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ME 306 Part 1 Irrotational Flow PDF
ME 306 Part 1 Irrotational Flow PDF
Part 1
Irrotational Flow
These presentations are prepared by
Dr. Cneyt Sert
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Middle East Technical University
Ankara, Turkey
csert@metu.edu.tr
Please ask for permission before using them. You are NOT allowed to modify them.
1-1
Inviscid Flow
Shearing stress in a fluid motion is related to viscosity and velocity gradient.
All real fluids have a certain nonzero viscosity.
But there may be regions in a flow field where change in velocity and therefore
shear stress is negligibly small.
These regions are usually away from the solid walls (outside boundary layers).
In these regions flow may be treated to be inviscid (frictionless).
1-2
Irrotational Flow
In this chapter well study flow fields that are irrotational everywhere.
This automatically tells that these flow fields are also inviscid everywhere.
1-5
Vorticity
In ME 305 we studied vorticity to be a kinematic property of a flow field, which is
related to the angular velocity (rotationality) of fluid particles.
= 2 =
Vorticity
Angular velocity
Curl of velocity
Cartesian :
Cylindrical :
1
1
1
=
For an irrotational flow angular velocity,vorticity and curl of velocity are all zero.
1-6
Vorticity (contd)
Exercise : In the boundary layer that develops next to a solid surface, flow
becomes rotational. Find a relation between the amount of vorticity at the wall
( ) and the magnitude of wall shear stress ( ).
Edge of the
boundary layer
Uniform flow
approaching
the solid wall
Boundary
layer
()
Flat plate
Circulation ()
Circulation is the line integral of a velocity field around a closed curve and it is
closely related to the rotationality of the flow.
Closed
curve
[2 /]
Closed path of
integration
Differential vector
along the path of
integration
= +
= +
( + )
1-8
Closed
curve
( = )
1-9
(0,1)
(1,1)
b) area integration
(0,0)
(1,0)
1-10
a) line integration
b) area integration
Exercise : Consider a free (irrotational) vortex around the origin with a velocity
field of = /. Calculate the circulation for a circular path of radius with its
center at the origin using
a) line integration
b) area integration (BE CAREFUL)
= /
1-11
Velocity Potential ()
For an irrotational flow : = 0
As studied in ME 210, curl of the gradient of any scalar function is zero.
= 0
Using these two equations we can define a velocity potential function as
= +
Some books use a minus sign so that
decreases in the flow direction, similar to
temperature decreasing in the heat flow
direction. But we use plus in this course.
If the irrotational flow is also incompressible (In ME 306 well NOT study
compressible potential flows)
Continuity Equation :
=0
= 0
2 = 0
2 : Laplaces operator
For an incompressible and irrotational flow velocity potential satisfies the
Laplaces equation.
1-13
2
2
In the plane :
2 = 0
2
2
=0
1 2
2 2
=0
Streamfunction
In the plane
1
=
=
1-14
1-15
Exercise : Show that for an incompressible potential flow BE is valid between any
two points of the flow field, not necessarily two point on the same streamline
1
1 and 2 :
1 12
2 22
+
+ 1 =
+
+ 2
2
2
1 and 3 :
1 12
3 32
+
+ 1 =
+
+ 3
2
2
2
3
1-16
Potential flow 1
Potential flow 2
+
1 + 2 = 3 ,
1 + 2 = 3 ,
Potential flow 3
=
1 + 2 = 3
Vortex
1-17
1. Uniform Flow
Consider uniform flow in the plane parallel to the axis, in + direction.
=
=0
0=
=0
= + ()
=
Constant lines correspond to constant lines, i.e. lines parallel to the axis.
= 1
= 1
= 0
= 0
Exercise : Find the equations for and for uniform flow in a direction making an
angle of with the + axis.
1-19
Streamlines
: Source strength
Constant
lines
=
2
= 0
1
=
=
2
1
0=
=
ln() + ()
2
=0
=
ln()
2
Constant lines correspond to constant lines as shown in the previous slide.
Exercise : Show that for a line source streamfunction equation is =
Exercise : For a line source calculate the vorticity for a circular path around the
origin with radius and also for a square path with one side being equal to .
1-21
=
ln 1
2
2 1
or equivalently using and coordinates
=
ln
2+ 2
2
Source
A
=
arctan
2
To study a line sink for which the flow is radially inward towards a point, we
simply use a negative value.
1-22
3. Irrotational Vortex
For an irrotational vortex located at the origin of the plane, origin is a singular
point.
The flow field is irrotational except the origin. Circulation around any path that
does not enclose the origin is zero.
We consider that all the circulation is squeezed into the origin.
Velocity components are
= 0
In slide 1-11 we showed that for a path enclosing the origin, circulation is
= 2
which is known as the strength of the vortex.
Direction of the vortex is determined as
ln()
2
Streamlines
Constant
lines
1-24
= 7.54 2
= 0.8
A
= 0.6
= 3
Source ()
= 36.81
Sink ()
Exercise : For the previous problem determine the equations of velocity potential
and streamfunction by superimposing elementary flows. Find the velocity at point
A by differentiating both and equation.
1-25
cos() +sin()
2
= + = +
ln()
2
= + = +
= +
cos()
2
+sin()
= +
cos() +
sin()
2
2
where
=
2 + 2 , = arctan
or
= cos() , = sin()
1-26
,
Source
()
= ?
+ = 0
=0
2
=
2
1-27
= +
= 0 +
=
2
2
2
From slide 1-25
= arctan
= sin
Stagnation
streamline
1-28
Movie
Flow Over Half Body
Flow outside the stagnation streamline resembles a flow over an body with a
blunt nose.
Equation of the half body is given by the equation of the stagnation streamline.
1-29
Determine the equation of the upper part of the half body and plot it.
b) Find the thickness of the body at = 0. Find the maximum thickness of the
half body as .
c)
Calculate the pressure distribution on the body for /4 < < and plot
vs . Take the pressure away from the origin to be = 100 .
d) Calculate the fluid speed on the body for /4 < < and plot vs .
1-30
a source of strength at = ,
a sink of strength at = and
= + + = +
ln
2
= + + = +
= +
21
22
2 1
ln(2 )
2
2 2
A
1
2
2
1-31
Determine the equation of the upper part of the half body and plot it.
b) Calculate the pressure distribution on the body for 0 < < and plot
vs . Take the pressure away from the origin to be = 100 .
c)
Calculate the fluid speed on the body for 0 < < and plot vs .
1-32
Superposition Exercises
Exercise : We want to study the potential flow over the following bodies. Which
elementary flows need to be superimposed to get the desired shape?
Which other interesting shapes can you obtain by combining elementary flows?
1-33
Doublet
Superposition of
a source of strength at the orgin (moved from axis to the origin),
a sink of strength at the origin (moved from + axis to the origin) ,
Consider the limiting case of the source and sink of Slide 1-31 approaching to the
origin. Skipping the details we can get
=
cos
2
=
sin
2
=
=
cos
2 2
1
=
=
sin
2 2
Streamlines
Constant lines
1-34
= + = +
cos()
2
= + =
sin()
2
1-35
As seen from the above exercise potential flow theory predicts ZERO DRAG
FORCE on the cylinder.
Actually this is the case for any closed body, irrespective of its shape.
This result is not physical and it is known as dAlembert paradox (1752).
In a real viscous flow, shear stresses inside the boundary layer will cause a
frictional drag force. Also viscous action will cause separation & full pressure
recovery ould NOT be possible.
1-36
cos +
2
2
=
sin
ln
2
2
1-37
Exercise : For the flow shown above, obtain the velocity components in the
cylindrical coordinate system. Show that pressure distribution over a rotating
cyliner of radius is
2
2
2
= +
1 4 sin
sin
2
1-38
BOTTOM
High velocity
Low pressure
1-39
b)
= 5 /
= 20 /
http://www.wikipedia.org
Reference: www.rexresearch.com/flettner/flettner.htm
1-40
2
1
If we add the correct amount of CW vortex to this flow field we can bring point 2
down to the trailing edge and obtain the correct streamline pattern of the
previous slide.
The amount of vortex necessary () can be used to calculate the lift force
generated on the airfoil.
=
1-43