Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Discretization Schemes PDF
Discretization Schemes PDF
Discretization Schemes PDF
Guides:
Prof. Vivek V. Buwa
Prof. Suman Chakraborty
IIT Delhi
IIT Kharagpur
Agenda:
Introduction
Finite Volume Discretization
Introduction
Spatial Discretization
Spatial Discretization for 2-D and 3-D problems
Source Term Discretization
Unsteady Term Discretization
False Diffusion
Introduction:
General transport equation for the conservation of property is,
Unsteady
term
Convection
term
Diffusion
term
Source
term
The above equation transforms into certain famous equations for different
s.
=1
=v
=e
Solution Procedure:
Grid Generation.
Discretization of differential equation into algebraic equations.
Simultaneous solution of the algebraic equations.
Grid Generation:
Divide the domain into discrete control volumes.
Place a number of nodes between the system boundaries.
Boundaries of control volumes are placed midway between the
adjacent nodes.
Discretization:
The general form of discretized equation is,
aPP = anbnb + b
where,
indicates summation over the neighboring nodes,
anb is the neighboring node coefficient,
nb is the value of property at the neighboring node,
b is a constant.
Discretization Schemes:
For the solutions to be physically realistic, a discretization scheme
should satisfy the following requirements:
1. Conservativeness
2. Boundedness
3. Transportiveness
Conservativeness:
Discretization Schemes:
Boundedness:
The discretized equations are solved by iterative methods.
Sufficient condition for a convergent iterative solution is,
|anb|
|aP|
<1
where,
aP is the net coefficient of the central node. i.e. aP SP
Negative Slope Linearization of Source term:
If the source term depends on , it can be linearized
as,
S = SC + SPP
Discretization Schemes:
Boundedness:
|anb|
<1
|aP|
This constraint can be satisfied if aP is made as large as possible. This
can be achieved if the scheme can ensure,
i. SP is always negative.
All coefficients should be of the same sign, preferably positive. i.e. an
increase in at one node should result in an increase in at
neighbouring nodes.
If SP becomes zero, then both and + c will satisfy the equation.
Discretization Schemes:
Transportiveness:
A non-dimensional Peclet number is defined to measure the relative
strengths of convection and diffusion.
where,
u
F
Pe =
=
/x
D
D = diffusion conductance
u = fluid flow velocity
x = characteristic length
Discretization Schemes:
Consider the general contours of constant for a constant
source at P for different values of Pe depicted below.
For Pe = 0 .i.e pure diffusion, the contours are concentric circles for
constant values of because diffusion tends to spread out evenly in all
directions.
As Pe increases, the curve becomes more elliptic and the value of at E
node is more influenced by the upstream node.
At Pe =
.i.e pure convection, the contours are completely outstretched
and value of at E is affected only by upstream conditions.
Spatial Discretization:
Consider the steady convection and diffusion of a property in a onedimensional flow field u.
Spatial Discretization:
Assuming Ae = Aw = A and employing central differencing approach to
represent the diffusion term, we get
where,
Schemes for calculating the value of at the cell faces will be discussed
now.
W
W
e = (E + P)
2
Transport equation becomes,
w = (P+ W)
2
Assessment:
Conservativeness:
Uses consistent expressions to evaluate convective and
diffusive fluxes at CV faces. Unconditionally Conservative.
Fe
2
<0
Pe > 2
e = P
if, Fe > 0
e = E
if, Fe < 0
w is defined similarly.
Now, we can define [[ ]] operator as,
[[ A , B ]] = MAX (A,B).
The final discretization equation is,
where,
Exact Solution:
The transport equation,
Solution:
where,
P=
uL
= 0
x=0
= L
x=L
Exponential Scheme:
J = u d
dx
Now, our transport equation can be expressed as,
dJ
dx = 0
Here, we define a variable J such that
Exponential Scheme:
Similar substitution for Jw results in the standard discretization equation,
with the values of coefficients,
Merits:
-2
Pe
1 - Pe
2
0
-Pe
-2 < Pe < 2
Pe > 2
Pe < 2
Assessment:
Combines advantages of both Upwind and CDS schemes.
Conservative and unconditionally bounded.
Satisfies transportiveness by using Upwind scheme for large Pe.
Only disadvantage is accuracy in terms of Taylor series expansion
which is first order.
QUICK Scheme:
QUICK stands for Quadratic Upwind Interpolation for Convective Kinetics.
3 point upstream-weighted quadratic interpolation used for cell face
values
WW
W w
uw
WW
When Fw > 0,
EE
ue
P
w
When Fe > 0,
e = 6 P+ 3 E - 1 W
8
8
8
w = 6 W+ 3 P - 1 WW
8
8
8
EE
QUICK Scheme:
Diffusion terms are evaluated using gradient of the appropriate
parabola (For uniform grid, gives same results as CDS for diffusion).
Discretized convection diffusion transport equation:
Fe ( 6 P+ 3 E - 1 W ) Fw ( 6 w+ 3 P - 1 WW ) = De (E - P) - Dw (P - W)
8
8
8
8
8
8
QUICK Scheme:
General expressions valid for both positive and negative flow directions
is given below:
with central coefficient ,
and neighbouring coefficients,
Accuracy:
Third order in terms of Taylor series truncation error on
a uniform mesh.
Note: Discretization equations not only involve immediate
neighbour nodes but also nodes further away, thus TDMA methods
are not directly applicable.
QUICK Summary:
Has greater formal accuracy than central differencing or hybrid
schemes and it retains upwind weighted characteristics.
But, can sometimes give minor undershoots and overshoots.
Discretization in 3D:
b = SCx
If source term is dependent on , linearization is done as:
S = SC + SPP
In this case, b and aP become,
All other coefficients remain same.
In a similar way, Source term can be incorporated in 2-D and 3-D.
t+t
t+t
= e
t
E - P
xe
- w
t
P - W
xw
f =1 Implicit
f = 0.5 Crank-Nicholson
f = 0 Explicit
t+t
False Diffusion
Usually it is stated that the Central difference scheme is superior to the
Upwind scheme because it is second-order accurate whereas the Upwind
scheme is only first-order accurate.
But when we compare the Central difference and Upwind schemes:
False Diffusion
False diffusion is a numerically introduced diffusion and arises in
convection dominated flows, i.e. high Pe number flows.
False diffusion is a multidimensional phenomenon and occurs when the
flow is perpendicular to the grid lines.
X
Hot Fluid
T = 100C
X
Cold Fluid
T = 0C
False Diffusion
References
Patankar S.V.
Thank You!