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.......................................................................................... 6
1 ........................................................................................... 1
................................. 1
1.1. ................................. 1
1.2. ........................................................ 5
1.2.1. .......................................................... 8
1.3. ..................... 11
1.3.1. ............................................................................. 11
1.3.2. ............................................................................ 12
1.3.3.

...................................................................................... 14
1.4. .................................... 17

2 ......................................................................................... 19
................................................... 19
2.1

................................................................................................ 19

2.2

............................................ 20
2.2.1 .......................................................... 20

2.3

............................................................ 22
2.3.1 ....................... 22
2.3.2 .................................................... 23

2.4

................................................................................. 26
2.4.1 ........................................................ 26
2.4.2 ........................................................ 33
2.4.3 ........................................................................ 48

2.5

............... 51
2.5.1 ......................................... 51
2.5.2 ..................... 55

3 ......................................................................................... 59
............................................ 59
3.1

................................................................................................ 59

3.2

/ ...................................................... 59
3.2.1 ........................... 59
3.2.2
............................................................................ 61

3.3

................................ 62
3.3.1 ......................................................... 62
3.3.2 ......................................................................................... 64
3.3.3 ........................................................................................... 65
3.3.4 .............................................................................. 67
3.3.5 .................................................................................... 68
3.3.6 - ......................................................... 74
3.3.7 ......................................................................................... 77
3.3.8 ................................................ 77
3.3.9 ................................................ 83

3.4

..................................................................... 86
3.4.1 ...................................................... 86

3.5

....................... 89
3.5.1
....................................................................................... 89
3.5.2

..................................................................................... 92
3.5.3
........................................ 95

...................................................................................... 99

1.1.

,
.

.
- (1918-2004),

Royal Aeronautical Society
' .

()
.
.

1.1 (, 2001):

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12

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1.3.
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100%
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x

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14

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15

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( N)
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(1D)

2-
( , , V)

2
1
3

4- 6-

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4-, 6-, 8-

10-, 20-

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(2D)

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(3D)

1.6.

16

()

()

()

1.7. () -1D (Sextos et al.

2005), () -2D ( , 2006) ()
-3D ( , 2006)

17

1.3.

1.3.1.

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:

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(.. 1.3, 1.4).

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(2
- 1.8).
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1.9). ..
123 1.6 1, 2 3 rst
r,s t ).

Z
RZ
()

()

RY

RY

18

 1.8. () ()

Y
()

()

Z
1.9. ()
() (
)

1.3.2.

.
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(
) :
, (KN/m)

:
(1.1)

: (KN/m)

Poisson v

. Poisson

( 1.10).

19

W W
O

Poisson's ratio v

L L O

WO

LO

1.10. Poisson
, G (KN/m)

:
G

2 1 v

(1.2)
(1.3)

: (KN/m)

(t/m) (KN/m)

m
B
,
, g
V
V

(1.4)

-

.
,
( 2000),
( Hooke). -
20

 q,

.
Rd
Rd/q.
,
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1.3.3.

(
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1.11. (rx, ry, rz)
( 1.9),
(
1.8).

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rz
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z
y
uy

ry

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rx

1.11.

, .
1.12
( ).
21


1.12.

()

()

Mz
My

MB

MA

NA

Vy

NA
VA

VB

MT
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1.12. () ()
( )

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1.13.
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( Hooke).

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(,
) (. 1.13),
.
() ,

.

22

 M(x)

=d/dx

V
G

GJ

dx
() (x)

dx
V(x)

=du/dx

du
=dy/dx

dy
dx
(x)

=d/dx

d
dx

:
G: E=2G(1+v), v: Poisson
:
: ( =5/6 )

-
:
JT:
1.13.

1.13,

.
: (, G)
(, , , JT). , ,
:

(): .

23

():
( )

(G):
()

(GJT):

-, ..
, .
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( )

.
1.4.

.


.

( 1.14):
()

( , , )

()

( , )

()

( , crash test )

()

()

( ,
, )

()

24

()

()

()

()

1.14.

25

2.1

.
2.1.

26

CAD H/Y
(Computer Aided Design)

, ,
(,
, )

CAA H/Y
(Computer Aided Analysis)

(M, V, N,
)

H/Y

()

CAD H/Y
(Computer Aided Design)

2.15.

27

 ,
( )
()
.
() .
2.2

/
.
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2.2.1

( 2.2).

.
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.

2.16.
() (, 2006)

.

,
( )

28

.
( 2.3).

4.0

Acc (m/s)

3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
0

10

15

20

25

30

t (sec)

2.17.

.
, 2.4,
()
.
.
( ) (
-) .
( )
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( )
.

.
( 2000)
.

29

Acc (m/sec)

a4

a3

a5

a2

3)
a6


T (sec)

a1
PGA

2)

a6

a4
a2

a1

a5

5%

a3

T=0
soil

T1

T2

T3

T4

T6

PGA (max )

..

ug

( T)

T5

1)

2.18.

2.3

2.3.1

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( 2.5):

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30

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2.19. /
2.3.2

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2.6, :
1. (1) (1)
(

31

2. (2) (2)
(
2)
3. ( (3)

(3))

4. (4) (4)

H/L>4

2
H/L<2

t
H

2.20. / (, 2001)

.
(, 2001):
:

()

32

( 2.7)

( )

()

()

( 2.7)

( )

()

.
-
2.8.

33

 (q=3.5)
5.0
4.5
4.0

Acc (m/s)

3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0

EAK 2000

1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

(sec)

2.21. 2000 ( ,
0.36g)

2.22.
- (, 2001)

2.4

.


.

2000
(3.5.1 [3] [4]
2000).

34


(4.1.7 2000).
2.4.1

2.4.1.1. ()

2000 (3.5.1[4])
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( 2.9). (
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(
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2.23. ( )

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35% (3.5.1[4] 2000). , 4.1.7.1[3]
35


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36

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2.25.
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39

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2.28. ()
()

40

K
M

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M
K

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M K

M K

M K

M K

M K

M K

K
M K

M K

M K

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2.29.
(
, 2001 Wirtschaftsministerium
Baden-Wrttemberg, 2008)

, (),(),()
2.16 2000 (4.1.7.1)
41

 , (),(),()
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42

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2.31.

(: Wirtschaftsministerium Baden-Wrttemberg, 2008)
2.4.2.2.

3.5.1[4] 3.5.1[4] 2000

35% .
50%
( 2.18).
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2.19.

43


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2.20.
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Kobe 17/1/1995
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mi+1
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mi+1
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1.35

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0.50

Ki+1
Ki

1.35 Ki

1.35

2.32. 2000

44


0.2m
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45

 2.33.

2.34.
(: Wirtschaftsministerium Baden-Wrttemberg, 2008
: : Dr. Roger Hutchison, Kobe M=7.2, 17/01/1995)
2.4.2.3.

.

( 2.21 2.22).

.

.

46

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2.23.

2.35.

2.36.

K=

K=2

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->
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2.37.

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... .
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 (2006) ,
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( 15%).
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35%
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48

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4
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()

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2.39.
( 2000 .4.1.4)

2.26, 2.27, 2.28.

.

2.29.

49

 2.40.

2.41. ( Imperial Valley M=7.0, California,

15/10/1979, Bertero, Vitelmo V. - Earthquake Image Information
System, NISEE, University of California, Berkeley)

2.42. ( Kobe M=7.2, Japan

17/01/1995)

50

 2.43. 2 ( ) ( Kocaeli M=7.4, Turkey

17/08/1999, Earthquake Image Information System, NISEE, University
of California, Berkeley)
2.4.2.4.

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2.30 .
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(
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51

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( ) (
).

2003 ( 2.34).
( - 2.34-)

(
- 2.34-).
2.35
,

( , 2006).

53

 2.46.
(
Northridge M=6.7, California, 17/01/1994, Northridge Earthquake
Reconnaissance Report, Earthquake Spectra: The Professional Journal of EERI,
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (USA) 1996 2)

2.47.
( Gualan M=7.5, Guatemala, 04/02/1976, K.V. Steinbrugge,

54

Earthquake Image Information System, NISEE, University of California, Berkeley)

()

()

()

()

55

()

()

2.48. =6.4
13/08/2003 () , () , ()-()
, ()-()
(: Sextos et al, 2005)

()

56

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2.49.
2.34. ()
, ()

2.4.3

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( 2.36).

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2.37


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58

(
)

2.50.
(: 2001, Wirtschaftsministerium Baden-Wrttemberg, 2008)

59

60

M >>

M >>

2.51. (
) ( : 2001)

2.5

2.5.1

(2005).

2.38. 1
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61

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SAP 2000.

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24
T3

23

20
19

22

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11

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17

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8
K8

10

12

21

18

15
14
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22

19

16

11

10

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9
K9

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23

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20

17

14
K7

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16

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24

18

T3

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21

T1

15

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12

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62

K10

K10

24

21
20

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17

14

22

13

3(): 4

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11

10

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23

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19

13

16

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22

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17

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6
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23

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15

18

15

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24

T1

21

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12

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4():

2.52. (, 2005)

3000

3000

2500

2500

1960,99 1965,66 1963,62 1953,63

T1x
T2x

1500

T3y

1000

2000
KN*m

KN*m

2000

T3x
T1y
T4y

2()

3000

3000

2500
1561,11 1573,61
1227,87 1220,59

1000

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T3y
T4y

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2500

T1x

2000

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1500

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2000

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2466,2
1972,13

2003,43 2003,43 2008,11 2008,11

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500

0
3()

T2x

4()

2.53. (, 2005)

63

140

140
120

100

100

80

80

60
40

42,03

39,02 39,24 41,79

10

KN*m

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120

K1
67,29

60

35,8

40

12

20

20

0
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140

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34,31

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140

123,75

120

100

K1

100

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80

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80

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60
40

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27,13

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120

123,79

67,72

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40

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2.54. (, 2005)

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,
2000.

4 .

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( 2.41),

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( 2000, 3.3.2 3.3.1). ,

( 2.41),

64

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( 2.42)

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12, 4
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( 2.43).

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()

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19

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10

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23
22

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17

14

6
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5
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2.56. 1 4 (

65

 ) (, 2005)

80

80

40

46,37 46,38
38,16 38,13

12
13
14

20
0

60

11
KN*m

KN*m

60

56,99 57,01 54,72 54,73

41
42

40

43
44

20
0

12 (base)

12 (base)

2.57. 12 1 4
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(2005).
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2.46 1
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66

 2.58.

() /

() 1 1/1

2.59. 1
(, 2004)

67

 2.60.

68

3.1

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(
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70

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)

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(t/m)

(KN/m)

Poisson v

(, ...)

(modification factors)

(, , )

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3.3

3.3.1

.
,
( 3.2):

71

:

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:
.

:

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,
.

,
( 2000).



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3.2
3.3.

,
3.2.

.
3.3
.

72

 3.62. /

3.63.

73


3.3.2

.
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(.,
Czerny, Markus, Pieper-Martens ).
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(.. , , )
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3.5,
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74

 3.64.

3.65. .

3.3.3

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3.6) .

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,
3.6.
, ,
75


( 3.7).

.

( ), 3.8. ,
,
.

. , 2000 (3.2.3[2]),
1/2
1/10 . 8
(4.3.1(7)), 1/2
,
( , 2011)
2000.

(2005).

3.66.
( )

76

3.67. (
)

3.68. (, 2002)
3.3.4

. , ( )
.
( 3.6).
.
, ,
,
( , 2005).

( ).
, 2000


( 2000 .3.2.3[2]
8 4.3.1[7] ,
1/2
, ).
1/10 ( 2000 3.2.3[2]).
3.3.5

,
77

 .

. 2000 ( 781/18-06-2003),

1.5m 4 2.0m .

. ,
60% (nv>0.60),
60% ,
- ( 2000 4.1.4.2[2]). ,
2000 (18.5.1)
L/b4.
.
120/30 (120/30=4) ( <1.5m),
150/40 4 (1.50m )
(150/40=3.75<4) .

( 3.2).
.
,
.
3.3.5.1. ( )

3.9.

, , .

(
3.10).
.

(
3.10). ,
3.11()
( )

. (
),
3.11().
(
, 2005):

78

J t3h ,

1
192 t
h
1 5
tanh

3
h
2 t

(3.5)

:
h

, ,
,
1000 ( )
.
- 3.12.
2000 (3.2.3[2]),
2/3 (
) 1/10 .

-
. 8 (4.3.1(7)),
1/2
.

3.69.

79

 3.70.

()

()

3.71.
() ()
3.3.5.2.

.
.
.
,
80

 .

( ) 2
(
, 2005).
( 3.12).
2000
(3.2.3[2])
2/3 ( )
1/10 .

, ..
(2000).

3.13.

( ):

: IX , IZ

: IX

IZ

: JY t3h *

JY

: AX , AZ

: JY
: AX

AZ
:

81

A bt

3
: IX b t

12

* , IY bt

12

: JY t3h *
:

AX 5 A , AY 5 A
6
6

1
192 t
h
1 5
tanh

3
h
2 t

h:
b:
t:
*
3.72.

( )

82

( )

3.73.

83

3.3.6

.
( ) .

.
3.3.6.1. (
)

.
( )
, , ,
( 3.14).
,

3.15.
( , 2005):
J t3h ,

1
192 t
h
1 5
tanh

3
h
2 t

(3.6)

:
h

, ,
,
1000
( ) .
-

3.16.
2/3 ( )
1/10 ( 2000, 3.2.3[2]).
.

- ( 13
, 2005) .

84

3.74.
( )

3.75.
(, 2001)

3.3.6.2.

.


( 3.16).

85

b, t

( ):

-:

: I

: I

: J

: J t3h *

: A

: A

A bt

3
: I b t

12

I bt

12

: J t3h *
: A 5 A
6
:

1
192 t
h
1 5
tanh

3
h
2 t

h:
b:
t:
*
3.76.

86


3.3.7

.

3.17.
/ ,

.


.

.

.

3.77.
3.3.8

.


.
,

( 3.2.3[4] ).
87


Winkler
(
) .
, ,
(
3.18).


.
.

(
E G ).
Mylonakis et al
(2006) Kirtas et al (2007).

.

3.1 3.2.

( Kz)
( Krx Kry).

.

KY

2B

2L

2L

KrY
KX
KrX

KrZ KZ

3.78. ( )
3.2.
(Gazetas 1991 Gazetas 1997)

88

, z
, y
( )
, x
( )

Kz

4.54GB
1v

k z k z , v, 0 ,
B

Ky

9GB
2v

k y k y , 0 ,
B

Kx Ky

, rx
( x
)

Krx

kx 1

3.6GB3
1v

v 0.45 : kry 1 0.300

, ry
( y
)

: 0

krx 1 0.200

Kry Krx

0.30

v 0.50 : kry

Kt 8.3GB3

L
1 0.250
B

k t 1 0.140

, L=: , G:
VS

3.3.

(Dobry and Gazetas 1986, Gazetas 1991 Gazetas 1997)

,z
, y
(
)
, x
(
)
,
rx
(
x
)
,
ry
(
y
)

Kz

2GL
0.73 1.54 0.75

1v

k z k z , v, 0 ,
B

Ky

2GL
2 2.5 0.85
2v

k y k y , 0 ,
B

Kx Ky

0.2
B

GL 1
0.75 v
L

0.25

G 0.75 L
Krx
Ibx
1v
B

0.15

3G 0.75 L
Kry
Iby
1v
B

2.4 0.5 L

kx 1

krx 1 0.200

v 0.45 : kry 1 0.300

0.30

L
v 0.50 : kry 1 0.250
B

89


: 0

10

Kt GJb0.75 4 11 1
L

k t 1 0.140

, b2 , Ab 2B 2L , Ibx , Iby
VS
4L

Jb Ibx Iby

G
,

:
G VS2 , G

E
2 1 v

VS

(3.7)

, 3.19.
3
Kz, Krx, Kry (
) Kz
.

.

90

A-A

cM,

cN,

cN

cN

cN

cN

cN

cN

cN

cN,

cM,

3.79.

3.3.8.1.

3.20.
1m.
6m
A-A
2x2m

6x1.2m

Z
A
X

Vs=450m/s
=2t/m

Y
1.2m

v=0.33

3.80.
:

91

t
m
G V 2 3 4502 405000 KPa
m
s
2
S

:
2

m s2 1
t m
1
m s2
1

t
1000 kgr 2
1000 kg 2

3
2
2
m s
ms
s
m
m

s
s
m
m
s2

1
1000 N 2 1000 Pa 1 KPa
m

(L=B=1m):

3.1
.
: CN, Kz

4.54GB
KN
2744328
1 v
m

: C, Krx

3.6GB3
2176119 KNm
1v

: C, Kry Krx 2176119 KNm

:

L=3m =0.6m.
3.2.
: Kz

2GL
0.73 1.54 0.75
1v

Ab
2L 2B B
KN
.

0.2 Kz 4318028
4L2
4L2
L
m

7 CN Kz CN 616861

KN
.
m

3.3.8.2.

Ks.


, (.. kN) (.. m).
,
,
. ,
( , 2011).

Ks
( 0.305m 1.0ft).

92

 Ks ( kN/m kN/m/m
) Terzaghi (1955)
3.3.

3.4. Ks (Terzaghi 1955, , 2011)

Ks

Ks

6.4-19.2 (MN/m)

12.9

(NSPT<10)

(MN/m)

(10<NSPT<30)

(30<NSPT)

(100kPa<cu<200kPa)

**

(200kPa<cu<400kPa)
(400kPa<cu)

19.2-96.2

41.7

(MN/m)

(MN/m)

96.2-321.0

161

(MN/m)

(MN/m)

16.2-32.1

24.1

(MN/m)

(MN/m)

32.1-64.2

48.2

(MN/m)

(MN/m)

>96 (MN/m)

96.4
(MN/m)

* 1.5 0.6
** cu

,
,
( , 2011):
2

n

2

n


2
1

3
2L

D
n 1 2

( n=1)

93

 L , D
,
Ks 0.305m (1ft).
Ks :

Ks, n n n Ks

(,
2001):
:

Kz K s L B

Krx Ks

3.3.9

Kry Ks

L x L3y
12
L Ly
3
x

12

.

.
,
(
, 1992).
.

:

(
)

(

)

94

,
.
3.21,
:
ES AS

GW AW
cos2 sin

(3.8)

.
,
( 3.22).

,
.
.

(
Kappos et al, 1998).


( ) (
).


(Haddad, 1991).

(
) ( ,
). ,
,
. ,
,
(Kappos et al., 1998).

95

 3.81.

3.82.
(
)

96

3.4

3.4.1

- .
.
( )
( ),
.

,
.
/ .

, .

:

.

(-)

.

,
,
( 2000 3.2.2[2]).

.
(

), 2000 (3.3.1)
4 (
).

,


( 2000 3.2.2[1] .3.2.2[1]).

97

 ( )
:
Jm Ix Iy

(3.9)

:
(t/m) :
Ix , Iy

( )
( 3.23) (
).
G+0.3Q=7.78KN/m.

KB1

KB2

3.83.

.
3.23
:
1: 5x6m, 1=56=30m, 1 (2.5,3.0)
2: 3x2m, 1=32=6m, 2 (6.5,1.0)
:

98

x1 A1 x2 A2
2.5m 30m2 6.5m 6m2

3.17m
A1 A2
30m2 6m2

(3.10)

y1 A1 y2 A2
3m 30m2 1m 6m2

2.67m
A1 A2
30m2 6m2

(3.11)

m
:
B 7.78

A1
30 m2
A
6 m2
28.54 t
23.78 t , m2 m 2 28.54 t
4.76 t
2
A
36 m
A
36 m2

(3.14)

5m 63 m3
6m 53 m3
90m4 , Iy1
62.5m4
12
12

(3.15)

3m 23 m3
2m 33 m3
2m4 , Iy2
4.5m4
12
12

(3.16)

Ix2

m 28.54 t
t

0.793
2
A
36 m
m2

:
Ix1

(3.13)

( m ):

(3.12)

m1 m

B
280
KN
28.54 t
36m2 280 KN , m
g 9.81
m2

Jm1 (Ix1 Iy1 ) 0.793 t / m2 90 62.5 m4 120.93 tm2

(3.17)

Jm2 (Ix2 Iy2 ) 0.793 t / m2 2 4.5 m4 5.15 tm2

(3.18)

r12 x x1 y y1 3.17 2.5 2.67 3 0.4489 0.1089 0.5578m2

2

(3.19)
r22 x x2 y y2 3.17 6.5 2.67 1 11.0889 2.7889 13.8778m2
2

(3.20)

Jm JmA mA rA2 :
Jm Jm1 m1 r12 JmB m2 r22

120.93tm2 23.78t 0.5578m2 5.15tm2 4.76t 13.8778m2 205.40tm2

99

(3.21)

:
. ,

,
, J m.
(
, 2012),
.

3.5

3.5.1

(2005). 3.24.
:

(
)

(
)

( )

100

 3.84. (, 2005)

()

()

3.85. () ()
(, 2005)

,
( 3.26).
( 3.26).
3.27.
( 3.27)
( 3.27).
.

2320 KNm,
1/3 .
101



( 3.2.3[4] ).

. ,

.


.

.

0.7139

T (sec)

0.7
0.6

0.5281

0.689
0

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

X (cm)

0.8

3.5
3

2.43

1.62

2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2.53

2.5

()

()

3.86. 3
(, 2005)

150

3000
137

120

138

100
50
0

()

(KNm)

(m)

200

2500

2320

2000
1500
1000

712

839

500
0

()

3.87. 3

102

 (, 2005)

3.88.
(, 2005)

3.5.2

(2005)
(2004). (2), (4)
(9) ( 3.29):
()
()

() ()

() ( )

: () ()
.
(max) (min).
(
max/)
50% ,
( 3.30).

, (

103

3.31).
.

3.89. 9
(, 2005)

104

()

()

3.90. 9
() (, 2005) () (,
2004)

105

()

()

3.91. 4 ()
(, 2005) () (, 2004)

106

3.5.3

(2008).
, SAP 2000,
6 ,
( 3.32).

.

:

2000
(
),

.

.
.

, ,
,
.
,
.

107

 3.92.
(, 2008)

,
, 3.33. ,
, 0.486s 0.522s
7%.

2000 ( 0.15s 0.6s).


.
(
, ),
.
2000
, .
3.34
.
10% .

.

108


0,53

0,52226

0,52

sec

0,51

0,50403

0,50322

0,5
T

0,48634

0,49
0,48
0,47
0,46

3.93.
(, 2008)

Fx(max)
3050

Fy(max)
3007,104

3001,146

3000
2950
2900
2850
2800

2756,534

2739,235

2750
2700
2650
2600

2950
2900
2850
2800
2750
2700
2650
2600
2550
2500
2450
2400

2911,042
2859,49

2709,932
2597,179

3.94.
(, 2008)

2
3.35. :

EARTHXmax: G+0.3Q+EX+0.3EY

EARTHXmin: G+0.3Q-EX-0.3EY

EARTHYmax: G+0.3Q+0.3EX+EY

EARTHYmin: G+0.3Q-0.3EX-EY

.
,

. 15%,

.
3.36
(25) (30).
109

 ,
( 65% ),
(),

().

.

.
1

1
0.06

0.12

0.05

0.1

0.03

0.08
U (abs)

U (abs)

0.04

0.02

0.06

0.04

0.01

0.02

0
EARTHX Max EARTHX Min EARTHY Max EARTHY Min

EARTHX Max EARTHX Min EARTHY Max EARTHY Min

3
0.05

0.045

0.045

0.04

0.04

0.035

0.035

0.03

0.025

0.02

0.015

U (abs)

U (abs)

3
0.05

0.03

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.01

0.005

0.005

0
EARTHX Max EARTHX Min EARTHY Max EARTHY Min

EARTHX Max EARTHX Min EARTHY Max EARTHY Min

3.95. (, 2008)

T30

T25
3000

1800
1600

2500

1200

1000

800

600

400

2000
M(abs)

M(abs)

1400

1500

1000
500

200

0
EARTHX Max

EARTHX Min

EARTHY Max

EARTHY Min

EARTHX Max

EARTHX Min EARTHY Max EARTHY Min

3.96.
(, 2008)

110


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R.,

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G.

(1986),

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of

Arbitrary

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(1955),

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111

Wirtschaftsministerium Baden-Wrttemberg (2008), "Erdbebensicher Bauen",

Stuttgart
.. (2001), " .

", , ,
.., ., ., . (2005),
"

",

..,

.,

.,

(2011),

" /
& ",
. (2004), "
", , ,
, ...
. (2005), "
/ ", ,
, , ...
. (2002), " ",
,
. (2006), "
", , ,
, ...
. (2007), "
", ,
, ,

., . (2012), " .3:

",

, , ...
., ., .. (2000), "
/", ,
TEE, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 41-57
., . (2005), " ",
, ... ,
. (2008), "
2000", ,
, , ...

112

, , , . (2006), "

14.08.03",

15

, , , , 25-27
., . (1992), " ",
,
., . (2006), "
Zacosta .
", 1 ,

(),

(2006),

"

", ,
. (2005), "
",
, ,
, ...
() (2009), " -
: ", ,
(2000), " ,
EAK2000", ( 2003)

(2000),

"

, 2000",
. (2005), "
,
", ,
, , ...

113

- 114