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Reference Sheet - Chemistry PDF
Reference Sheet - Chemistry PDF
Name
Value
Standard temperature
22.4 L
Avogadros number
Standard pressure
Thermodynamic Constants
Symbol
Value
H f (water)
334 J/g
Hv (water)
2,260 J/g
J for ice, 2.02 J for steam,
gC
gC
J
4.18
for liquid
gC
2.05
C p (water)
Metal
Specific Heat
J
gC
Density
(g/cm3)
Aluminum
0.897
2.702
660
Copper
0.385
8.92
1083
Gold
0.129
19.31
1064
Iron
0.449
7.86
1535
Lead
0.129
Magnesium
1.023
Mercury
0.140
Nickel
0.444
8.90
1455
Titanium
0.523
4.5
1660
Zinc
0.388
7.14
420
11.3437
1.74
13.5939
328
649
39
Page 1
Organic Substances
Name
Density
Ethanol
(CH3CH2OH)
0.7893 g/cm 3
119
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
1.54 g/cm 3
Hexane
(C6H14)
0.6603 g/cm 3
Methane
(CH4)
0.716 g/L
Methanol
(CH3OH)
0.7914 g/cm 3
Sucrose
(C12H22O11)
1.27 g/cm 3
86
79
Decompose
95
69
182
164
94
65
86
Decompose
Inorganic Substances
Name
*Density @ STP
Chlorine
3.21 g/L
101
35
Hydrogen
0.0899 g/L
259
253
Hydrogen chloride
1.640 g/L
115
85
Hydrogen sulfide
1.54 g/L
85
61
Nitrogen
1.25 g/L
210
196
Nitrogen monoxide
1.34 g/L
164
152
Oxygen
1.43 g/L
218
183
Sodium carbonate
2.532 g/cm 3
851
Decomposes
Sodium chloride
2.165 g/cm 3
801
1413
Sulfur dioxide
2.92 g/L
73
10
1.00 g/cm 3
100
Page 2
Formulas
D= m
V
D = density
K = C + 273
m = mass
PV
PV
1 1
= 2 2
T1
T2
V = volume
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 + ...
K = Kelvin
M1V1 = M2V2
P = pressure
PV = nRT
R = gas constant
M = moles of solute
liters of solution
T = temperature
q = mCpT
M = molarity
q = mHv
n = number of moles
q = mH f
pH + pOH = 14
Cp = specific heat
pH = log[H +]
Hv = heat of vaporization
pOH = log[OH ]
H f = heat of fusion
K w = [H +][OH ] = 1 1014
[H +] = 10 pH
[OH ] = 10pOH
Page 3
PERIODIC TABLE
1
IA
1
H
1.008
2
IIA
3
Li
4
Be
Lithium
Beryllium
6.941
9.012
11
Na
12
Mg
Hydrogen
Sodium
Magnesium
22.99
24.31
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
VIIIB
9
VIIIB
19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
39.10
40.08
44.96
47.88
50.94
51.99
54.94
55.85
58.93
37
Rb
38
Sr
39
Y
40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo
43
Tc
44
Ru
45
Rh
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
85.47
87.62
88.91
91.22
92.91
95.94
(98)
101.07
102.91
55
Cs
56
Ba
57
La
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
Cesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
132.91
137.38
138.91
178.49
180.95
183.84
186.21
190.23
192.22
87
Fr
88
Ra
89
Ac
104
Rf
105
Db
106
Sg
107
Bh
108
Hs
109
Mt
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium
(223)
(226)
(227)
(261)
(262)
(263)
(264)
(269)
(268)
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
140.12
140.91
144.24
(145)
150.36
151.96
157.25
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
94
Pu
95
Am
96
Cm
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
232.04
231.04
238.04
(237)
(244)
(243)
(247)
Page 4
OF THE ELEMENTS
18
VIIIA
2
He
13
IIIA
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
4.003
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
10.81
12.01
14.01
16.00
19.00
20.18
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
26.98
28.09
30.97
32.07
35.45
39.95
Helium
10
VIIIB
11
IB
12
IIB
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
58.69
63.55
65.39
69.72
72.61
74.92
78.96
79.90
83.80
46
Pd
47
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
106.42
107.87
112.41
114.82
118.71
121.76
127.60
126.90
131.29
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
195.08
196.97
200.59
204.38
207.2
208.98
(209)
(210)
(222)
110
Ds
111
Rg
112
Uub
Darmstadtium
Roentgenium
Ununbium
(271)
(272)
(277)
65
Tb
66
Dy
67
Ho
68
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb
71
Lu
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
158.93
162.50
164.93
167.26
168.93
173.04
174.97
97
Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
100
Fm
101
Md
102
No
103
Lr
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
(247)
(251)
(252)
(257)
(258)
(254)
(262)
Page 5
SOLUBILITY RULES
Soluble:
All Nitrates, Acetates, Ammonium,
and Group 1 (IA) salts
All Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides,
except Silver, Lead, and Mercury(I)
All Fluorides except Group 2 (IIA),
Lead(II), and Iron(III)
All Sulfates except Calcium,
Strontium, Barium, Mercury,
Lead(II), and Silver
SYNTHESIS:
a. Formation of binary compound: A + B AB
b. Metal oxide-water reactions: MO + H2O base
c. Nonmetal oxide-water reactions: (NM)O + H2O acid
2.
DECOMPOSITION:
a. Binary compounds: AB A + B
b. Metallic carbonates: MCO3 MO + CO2
c. Metallic hydrogen carbonates: MHCO3 MO+ H2O(l) + CO2(g)
d. Metallic hydroxides: MOH MO + H2O
e. Metallic chlorates: MClO3 MCl + O2
f. Oxyacids decompose to nonmetal oxides and water: acid (NM)O + H2O
3.
SINGLE REPLACEMENT:
a. Metal-metal replacement: A + BC AC + B
b. Active metal replaces H from water: M + H2O MOH + H2
c. Active metal replaces H from acid: M + HX MX + H2
d. Halide-Halide replacement: D + BC BD + C
4.
DOUBLE REPLACEMENT: AB + CD AD + CB
a. Formation of a precipitate from solution
b. Acid-Base neutralization reaction
5.
COMBUSTION REACTION
Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
Page 6
Polyatomic Ions
NH
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
+
4
BrO
Ammonium
CN
C2H3O2
Bromate
Cyanide
(CH3COO)
Acetate
ClO4
Perchlorate
ClO3
Chlorate
Li
Rb
K
Ba
Sr
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
Cd
Co
Ni
Sn
Pb
[ H2 ]
Sb
Bi
Cu
Hg
Ag
Pt
Au
ClO2
Chlorite
ClO
IO3
Hypochlorite
Replace hydrogen
from cold water
MnO
NO
Permanganate
Nitrate
NO2
Nitrite
OH
Hydroxide
HCO3
Hydrogen carbonate
HSO4
SCN
CO32
Hydrogen sulfate
Thiocyanate
Carbonate
Cr2O72
Dichromate
CrO
Replace hydrogen from acids
Iodate
2
4
Chromate
SO
2
4
Sulfate
SO
2
3
Sulfite
3
4
Phosphate
PO
React with oxygen to form oxides
Page 7
n=1
UV = Ultraviolet
IR = Infrared
1282
1875
656 434
122 97
486
1094
103
410
Visible
IR
UV
Electromagnetic Spectrum
(measurement in meters)
104
103
102
101
100 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 10 11 10 12 10 13
X rays
Microwaves
Infrared
Ultraviolet
Gamma
rays
Radio
waves
Shorter Wavelength
Longer Wavelength
Visible Light
Red
Orange
7.0107 6.5107
Yellow Green
5.9107 5.7107
Blue
4.9107
Violet
4.2107
4.0107
Page 8