatermthatreferstothe________ofanorganism.
A) attachmentsites
B) size
C) appendages
D) shape

4)

5) Nutrientsandwasteproductspassintoandoutofacellin________proportiontothecellssize.
A) exponential
B) direct
C) inverse
D) logarithmic

5)

6) Thecytoplasmicmembranecouldbestbedescribedas
A) ahighlyselectivepermeabilitybarrier.
B) slightlypermeabletowaterbutimpermeabletometabolicsolutes.
C) animpermeablebarrier.
D) apassiveconduitforintracellulartransport.

6)

7) Sterolsarevirtuallyalways
A) presentineukaryoticmembranesbutabsentinprokaryoticmembranes.
B) presentinbotheukaryoticandprokaryoticmembranes.
C) absentinbotheukaryoticandprokaryoticmembranes.
D) absentineukaryoticmembranesbutpresentinprokaryoticmembranes.

7)

8) Regardingmembranelinkages,whichstatementisTRUE?
A) BacteriaandEukaryahaveesterlinkages;Archaea linkagesarenotyetknown.
B) Eukaryahaveesterlinkages;Bacteria haveetherlinkages.
C) Archaeahaveesterlinkages;Eukarya haveetherlinkages.
D) BacteriaandEukaryahaveesterlinkages;Archaea haveetherlinkages.

8)

9) Carrier-mediatedtransportisnecessarywhen
A) movementintothecellisagainstaconcentrationgradient.
B) thelevelofnutrientsinnatureisverylow.
C) diffusionwillnotallowadequateamountsofasubstancetoenterthecell.
D) Alloftheabovearetrue.

9)

10) WhichstatementisTRUE?
A) Thephosphotransferasesystemhasnothingtodowithgrouptranslocation.
B) Grouptranslocationisapartofthephosphotransferasesystem.
C) Thephosphotransferasesystemissynonymouswithgrouptranslocation.
D) Thephosphotransferasesystemisatypeofgrouptranslocation.

10)

11) Theperiplasmisa(n)
A) regionbetweenthecytoplasmicmembraneandtheoutermembraneofgram -negative
Bacteria.
B) partoftheoutercellmembraneofgram -negativeorganisms.
C) alternatenamefortheinnercellmembraneofanyprokaryoticcell.
D) partoftheinnercellmembraneofgram -negativeorganisms.

11)

12) Bacteriastainasgram-positiveorgram-negativebecauseofdifferencesinthecell
A) wall.
B) chromosome.
C) nucleus.
D) cytoplasm.

12)

13) WhichofthesestatementsisTRUE?
A) Thegram-positivewallcontainsathickpeptidoglycanlayerbutisaboutascomplexasthe
gram-negativewall.
B) Thegram-negativewallcontainsathickpeptidoglycanlayerandismorecomplexthanthe
gram-positivewall.
C) Thegram-positivewallcontainsathickpeptidoglycanlayerbutislesscomplexthanthe
gram-negativewall.
D) Thegram-positivewallcontainsathickpeptidoglycanlayerandismorecomplexthanthe
gram-negativewall.

13)

14) Ingram-positiveBacteria,thecellwallmaybeupto________peptidoglycan.
A) 90%
B) 48%
C) 25%

14)
D) 72%

15) Thepolysaccharidepseudomureinispresentinthewallsof
A) someArchaea.
B) Eukarya.
C) Bacteria.
D) Bacteria andArchaea.

15)

16) Thelipopolysaccharide(LPS)layerisfoundONLYinthecellwallof
A) gram-positiveBacteria.
B) gram-negativeBacteria.
C) Eukarya.
D) Archaea.

16)

17) Anendotoxinis
A) atoxinknownforitsprimaryattackontheepidermisofmammals.
B) atoxinproducedwithinarchaealcells.
C) thetoxicportionoftheLPS.
D) thetoxinproducedintheperiplasmofmostbacteria.

17)

18) Hydrolyticenzymesfunctioninthe
A) regenerationoftheperiplasm.
B) chemotacticresponse,particularlyingram-negativeBacteria.
C) initialdegradationofnutrients.
D) transportofsubstrateswithinthecell.

18)

19) WhichstatementisTRUE?
A) Polarflagellaareindividualflagellaontheendsofbacterialcells;peritrichousflagellaare
tuftsontheendsofbacterialcells.
B) Polarflagellaarealloverthebacterialcells;lophotrichousflagellaareindividualflagellaon
theendsofbacterialcells.
C) Peritrichousflagellaarealloverthebacterialcells;lophotrichousflagellaaretuftsonthe
endsofbacterialcells.
D) Lophotrichousflagellaaretuftsontheendsofbacterialcells;peritrichousflagellaare
individualflagellaontheendsofbacterialcells.

19)

20) WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSE?
A) Aflagellarproteinsubunitisflagellin.
B) Thehookisthewiderregionatthebaseoftheflagellum.
C) Flagellarotateataconstantspeed.
D) Inflagellarmotion,thebasalbodyactsasamotor.

20)

21) Whichofthefollowingstatementsis/areTRUE?
A) Fimbriaeenablecellstosticktosurfaces.
B) Fimbriaearegenerallyshorterandmorenumerousthanflagella.
C) Piliserveasreceptorsandfacilitategeneticexchangebetweenprokaryoticcells.
D) Alloftheabovearetrue.

21)

22) Glycogengranules
A) functionasstoragedepotsforcarbonandenergy.
B) cannotbedetectedbylightmicroscopy,evenifiodineisadded.
C) arederiveddirectlyfromeitherPHBorPHA.
D) Noneoftheaboveappliestoglycogengranules.

22)

23) Amajorfunctionofprokaryoticgasvesiclesis
A) toserveasareservoirforoxygenandcarbondioxide.
B) toconferbuoyancyoncellsbydecreasingtheirdensity.
C) tokeepthecellsorganellesseparatedduringflagellarmotion.
D) noneoftheabove.

23)

24) Themembraneofagasvesicleiscomposedof
A) protein.
C) carbohydrate.

24)
B) variousphospholipids.
D) bothglycoproteinsandphospholipids.

25) Whatisthebiologicalfunctionofendospores?
A) Theyareformedasevaginationsofthebacterialcellwalls.
B) Theyenableorganismstoendureextremesoftemperature,drying,andnutrientdepletion.
C) Theyarebacterialreproductivestructures.
D) Alloftheaboveareendosporefunctions.

25)

26) Thetetraethermoleculewithinthemembranestructureofthe________yieldsalipid________.
A) Archaea/bilayer
B) Bacteria /monolayer
C) Bacteria/bilayer
D) Archaea /monolayer

26)

27) Aquaporinsare
A) watertransportproteins.
B) moleculesthatpreventwaterfromcrossingamembrane.
C) cationsboundtowatermolecules.
D) enzymesinvolvedinthegenerationofwaterwithincells.

27)

28) Translocasesarespecificforthetransportof
A) nucleicacids.
B) carbohydrates.

28)
C) lipids.

D) proteins.

29) Theprokaryotictransportsystemthatinvolvesasubstrate-bindingprotein,a
membrane-integratedtransporter,andanATP -hydrolyzingproteinis
A) theABCsystem.
B) grouptranslocation.
C) simpletransport.
D) symport.

29)

30) Negativelychargedmoleculesthatarepartiallyresponsibleforthenegativechargeofthe
gram-positivebacterialcellsurfaceare
A) phospholipids.
B) diaminopimelicacids.
C) teichoicacids.
D) peptideinterbridges.

30)

31) Althoughtheinnerleafletofthegram-negativeoutermembranecontainsphospholipids,theouter
leafletoftheoutermembranecontains
A) pseudopeptidoglycan.
B) poly--hydroxybutyricacid(PHB).
C) lipoteichoicacids.
D) lipopolysaccharide(LPS).

31)

32) Oneofthemanytypesofproteinsfoundinthecytoplasmicmembraneisinvolvedinthe
chemotacticresponseandiscalleda
A) bindingprotein.
B) hydrolyticenzyme.
C) porin.
D) chemoreceptor.

32)

33) Whendoesendosporeformationcommence?
A) followingbacterialdeath
B) whenbacteriaaredividingexponentially
C) whenbacterialgrowthceasesduetolimitationofanessentialnutrient
D) whenthebacteriumisundergoingbinaryfission

33)

34) Whichisafunctionofthecytoplasmicmembraneinprokaryotes?
A) Itisananchorformanyproteinsinvolvedinbioenergeticreactionsandtransport.
B) Itisamajorsiteofenergyconservation.
C) Itfunctionsasapermeabilitybarrier.
D) Allofthesearefunctionsofthecytoplasmicmembrane.

34)

TRUE/FALSE.WriteTifthestatementistrueandFifthestatementisfalse.
35) Theprotonmotiveforcehelpsdrivecellularfunctionsthatrequireenergybymaintaininga
positivelychargedsideofthecellandtheothernegativelycharged.

35)

36) Asageneralstatement,inclusionsfunctionasenergyreservesorasareservoirofstructural
buildingblocks.

36)

37) Theexistenceofnanobacteriawasconfirmedin2006.

37)

38) Smallerprokaryoticcellsgenerallygrowfasterthanlargeronesduetoahigher
surface-area-to-volumeratio.

38)

39) Hopanoidsstrengthentheplasmamembraneinprokaryotesandformahighlyrigidmembrane,
analogoustothefunctionofcholesterolinanimals.

39)

40) Ingeneral,lipidsinthearchaealmembranelacktruefattyacids.

40)

41) Somemembraneproteinsareinvolvedinbioenergeticreactions,whileothersareinvolvedin
membranetransport.

41)

42) Bothhydrophilicandchargedmoleculesreadilydiffusethroughthecytoplasmicmembrane.

42)

43) ABCtransportsystemsarepresentinbothgram-positiveandgram-negativeBacteria.

43)

44) Teichoicacidsarecommonlyfoundingram-negativecellwalls.

44)

45) Despitetheinvarianceofthepeptidoglycanbackbonesstructure,therearemorethan100different
typesofpeptidoglycan.

45)

46) Lysozymeisanenzymethatcanultimatelylyseandkillbacterialcellsbybreaking
-1,4-glycosidicbondsinpeptidoglycan.

46)

47) Porinsarechannelsintheoutermembranesofgram -positiveBacteria.

47)

48) Apurplebacterialcellisinterpretedasgram-positivewhenitformsinsolublecrystalviolet-iodine
complexeswithinthecellduringtheGramstain.

48)

49) Ingeneral,swimmingisperformedwithflagella,whereasglidingusesothercellularcomponents
suchaspili.

49)

50) Organismsmayrespondtotemporalratherthanspatialgradients.

50)

51) Chemotaxisisasensoryresponseaffectingflagellarfunction.

51)

52) Inphototaxis,photosyntheticorganismsmoveawayfromalightsource.

52)

53) Photoreceptorsareanalogoustochemoreceptorsinthattheyarebothproteinaceoussensors.

53)

54) PathogenicbacteriathatcontainS-layersareprotectedagainsthostdefensemechanisms.

54)

55) Poly--hydroxybutyricacid(PHB)isacarbon- andenergy-storingpolymer.

55)

56) Thelipidportionofthelipopolysaccharide(LPS)isknownaslipidA.

56)

SHORTANSWER.Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.
57) Thetermgiventothephospholipidbilayerandtheproteinsembeddedwithinitis
________.

57)

58) Theenergysourcederivedfromthechargeseparationacrossthecytoplasmicmembrane
isreferredtoasthe________.

58)

59) Anindividualrod-shapedbacteriumisalsocalleda(n)________morphology,whiletwo
ormoreofthesearecollectivelydescribedas________.Similarly,one________isa
sphericalbacterium,andtwoormorearetermed________.

59)

60) Ageneraltermtodescribeintracellularaccumulationsofpolyphosphate,elementalsulfur,
ormagnetosomesisa(n)________.

60)

61) Aphototrophicbacteriumswimsoutsidetheilluminatedfieldofviewofthemicroscope,
reversesdirection,andscurriesbackintothelightedarea.Thisisanexampleof________.

61)

62) Smallacid-solubleproteins(SASPs)arefoundinhighnumberswithinthecoreof
________,whichhelptoprotectDNAfrom________.Theyalsoserveasa(n)________
sourceduringoutgrowth.

62)

63) Theprotonmotiveforceisresponsiblefordrivingmanyenergy-requiringfunctionsinthe
cell,includingsomeformsof________,________,andbiosynthesisof________.

63)

64) ThepeptideinterbridgecrosslinkingisfoundONLYinthecellwallsof________Bacteria.

64)

65) Twitchingmotilityisanunusualformofmotilityinsomebacteriathatisaresultofaclass
ofsurfacestructuresknownas________.

65)

66) Eukaryoteshave________intheircytoplasmicmembranes,whichservetostrengthen
andstabilizethemembraneandmakeitlessflexible.Many Bacteriahavesimilar
molecules,knownas________,intheirmembranesthatlikelyhaveasimilarrole.

66)

67) TherigidlayerthatispresentinthecellwallsofBacteria thatisprimarilyresponsiblefor

thestrengthofthewallisknownas________.

67)

68) SomeoftheintestinalsymptomselicitedbypathogenssuchasSalmonella,Shigella,and
Escherichiaareduetothepresenceof________.

68)

ESSAY.Writeyouranswerinthespaceprovidedoronaseparatesheetofpaper.
69) Explainhowthesaturationeffectcaninfluencecarrier-mediatedtransport.
70) Describethemakeupofthephospholipidbilayer.Includemolecularorientationandembeddedproteins.
71) Whatistheevolutionaryadvantageofthemonolayeroftenfoundinarchaealmembranes?

72) Explainthedifferencesbetweenuniporters,symporters,andantiporters.
73) Describethegrowthofaflagellum.
74) Describethemechanismsbywhichcertainprokaryotesglide.Whataretheecologicaladvantagesofgliding
motility?
75) Describetheprocessesofendosporeformationandgermination.
76) Compareandcontrastaerotaxisandosmotaxis.
77) Compareandcontrastfimbriaeandpili.
78) Constructacharttoshowatleastfivemajordifferencesbetweenthecellwallandthecellmembraneof
bacterialcellsandarchaealcells.
79) Explainwhyprokaryotestendtoadaptmorerapidlytochangingenvironmentalconditionsandmoreeasily
exploitnewhabitatsthandoeukaryotes.
80) Compareandcontrastthelocationandactivitiesofperiplasm-bindingproteinsofABCtransportsystemsin
gram-negativeandgram -positiveBacteria.
81) Compareandcontrastacapsuleandaslimelayerintermsofcomposition,organization,andfunction.
82) Elaborateonwhythediscoveryofendosporeswasimportanttomicrobiology.
83) ExplainwhatwouldhappentoamotilebacteriumundergoingchemotaxisiftheFliproteinssuddenlyceased
tofunction.
84) Speculateonwhyallprokaryotictransportsystemsrequireenergyinsomeformoranother.
85) Explainwhyproteinexportisimportantformicroorganisms.

AnswerKey
Testname:UNTITLED3

1)
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C
A
B
D
C
A
A
D
D
D
A
A
C
A
A
B
C
C
C
C
D
A
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A
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D
A
D
A
C
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D
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
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FALSE
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FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
8

AnswerKey
Testname:UNTITLED3

51)
52)
53)
54)
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71)
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74)

75)
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81)
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TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
unitmembrane
protonmotiveforce
bacillus/bacilli/coccus/cocci
inclusion
scotophobotaxis
endospores/desiccationorultravioletlight(either)/carbonorenergy(either)
transport/motility/ATP(firsttwoanyorder)
gram-positive
typeIVpili
sterols/hopanoids
peptidoglycan
theirtoxiclipopolysaccharide(LPS)layer(specificallylipidA)
Answersshouldexplainthatuptakebecomesmaximalandtheadditionofmoresubstratecannotincreasetherateof
transport.
Figure3.5inthetextbookillustratesthephospholipidbilayerscomposition,inwhichthefattyacidcomponentsofthe
lipidsareorientedtowardeachother,whereastheglycerol-phosphatespointouttowardthecytoplasmandexternal
environment.
Answerswillvary,butonemajoradvantageistheabilitytowithstandrelativelyhightemperatures.
Answersshouldhighlightdifferencesintransportdirectionandenergyinput.
TheorderofsynthesisandformationshouldbedescribedbyfirsthavingtheMSring,anchoringproteins,andthe
hookextendoffofthecytoplasmicmembrane.Flagellinproteinsthenpassthroughthenarrowfilamentchanneland
capproteinsfinallyareputontotheendwhenroughly20,000flagellinhavebeenassembled.Flagellargrowthshould
alsobeemphasizedasoccurringfromtheterminusextendingratherthanaprotrusioncomingfromthebase.
Mechanismswillvarydependingontheorganismdescribed,someofwhichincludetheinvolvementofproteinsin
thecytoplasmicmembrane,slimeextrusion,andtypeIVpili.Examplesofadvantagescouldincludebiofilmformation
onasurfaceormovementtowardsadifferenthabitatwithnewresources.
Answerswillvary,buttheemphasisshouldbeonformationbeingtheresponseofavegetativecellgoingintoa
dormantstage,whilegerminationistheoppositewheretheendosporesloseitsdormantandresistantcharacteristics.
Answersshouldfocusonhowbothhavetodowithmovement( -taxis)inresponsetoeitheroxygencontent(aero-)or
ionicstrength(osmo-).
Similaritiescouldincludebeingcomposedofproteinsandbeingonthecellssurface,whiledifferencessuchas
function,length,andnumberpercellcouldalsobedescribed.
Answerscouldincludethefollowing:theabundanceorpresenceofaminoacidstereoisomers,polysaccharides,
pseudomureinandS-layers,actionoflysozymeandpenicillin,andtypeofglycosidicbonds.
Answerswillvary,butshouldmentionhowtheS/Vratioinfluencesthegrowthrateandtotalaccumulationof
mutations,whichareimmediatelyexpressedinprokaryotes.
Answerswillvary,butthemaindifferenceisgramnegativeshavemanytransportproteinswithinthecells
periplasmicspaceandgrampositives(whichlackaperiplasm)havethemanchoredtotheexternalsurfaceofthecell;
overallATP-hydrolysistransportationisthesame.
Answerswillvary,butcapsulesshouldbegenerallydescribedasmorerigidbarriersthanslimelayers.
Twopossiblethemescouldbehowtheirpresenceisanimportantconsiderationduringsterilizationinthelabortheir
persistenceintheenvironment.
Answerswillvary,butthefunctionofFliproteinsshouldbedescribedasreversingflagellarrotation.
9

AnswerKey
Testname:UNTITLED3

84) Answerswillvary,butakeyprinciplethatshouldbedescribedisthatmovementofanythingwillrequireenergy
input.
85) Answerswillvary,butafocuscouldbeonexoenzymesfunctioningoutsideofacell.

10