This document discusses the structure and bonding of civil engineering materials and how they influence material properties. It defines different types of primary and secondary chemical bonds and how they relate to material crystalline structure and properties. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding how different material properties, such as elasticity, plasticity, stress-strain behavior, and time-dependent properties like creep, relaxation, and fatigue influence the selection of appropriate materials for civil engineering applications. It provides examples of stress-strain concepts and behaviors.
This document discusses the structure and bonding of civil engineering materials and how they influence material properties. It defines different types of primary and secondary chemical bonds and how they relate to material crystalline structure and properties. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding how different material properties, such as elasticity, plasticity, stress-strain behavior, and time-dependent properties like creep, relaxation, and fatigue influence the selection of appropriate materials for civil engineering applications. It provides examples of stress-strain concepts and behaviors.
This document discusses the structure and bonding of civil engineering materials and how they influence material properties. It defines different types of primary and secondary chemical bonds and how they relate to material crystalline structure and properties. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding how different material properties, such as elasticity, plasticity, stress-strain behavior, and time-dependent properties like creep, relaxation, and fatigue influence the selection of appropriate materials for civil engineering applications. It provides examples of stress-strain concepts and behaviors.
Submitted by: Gregory Loncaric (student number 8261365) Deadline: 26 September 2016 Quiz 1 1. The structure of a material is how the internal materials parts are arranged. The structure can be considered on many different levels but the one that is needed mostly in civil engineering is the macroscopic level because it can be used for testing of the material. 2. The mains types of primary chemical bonds are ionic, covalent, and metallic. The main types of secondary bonds are Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. The main differences between these bonds is that metallic bonds and ionic bonds have a crystalline structure while pure covalent bonds have an amorphous structure. Although, it is rare to have a purely ionic or purely covalent bond. The secondary bonds differ because they are much weaker than primary bonds. These bonds structures have different properties that influence the properties of materials. A crystalline structure is harder, stiffer, stronger, less reactive, and more durable than an amorphous one. 3. It is important to understand the different properties and characteristics of different materials because when it comes to finding the perfect material for a job, it is essential to understand the behaviour of each material to obtain the desired outcome. 4. D) A material that recovers its deformation imposed when the load is released. 5. In the laboratory, we test different mechanical properties of materials by applying different types of stresses (normal or shear) and see how the material strains. The stressstrain curve is used instead of the load-displacement curve because the forcedisplacement data will vary if the materials dimensions change. The stress-strain curve is much more generalized and accounts for how much material the force is being applied over. Also, the stress-strain curve accounts for the creep of a material. 6. Poissons coefficient is a measure of how much of the strain is in the lateral direction versus how much strain is in the axial direction. A ratio of 0.5 would mean that the material was strained in both directions equally. 7. B) A material having a residual deformation when the load is released.
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9. In civil engineering materials, it is preferable to have an elastic response because the
deformation is reversible. However, in design, materials are made with a combination of both elastic and plastic behaviours, also known as elastoplastic materials. 10. Hooks law states that the strain or deformation of an elastic material is proportional to the stress applied to it. 11. The ductility of an object to undergo permanent deformation before breaking. An object can either be brittle or ductile. The modulus of resilience is the materials ability to absorb energy without permanent damage. It is found by taking the area under the stressstrain curve before the yield point. The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy before a fracture happens. It is calculated by taking the area under the whole stress-strain curve. 12. 13. 14. a) Creep is the increased deformation over time. It is dependant on factors such as temperature and load duration (stress). b) Relaxation is the dissipation of stress over time under a constant stress. Initially the stress is high then slowly relaxes and decreases. c) Fatigue is the increasing strength reduction due to repeated load cycles. The more cycles a material goes through, the more fatigued it will get, causing the risk of failure to increase compared to the same stress point in an earlier cycle. 15. A) c) 3