Submitted by:

Submitted to:

Engr. Gerald S.

Turbines

A rotary engine that uses a continuous

stream of fluid (liquid or gas) to turn the
shaft that can drive machinery.
A turbo machine with at least one
moving part called rotor assembly
(stationary part is called stators), which
a shaft or drum with blades attached.
Moving fluid acts on the blades so that
they move and impart rotational energy
the rotor.

is

to

Uses:

Mostly used as electrical power generator in some type of turbine

Jet engines rely on turbines to supply mechanical work from their working fluid
and fuel.
Often part of a larger machine. A gas turbine, for example, may refer to an
internal combustion engine that contains turbine, ducts, compressor, combustor,
heat exchanger, fan and alternator.
Can be used as turbine supercharger in aircraft engines by driving an intake air
compressor.
Can have very high power density
(power to weight/volume ratio). Space
shuttle main engines used turbopumps
(turbine pumps)
Can be also used as turboexpanders which is widely used as sources of
refrigeration in industrial process.
Basic Types of Turbines:

Water or Hydraulic Turbine

o Rotary machine that converts kinetic and potential energy of water into
mechanical work
o Developed in 19th century and were widely used for industrial power prior to
electrical grids.
o Mostly found in dams to generate electric power from water kinetic energy.
o Three most common types of water turbine:
Pelton Wheel

- named after Lester Allan Pelton.

Initially, they were mainly used to mill
flour, grinding wood / grains, hammering
iron, crushing ore, and pounding fiber.
Now, it is mainly used to generate
electricity.
- The design of Pelton Wheel was
smartly designed but it is easy to
understand. This wheel contain buckets
to extract the kinetic energy of the water.
Two nozzles are used to further increase
the speed of incoming water. The speed
of water jet from nozzle plays the central
role in identifying the total extractable
power from the turbine. As per the
design of Pelton, the face of bucket
should be 2.5 to 4 times broader than the diameter of the water jet. In this
way bucket will take the full impact of the jet. The buckets in this wheel are
placed closely so that water jet hit the bucket at any given instant. This
figure is the basic scheme of the Pelton water turbine but few aspects of
this turbine like nozzle generation mechanism, number of buckets,
material of wheels, and size of wheel vary with the condition and
requirements.

Francis Turbine
created
by
James B. Francis,
is a water turbine
named after its
developer.
This
turbine uses the
potential
and
kinetic energy of
water
and
converts
into
mechanical
energy
through
rotation of the
axel. This turbine
uses the axial and radial flow of water to convert energy as water enters
the turbine through radial flow and leaves the turbine axially. Due to which
it is also called mixed flow turbine.
- Almost 60% of worlds electricity from hydro power plant is generated
through this turbine because it can work effectively in a broad range of
operating conditions.

Kaplan Turbine
- The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable
blades. It was developed in 1913 by Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan, who
combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically

adjusted wicket gates to achieve

efficiency over a wide range of flow
and water level.
- Kaplan turbines are now widely
used throughout the world in highflow, low-head power production.

Steam Turbine
o The steam turbine is a type of
impulse reaction turbine which converts the thermal energy into
mechanical energy. The history of this turbine goes back to the first
century but Sir Charles Parsons invest the modern manifestation of the
steam engine in 1884. This turbine has applications in transport mediums
which use steam engines like trains and ships but mostly it is used to
generate electricity.
o This turbine uses steam to rotate the runner of the turbine. A boiler is
used to convert water into steam. This steam is then passed through a
nozzle to create a fast speed
steam jet. The kinetic energy
of this jet then moves the
runner of turbine through the
bucket shaped blades of the
runner. The steam then
moves to the condenser
chamber which converts the
steam back into water and
water then goes back to the
boiler. This cycle carries on to
continuously
rotating
the
runner of the turbine.

o The steam jet enters the turbine from a small opening known as fed and
leaves the turbine from broader opening known as exhaust. The speed of
steam jet depend a lot of on the expansion rate. Steam moves faster if the
pressure difference between the feed and exhaust is kept higher. In early
days, people used to generate the vacuum at the exhaust so that steam
leaves the turbine at very low pressure so that more energy impart to the
piston of the turbine. On the contrary, Parsons kept a high pressure at the
exhaust side of the turbine but still this pressure remain lower than the
pressure of steam jet at the feed. This small change in pressure difference
prevents steam to lose energy while moving through the rotor. Multiple
sets of the rotor is used in this turbine. The size of these rotors increases
from feed side to exhaust side every rotor contains two set of blades;

fixed blades and rotating blades. Fixed blades set the direction of steam
so that it strikes the rotating blades with such an angle that transfer
optimum amount of energy from steam to turbine. The steam leaves the
first rotor and moves to the fixed blades of next rotor. This cycle continues
until steam reaches the exhaust. In this way, maximum energy can be
extracted from the steam without destroying the turbine.

Gas Turbine
o The gas turbine is a type of internal
combustion engine therefore also known as
combustion turbine. Basically, this turbine
uses liquid fuel or natural gas to get
mechanical
energy.
The
basic principle
of
the
gas
turbine
is
somehow
similar to the
steam turbine
but gas turbine
uses
air
instead
of
water.

o Fresh air goes into the compressor at atmospheric pressure. The

compressor increases the pressure of the air and passes it to the
combustion chamber. In this chamber burning liquid fuel or natural gas is
used to increase the temperature of the air while keeping the pressure
constant. This high-pressure and high-temperature air then goes into the
turbine and expands to rotate the shaft. Some of the energy from the high
pressure and high temperature dissipates in the form of shaft work output
while remain energy goes into the atmosphere in the form of exhaust
gasses. The
shaft
then
can
be
linked to the
generator to
produce
electricity or
any
other
such
machine to
operate
a
vehicle
including
ships,
trains, and
aircrafts.

Wind Turbine
o There are two types of wind turbines. One is Vertical axis wind
turbines and the other is horizontal axis wind turbines.
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

- Which may be as efficient as

current horizontal axis systems,
might be practical, simpler and
significantly cheaper to build and
maintain than horizontal axis wind
turbines (HAWTs). They also have
other inherent advantages, such as
they are always facing the wind,
which
might
make
them
a
significant player in our quest for
cheaper, cleaner renewable sources
of electricity.

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

- Horizontal-axis wind turbines
(HAWT) have the main rotor
shaft and electrical generator at
the top of a tower, and may be
pointed into or out of the wind.
Small turbines are pointed by a
simple wind vane, while large
turbines generally use a wind

sensor
coupled
with
a
servo
motor. Most have
a gearbox, which
turns the slow
rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to
drive an electrical generator.

How Turbines Work?

 Impulse and reaction turbines

Impulse turbines
In an impulse turbine, a fast-moving fluid
is fired through a narrow nozzle at the
turbine blades to make them spin around.
The blades of an impulse turbine are
usually bucket-shaped so they catch the
fluid and direct it off at an angle or
sometimes
even back
the way it
came
(because
that gives
the most efficient transfer of energy from the fluid to
the turbine). In an impulse turbine, the fluid is forced
to hit the turbine at high speed.

Reaction turbines
In a reaction turbine, the blades sit in a much
larger volume of fluid and turn around as the fluid
flows past them. A reaction turbine doesn't change
the direction of the fluid flow as drastically as an
impulse turbine: it simply spins as the fluid pushes
through and past its blades. Wind turbines are
perhaps the most familiar examples of reaction
turbines.

Although all four types work in essentially the same wayspinning around as the fluid
moves against themthey are subtly different and have to be engineered in very
different ways.