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Limits Cheat Sheet

Algebra

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Trigonometry

Limit Properties

Limits
Limit Properties
Limit to Infinity Properties
Indeterminate Forms
Common Limits
Limit Rules
Derivatives
Integrals

If the limit of f( x ) , and g ( x ) exists, then the following apply:

limx a ( x ) = a

lim

(x)

limx a [ c f ( x ) ] = c limx af ( x )

lim

( 5x )

lim

( (x) )

limx a

[ ( f ( x ) ) c ] = ( limxaf ( x ) ) c

limx a [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] = limx af ( x ) limx ag ( x )

lim

(x + x )

limx a [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] = limx af ( x ) limx ag ( x )

lim

(x x )

lim
f(x)
limx a f ( x ) = x a ,

lim

()

limx

( 1 + x)

limx

(x 9)

limx

(x

limx

( )

limx

( 7x )

[ ( )]
g x

where limx ag ( x ) 0

limx ag ( x )

x
x

Limit to Infinity Properties

For

limx cf ( x ) = ,limx cg ( x ) = L, the following apply:

limx c [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] =
limx c [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] = ,

L>0

limx c [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] = ,

L<0

limx c g ( x ) = 0
f(x)

( )

limx axn = ,

a>0

( )

limx axn = ,

( )

limx axn = ,

n is even,

a>0

n is odd,

a>0

()

limx ca = 0

Indeterminate Forms
00

0
0

( 7 )

x
x

limx

( 15x )

limx

( 15x )

limx

15

( )
x

Common Limits

(( ) )

limx 1 + kx x = ek

limx

(( ) ) =
x x
x+k

limx 0

( (1 + x) ) = e
x

Limit Rules
Limit of a constant

limx ac = c

lim

Basic Limit

limx ax = a

lim

Squeeze Theorem

( )

( )

Then for any a c b,

For

L'Hopital's Rule

[ ]
( ) ( )
( )

Let f, g and h be functions such that for all x a, b

(except possibly at the limit point c ), f x h x g x
Also suppose that, limx cf x = limx g x = L

if

lim

( ( ))

lim

( ( ))

lim

( sin ( x ) )

lim

( tan ( 3x ) )

sin x
x

limx ch ( x ) = L

limx a f ( x ) ,

( ( ))
( ) lim ( (( )) ) =
lim
( (( )) ) = lim ( (( )) )
g x

limx a f ( x ) = 00
g(x)

or

f x
x a g x

then

If there exists two sequences,

f x
x a g x
f' x
x a '
g x

sin x
x

{ xn } n=1 and { y }

with:

Divergence Criterion

xn c, and yn c
lim xn = lim yn = c
lim f xn lim f yn
Then limx cf ( x ) does not exist

( )

( )

limu bf ( u ) = L, and limx ag ( x ) = b,

f ( x ) is continuous at x = b
Then: limx af ( g ( x ) ) = L
if

Limit Chain Rule

EqsQuest 2012

and

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