Exercise 9

An acyl compound is a functional group derived by the removal of one or

more hydroxylgroups from an oxoacid. It contains a double bonded oxygen atom
and an alkylgroup. (DRAW GEN. FORMULA)
For the solubility behavior of acyl compounds, acetic acid, benzoic acid, and sodium
benzoate were tested. Like any other solubility test, the polarity of the compounds
and the solvent is the major factor. Acetic acid and benzoic acid are in the family of
carboxylic acids. The OH group in the carboxylic acid forms H-bonds with the
molecules of water making it soluble in water; blue litmus paper turned red. Sodium
benzoate is in the family of esters and that esters are derivatives of carboxylic
acids. But, unlike carboxylic acid esters are basic because it forms (Draw structure
with O-). Thus, it is insoluble because it cannot form H-bond with water molecules;
blue litmus paper remained blue.
In the relative acidity of carboxylic acids and phenols, benzoic acid ad phenol
were tested. Considering their reactions with 10 % NaOH and 10% NaHCO3, benzoic
acid is soluble in two but phenol is soluble only in 10 % NaOH. In the case of benzoic
acid when reacted with NaOH, it will form a sodium benzoate salt (draw reaction) as
well as in 10 % NaHCO3 (draw reaction). While in phenol reactions, phenol is a weak
acid and will react positively with a strong base forming a sodium phenoxide (draw
again the reaction) and water. Unlike in NaOH, phenol does not react with NaHCO3.
NaHCO3 has the properties of a weak base. Since both phenol and NaHCO3 are
weak compounds, their strengths are not enough to react with each other forming
an insoluble brown floating particles of phenol.
The compounds benzoate chloride, acetic anhydride, ethyl acetate, and
benzamide are all carboxylic acid derivatives. Upon hydrolysis, each of these
compounds will form carboxylic acids which upon testing with litmus paper, blue
litmus always turned blue because all are already acidic. SHOW REACTIONS
In soap making, the triacyglycerol is reacted with 3 mole of NaOH which
results to the formation of glycerol and the soap. Saponification process occurs
where the fatty acid carboxylate ions are formed in the presence of the base.
SHOW GENERAL REACTION
In comparison of the soap made and synthetic detergent, it showed how do
soaps and detergents differ in activities. Upon hydrolysis, the commercial soap (safe
guard) and the soap made formed fatty acids and glycerol. Carboxylate ions acts as
conjugate bases of the fatty acids, it accept a proton from any sources when placed
into water.
SHOW REACTION
Detergent is mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute
solutions. Upon hydrolysis it will form sulfonate (structure) which is negatively
charged and acts as a base.

For the of comparison of properties of soap and detergent in hard solution, 0.02 M
NaCl and 0.02 M CaCl2 were used. In the reaction of soap with 0.02 M CaCl2, it formed large
precipitate. This is because CaCl2 is a hard water and when reacted with soap will form an
insoluble salt. (show reaction). NaCl is a soft water thus soap will form a soluble salt. (get the
reaction from the ppt)
Both acidic and

hard water decreases the cleansing action of soap forming

insoluble salts called scums.

Soaps have both polar and non-polar regions thus, they are soluble both in
polar and non-polar solvents. The hydrophobic part of soap is a long chain of nonpolar species which is soluble in nonpolar substance like oil and kerosene while the
hydrophilic part is soluble in water. The soap formed tiny bubble both in kerosene
and oil because soap molecules surround the kerosene and oil molecules and break
them up into miscroscopic droplets (tiny bubbles) which may remain suspended in
the water. This is applied in washing our clothes but as we observe, detergents are
more preferred to use. This is because detergent form soluble salts which will not
form scum on clothes, especially on white clothes,
and can also have a great
cleaning action.