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Derivatives PDF
Derivatives PDF
4.1
f : A
x0 A
lim
x x0
f ( x) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
x x0
.
.
.
y=f(x) x f
x,
f ( x) lim
h 0
f ( x h) f ( x )
h
f f
.
.
.
: y=f(x) x y
( x) .
:
y'
f'
f '( x)
dy
dx
df
dx
d
f ( x) (....) '
dx
y '(a)
f '(a) y ' x a
dy
dx
xa
df
dx
x a
f ''( x )
f ( k ) ( x) f ''(a )
d2y
dx 2
f ( k ) (a)
f f
:
f ( x) .
lim x x0
f ( x) f ( x0 )
.
x x0
1
dk y d2y
dx k dx 2
x a
dk y
dx k
x a
,
,
lim x x0
f ( x) f ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 )
lim x x0
x x0
x x0
.
4.2
4.2.1
cf ( x) cf ( x),
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
d
d
cf ( x) c f ( x) , c R
dx
dx
d
d
d
f ( x) g ( x) ( f ( x)) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
dx
dx
dx
f ( x)
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
, g ( x) 0
g 2 ( x)
g ( x)
d
d
d
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
dx
dx
dx
d
d
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
d f ( x)
dx
dx
2
dx g ( x)
g ( x)
( ) f ( g ( x))
f ( g ( x))
df ( g ( x))
df ( g ) dg ( x)
f '( g ( x)) g '( x)
dx
dg
dx
4.2.2
c ' 0, c
( x) ' 1
( xk ) ' k xk 1 , k
(e x ) ' e x
1
x
(cot( x )) '
(cot( x )) '
(tan( x )) '
1
cos2 x
sin x
2
sin x
2
1
1 x2
1
1 x2
1 x2
(a x ) ' ln(a) a x
(loga ( x )) '
1
x 1
2
1
x ln(a )
:
'
cos2 ( x )
cos2 ( x )
cos( x )
sin( x )
1 sin( x )
sec( x ) tan( x )
2
cos ( x ) cos( x ) cos( x )
'
e x e x e x e x ( x) ' e x e x
(sinh( x)) '
cosh( x)
2
2
2
'
e x e x e x e x ( x) ' e x e x
(cosh( x)) '
sinh( x)
2
2
2
'
2
(e x e x )
e e
(e x e x ) 2 (e x e x ) 2
2e x 2e x
4
1
2
2
x
x
2
(e e )
cosh 2 ( x)
(e x e x )
(e x e x )
f ( x) x 2esin( x )
f ( x) ( x2 ) ' esin( x ) x2 (esin( x) ) 2 xesin( x) x2esin( x) (sin( x)) ' 2 xesin( x) x2esin( x) cos( x)
f ( x) 2esin( x) 2 xesin( x) cos( x) 2 xesin( x) cos( x) x 2esin( x) cos2 ( x) x 2esin( x) sin( x)
1 1
1
1
x
1
f ( x) (1 x 2 ) f ( x) (1 x 2 ) 2 (1 x 2 ) ' (1 x 2 ) 2 (2 x)
2
2
1 x2
1 x2 x
f ( x)
1 x2 x2
1 x2
( 1 x 2 )2
1 x2
1 x2
1
(1 x 2 )3/2
'
a f ( x ) a f ( x ) ln(a) f '( x)
5x
2x5
'
x2 2
ln(5) .
4.2.3 :
.
.
'
a f ( x ) a f ( x ) ln(a) f '( x) .
y a f ( x ) ln( y ) ln(a f ( x ) ) ln( y ) f ( x) ln(a)
y'
ln(a) f '( x)
y
y x x
1
y ' (ln( x)) ' x ln( x) x '
ln( x)
ln( x) (ln( y )) '
x
y
x2
x
'
y x x ln( y )
1
x ln( x)
1
y' x
1 ln( x)
x
y
'
x
2
y
x
x2
f ( x) 3 x 2
1 x
sin 3 ( x) cos 2 ( x)
2
1 x
1 x
sin 3 ( x) cos 2 ( x)
2
1 x
1 x
ln( y ) ln 3 x 2
sin 3 ( x) cos 2 ( x)
2
1 x
1 x
ln( y ) ln 3 x 2 ln
ln(sin 3 ( x)) ln(cos 2 ( x))
2
1
y 3 x2
ln( y )
2
ln( x) ln(1 x) ln(1 x 2 ) 3ln(sin( x)) 2 ln(cos( x))
3
'
y' 2 1
1
1
1
1
(1 x) '
(1 x 2 ) ' 3
(sin( x)) ' 2
(cos( x)) '
2
y 3 x 1 x
1 x
sin( x)
cos( x)
y' 2
1
2x
cos( x)
sin( x)
3
2
2
y 3x 1 x 1 x
sin( x)
cos( x)
y' 2
1
2x
3cot( x) 2 tan( x)
y 3x 1 x 1 x 2
1
2x
2
y' y
3cot( x) 2 tan( x)
2
3x 1 x 1 x
1 x
1
2x
2
y ' 3 x2
sin 3 ( x) cos 2 ( x)
3cot( x) 2 tan( x)
2
2
1 x
3x 1 x 1 x
4.2.4
f
1
f 1
1
, f 0 y( x) f ( x) x( y) f 1 ( y)
f
dx 1
.
dy dy
dx
:
) A
x=x(y)
y=y(x),
dx 1
dy dx
1
1 y
dy
dy
dx dy
x
dx
dy dx
1 x :
dx dy
d dy dx d
d dy dx dy d dx
(1)
0
dx dx dy dx
dx dx dy dx dx dy
d 2 y dx dy d dx
d 2 y dx dy d dx dy
0
dx 2 dy dx dx dy
dx 2 dy dx dy dy dx
2
d 2 y dx dy d 2 x
0
dx 2 dy dx dy 2
x ( y)2
( x ) y x y 0 x ( y) x y 0 y
x
2
y x ( y)3 e y ( y)3 0 :
x (y)2
1
1
x
1
1
x
ey
0
x
ey
0 x x e y
3
3
3
3
3
x
( x )
( x )
( x )
( x )
( x )
) y( x)
x3 x 2
x 2
3 2
1
(1, ) . x
6
dx
1
y .
dy
6
y '( x)
x( 16 )
dy
x2 x 1 .
dx
y(1) 3 0 .
y(1) 16
1
1
.
y(1) 3
4.2.5
f(x,y)=0
.
2
y -x=0 x x 0 .
3
y1 x
y2 x
3
1
.
(
)
f(x,y)=0.
y2 x 0 y2 x
d 2
d
dy
dy
1
( y ) ( x) 2 y
1
dx
dx
dx
dx 2 y
dy 1
1
dy 1
1
.
dx 2 y 2 x
dx 2 y
2 x
6
x2 y2 1
2x 2 y
d 2
d
d
dy d
( x y 2 ) (1) 2 x x 2 y
(1)
dx
dx
dx
dx dx
dy
dy
x
0
dx
dx
y
x3 y 3 1
d 3
d 3
d
dy
dy
x2
x
y 1 3x 2 3 y 2
0
2
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
y
d 2 2
dy
2 d
2
2
2
(
x
)
y
x
(
y
)
2
xy
x
2
y
d y d dy d x
dx
dx
2 dx
2
4
4
dx
dx dx dx y
y
y
2
x2
2 xy 2 x 2 2 y 2
y
2 xy 4 2 x 4 y
2 xy 3 2 x 4
y4
y6
y5
4
y 2 x2 cos( xy)
2
4
4
d 2
d
dy d 2
d
( y ) ( x 2 cos( xy )) 2 y
( x ) (cos( xy ))
dx
dx
dx dx
dx
dy
d
dy
d
dy
2y
2 x sin( xy ) ( xy ) 2 y
2 x sin( xy )( ( x ) y x )
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy
dy
dy
2y
2 x ( y x )sin( xy ) 2 y
x sin( xy )
2 x y sin( xy )
dx
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy 2 x y sin( xy )
(2 y x sin( xy ))
2 x y sin( xy )
dx
dx 2 y x sin( xy )
y 2 x 2 cos( xy )
4.3
4.3.1 y=f(x)
y f ( x) ( x0 , f ( x0 ))
y f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )( x x0 )
() f '( x0 ) .
.
y( x) f ( x0 )( x x0 ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
y f ( x)
x0
) (0,0) 1
1 3
,
.
2 2
x 2 y 2 1
dy
x
dx
y
1.5
dy
dx (1/2,1/2)
1
1
3
2
3
3
3
2
0.5
1.0
3
3
1
3
2 3
(x )
x
2
3
2
3
3
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
1
3
1
3 y
3( x ) 3x
2
2
3
) g ( x) x 2 3x 4 h( x) 3x x2 .
.
.
3
9 9
3
7
7
3
y x 2 3x 4 y x 2 2 x 4 y ( x ) 2 y ( x ) 2
2
4 4
2
4
4
2
y x 2
3 7
( , ) .
2 4
3
9 9
9
3
y 3x x 2 y x 2 2 x y ( x ) 2
2
4 4
4
2
y x 2
3 9
( , ) .
2 4
x2 3x 4 3x x2 2 x2 6 x 4 0
x
x
6 36 32 6 2
1
4
4
6 36 32 6 2
2.
4
4
g (2) 1
4.3.2 y=f(x)
( )
.
s x(t )
d 2x
dx
2 2 .
dt
dt
) V ( Volt), ( Ampere),
R ( Ohm) V=IR. V
2 V/sec. /sec. t .
dV/dt dI/dt. dV/dt ,d/dt dR/dt;
R V=10 Volt I=1A. A R;
dV
d
1
2
dt
dt
2
V IR
dV dI
dR
dR 1 dV dI
RI
R
dt
dt
dt
dt I dt dt
V IR 10 1 R R 10 Ohm
dR 1
1 R
2 R 2 7
dt 1
2 2
.
) 20
20cm3 /min . ,
3cm ;
4
V r 3 r .
3
,t,
dV 4 2 dr
2 dr
.
3r
4 r
dt 3
dt
dt
10
dV
dr
dr
5
.
20 . 20 4 r 2
2 .
dt
dt
dt r
3 cm
dr
5
5
cm / min .
2
dt 3
9
4.3.3
I .
:
dy
0, x I f ( x ) ( ) .
dx
dy
0, x I f ( x ) ( ) .
dx
dy
0, x I f ( x) c .
dx
d2y
0, x I f ( x) ().
dx 2
d2y
0, x I f ( x) ().
dx 2
d2y
d2y
0,
c
0, x c ( )
&
dx 2
dx 2
. , (
).
: y( x) x 2 5x 6 :
dy
dx 0
dy
2x 5
dx
dy 0
dx
5
2
5
x
2
y ( x )
5
4
y ( x )
3
2
d y
2 0 , .
dx 2
-1
11
.
f(x) D. c
D :
f ( x ) f ( c) x D c .
f ( x ) f (c) x D c.
f ( x ) f (c) x D.
f ( x ) f (c) x D.
.
.
( 1
)
( ).
dy
0 f ( x) .
dx x c
. :
dy
dy
0, x c f (c) .
0, x c
dx
dx
dy
dy
0, x c 0, x c f (c) .
dx
dx
,
, :
d2y
dx 2
0,
x c
d y
dx 2
0,
x c
dy
dx
x c
dy
dx
x c
0 f (c) .
0 f (c) .
dy
dx
x c
d2y
dx 2
...
x c
dny
dx n
0
x c
d n 1 y
dx n 1
0 :
x c
n c .
n :
d n 1 y
dx n 1
0 c .
x c
n 1
d y
dx n 1
0 c .
x c
12
( )
(,
)
.
.
.
.
:
) (. )
16 cm 30 cm .
;
30 2x 16 2x .
dV
480 184 x 12 x 2 4(3x 2 46 x 120)
dx
13
x 12
46 26
46 4 3 120 2116 1440 676 26 , x1,2
10
6
x 3
2
dV
10
12( x 12)( x ) .
dx
3
, x = 12 x
10
3
x = 0 x = 8.
x = 12 .
x
10
,
3
d 2V
dx 2
10
x
3
10 19600 3
V
cm 725.925cm3 .
3
27
, V 0 0 V 8 0 cm3 ( ; )
x
10
.
3
) ( y=x)
y x, (x1,y1)=(1, 2.2), (x2,y2)=
(2, 3.8), (x3,y3)= (3, 5.8), (x4,y4)= (4, 8.2)
(0,0), y=x,
.
,
4
.
f().
14
yi
axi
y ax
yi axi
xi
M ( x, f ( x))
y 1 x .
2
MO
(0,0)
1
d ( x) x 2 (1 x 2 )2 x 4 x 2 1
15
, ( x 2 )2 x 2 1
=1-4=-3<0 ,
( ).
d '( x)
4 x3 2 x
2 x4 x2 1
.
x
:
x
4 x3 2 x 2 x(2 x 2 1)
2
2
)( x
)0 .
2
2
2
2
x0 x
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4 x( x
x
x
.
x
2
2
.
x
2
2
2
2
d '( x)
y ( x)
1
2
1
2
1 1
1 1
,
, .
2 2
2 2
)
.
1200
.
( )
.
75
4 .
.
, :
x y
C(x)=75x + 4800/x .
16
, 4800
;
x
y .
y
0 .
4 4y
( y
).
x y
xy. xy=1200 y=1200/x.
:
= + ,
xy 4800 , y=4800/x,
4800
19200
0 x 16 ,
. C( x) 0 75
x
x2
16 300
.
.
C ( x) 75 x 4
) =c2, c>0,
.
x , y ,
xy
c 2 , h x 2 y 2 .
E
2
2c 2
y y
.
x
17
4c 4
x 4 4c 4
, x , y .
x2
x
h '( x) 0
.
'
x 4 4c 4
2 4c 4 1
1
1
x
4c 4
h '( x)
x 2
2x 2 3 2 4
2 2 4c 4
x 2 x 4 4c 4
x x x 4c 4
x 2
x
x 2c , .
y 2c .
.
h( x) x 2
h '' x
x 4 4c 4
4 x3 x 2 x 4 4c 4 x 4 4c 4
x
x 4 4c 4
4c
x 4 4c 4 '
x 2c h '' x
, x 2c , y 2c
h 2c 2 2c 2 2c .
4.3.4
10
20
y x3
y 12 x 16
y ' 3x ^ 2
15
y '(2) 12
y 8 12( x 2)
10
( x0 , y0 ) (2,8)
5
6
y=x3 (2,8).
.
,
.
( ) .
f x=c,
L( x) f (c) f '(c)( x c)
f c.
18
(
x 1 ):
f ( x) L( x) f (c) f '(c)( x c)
c=2 x3 12 x 16 .
2
.
x3
12x-16
2.05
2.01
2.005
2.001
2
8.61512
8.120601
8.060150125
8.0012006001
8
8.6
8.12
8.06
8.0012
8
0.015125
0.000601
0.000150125
0.000006010
0
H :
(1+x)
(1 x) k (1 x)
k
'
k 1
1+x,
(1 x) ' k (1 x)k 1 0 .
(1+x) L(x)=f(0)+f(0)(x-0)=1+x
sin(x), 0, (sin(x))=cos(x),
sin(x)L(x)=f(0)+f(0)(x-0)=0+x= x
cos(x), 0, (cos(x))=-sin(x),
cos(x)L(x)=f(0)+f(0)(x-0)=1+0 x = 1
:
1
1
x
1
f ( x) 3
(1 x) 3 1 x 1
3
1 x
3
0
.
f(x)
L(x)
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.001
0
19
(10-4)
(10-5)
(10-6)
(10-7)
0
|f(x)- L(x)| [0,0.1].
0.0020
err ( x) (1 x)
1
3
x
3
0.0015
0.0010
0.0005
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
: x x2
0 :
f ( x)
1
3
1 x
(1 x )
2
1
3
1
1
1 ( x 2 ) 1 x 2
3
3
0
.
f(x)
L(x)
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.001
0
(10-6)
(10-9)
(10-10)
(10-13)
0
( MATHEMATICA)
y=f(x) . dx
dy ( x dx)
dy f '( x)dx
dx0 :
dy
dy
f '( x)
dx
dx
( )
dx dy.
20
d cf cdf , c R
d f g df dg
d f g df g f dg
f df g f dg
d
g2
g
d ( f ( g )) f '( g ( x))dg
df ( g ) dg ( x)
dg
dx
:
y x 2 dy 2 xdx
y sin(2 x) dy cos(2 x)d (2 x) 2cos(2 x)dx
y esin(2 x ) dy esin(2 x ) d (sin(2 x)) 2esin(2 x) cos(2 x)dx
y x 2esin(2 x ) dy d ( x2 )esin(2 x) x2 d (esin(2 x) ) 2 xesin(2 x) dx 2 x2esin(2 x) cos(2 x)dx
dx
2
2
2
2
x
1
(
x
1)
(
x
1)
(
x
1)
(
x
1)
f(c) f(x) c
f (c)
f, c c+dx,
L f(x) c, dx .
y f ( x)
f f (c dx) f (c)
L f (c)dx
f (c )
dx
c dx
21
f (c dx) f (c) f L L(c dx) L(c) f (c) f '(c)[(c dx) c] f (c) f '(c)dx
L ( c dx )
L(c)
f df f '(c)dx
df c, ,
x
c c+dx.
f f (c dx) f (c)
f
f (c )
f
100
f (c )
df f '(c)dx
df
f (c )
df
100
f (c )
:
) 3.0 3.01 .
.
.
E (r ) r 2 dE 2 rdr
r 3, dr 0.1
dE 2 3 0.01 0.06 m2
dE
0.06
100%
100% 0.666%
E (3)
32
) 30
10 0.4 .
10
dr=-0.4 9.6 .
22
0.4
10
30
V ( r ) 2 r h
.h
d
V2
r d r
:
V ( )
2
4
h dV
h
2
d .
V
dV
100
100
V
V
100
d 100 2 d
2
0.01 1%
200
1%.
4.3.5 Taylor
f
f ( x)
x a f '(a) x a
f (a)
1!
2!
(2)
(a)
x a
n!
( n)
(a) ...
x a
n 0
Taylor .
=0 Maclaurin.
23
n!
f ( n ) (a)
f ( x) f (0)
x
x 2 (2)
f '(0)
f (0)
1!
2!
xn ( n)
xn
f (0) .... f ( n ) (a)
n!
n 0 n !
f ( x) sin( x) Maclaurin :
f ( x) sin( x) f (0) sin(0) 0
sin(
x
)
(3)
(3)
f
(
x
)
cos(
x
)
f
(0)
cos(0)
1
1
3! 5!
(4)
(4)
f ( x) sin( x) f (0) sin(0) 0
(1) m x 2 m 1
m 0 (2 m 1)!
f ( x) cos( x) Maclaurin :
x2 x4 x6
(3)
f ( x) sin( x) f (0) sin(0) 0
cos( x) 1
2! 4! 6!
f (4) ( x) cos( x) f (4) (0) cos(0) 1
(6)
f ( x) cos( x) f (0) cos(0) 1
(1) m x 2 m
(2m)!
m 0
f ( x) e x Maclaurin :
f ( x) e x f (0) e0 1
x 2 x3 x 4 x5
x
(k )
e 1 x
x
(k )
0
2! 3! 4! 5!
f ( x) e f (0) e 1
xn
n 0 n !
f ( x) ln( x) Taylor 1 :
f '( x) 1 x 1 f '(1) 11 1
'
(2)
1
x 2 f (2) (1) 1
f ( x) x
(3)
'
f ( x) x 2 2 x 3 f (3) (1) 2
'
f (4) ( x) 2 x 3 6 x 4 f (4) (1) 6
( x 1) 2
( x 1)3
( x 1) 4
( x 1)5
2
6
24
2!
3!
4!
5!
2
3
4
5
( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1)
ln( x) ( x 1)
2
3
4
5
ln( x) ( x 1)
24
) Taylor
.
, Taylor 1
( x 1 ) ln x
ln x
lim
. :
x 1 x 1
lim
x 1
ln x
lim
x 1 x1
( x 1)
( x 1) 2 ( x 1)3 ( x 1) 4
...
( x 1) ( x 1) 2 ( x 1)3
2
3
4
lim 1
... 1
x 1
x 1
2
3
4
)
Taylor, Euler:
x ix :
(ix)n i n x n
.
n 0 n !
n 0 n !
eix
, i :
i 4 k (i 4 ) k 1k 1,
4 k 1
(i 4 ) k i i,
i
i n 4k 2
(i 4 ) k i 2 1,
i
i 4 k 3 (i 4 ) k i 3 i,
n=4k
(1) m , n=2m
n=4k+1
=
m
n=4k+2
(1) i, n=2m+1
n=4k+3
, :
(ix)n i n x n i 2 m x 2 m i 2 m 1 x 2 m 1 (1)m x 2 m
(1)m x 2 m 1
(2m)!
n 0 n !
n 0 n !
m 0 (2m)!
m 0 (2m 1)!
m 0
m 0 (2 m 1)!
cos x i sin x
eix
Taylor
Taylor
f (n+1)
25
f ( x) f (a)
f (1) (a)
f (2) (a)
2
x
x a
1!
2!
f ( n ) (a)
f ( n1) ( )
n
n 1
x
x a
n!
(n 1)!
a, x .
(Taylor MacLaurin) n
:
f ( x)
x a f '(a) x a
f (a)
1!
2!
x a
(2)
(a)
n!
f ( n ) (a)
f ( x) f (0)
x (1)
x 2 (2)
f (0)
f (0)
1!
2!
xn ( n)
f (0)
n!
Taylor 1
.
y=sin(x) 0 Taylor 1,3,5,7,9,11,13
( Wikipedia):
() n- :
26
Rn ( x)
f ( n 1) ( )
n 1
x a
(n 1)!
a, x .
) sin(x) 2 0,
1
0
P2 ( x) 0 x x 2 x :
1!
2!
sin( x) x
(3)
R2 ( x)
x 0.1 R2 ( x)
x3
cos( ) 3
x
x
3!
6
3
3!
0.13
0.00017
6
) ex 3 0,
x 2 x3
P3 ( x) 1 x
:
2! 3!
e
x
R3 ( x)
(4)
x
4!
x4
e 4
x
4!
x 0.1 x 4 104
R3 ( x)
e 4 e 4 e 4
x x 10
4!
4!
4!
a, x x 0.1, e [-0.1,0.1]
-0.1 0.1 ( ex ),
:
e 4 e 4 e 4 e0.1104
R3 ( x)
x x 10
0.0000046049
4!
4!
4!
24
) Taylor x = 0 f ( x) x 1
6 1.01 .
1
1
f (0) 0 1 1, f '( x)
f '(0)
2
2 x 1
'
1
3
1 1
1
1 1
2
2
f ''( x)
(
x
1)
)(
x
1)
f ''(0)
2
4
2 x 1
2 2
'
'
3
5
1
1 3
3
2
f '''( x) ( x 1) ( )( x 1) 2 f '''(0)
4 2
8
4
27
Taylor x=0
f '(0)
f (2) (0)
f (3) (0)
( x 0)
( x 0) 2
( x 0)3 ......
1!
2!
3!
3
1
1
1
1
1
x 1 1 2 x 4 x 2 8 x3 ...... 1 x x 2 x3 ......
1!
2!
3!
2
8
16
x 0.01
1
1
1
0, 01 1 1 0.01 0.012 0.013 ......
2
8
16
x 1 f (0)
1, 01 1, 004987
1
0.013 6.25 108.
16
:
1. :
f ( x) e
(i)
tan( x )
ex 1
(ii) f ( x) ln x
,
e 1
e tan( x )
cos 2 ( x)
1 e x 1 e x 1 (e x 1) / (e x 1) (e x 1)(e x 1) /
f ( x) x
e 1 ex 1 ex 1
(e x 1) 2
x
ii)
e 1
x
e 1 e x (e x 1) (e x 1)e x
2e x
x
e 1
(e x 1) 2
(e x 1)(e x 1)
1
1
1
f ( x) / (1 sin(2 x)) 2 (1 sin(2 x)) '
2
iii)
.
3
3
1
(1 sin(2 x)) 2 cos(2 x)(2 x) ' (1 sin(2 x)) 2 cos(2 x)
2
2. :
) y sin
1 cos( x)
) y (2 x 3x3 )(7 x5 )
28
) y
4x2 1
.
x3 2
) y cos
1 cos( x)
cos
1 cos( x)
1 cos( x)
2 1 cos( x)
2 1 cos( x)
( x3 2)2
( x3 2) 2
( x3 2) 2
3. :
) y x x x
) y esin( x
) y x x x
x 1 x
1
2
1
2
1
2 x
(1
1
y ( x ( x x1/2 )1/2 )1/2 ( x ( x x1/2 )1/2 ) 1/2 ( x ( x x1/2 )1/2 ) '
2
29
1
2 x
x x
1
1
1 2 x
2 x x
1
1
) y esin( x
y esin( x
4.
x
ii) y
i) y 3 x 6 2 x3
x
1 cos( x)
3 x tan( x)
x
y cos3
x 1
iii)
iv) y ln cos2 ( x) 1
i) y 3 x 6 2 x3 , :
x
dy 3 1 3
2x
3 x 6
dx
x 2 x
3
21x5/2 3/2 36 x 2 6 x 2
2x
ii)
x
y
1 cos( x)
3 x tan( x)
6 x
x2
dy
dx
x
cos 2 ( x)
3 x tan( x)
cos( x)
30
x
y
1 cos( x)
3 x tan( x)
y'
2x
sin( x)
2
y x 1 cos( x)
x
y'
x
y'
2x
sin( x) cos( x) x
cos 2 ( x)
2
tan( x)
3 x tan( x)
y x 1
cos 2 ( x)(3 x tan( x))
tan( x)
1 cos( x) 2 x
sin( x) cos( x) x
tan( x)
2
3 x tan( x) x 1
cos 2 ( x)(3 x tan( x))
2
y'
y'
2 x cos 2 ( x)(3 x tan( x)) x 2 1 sin( x) cos( x)(3 x tan( x)) x 2 1 sin( x) cos( x ) x 2 1 x
2
dy
3
x
x ( x 1) x
x 2 x
3cos 2
sin
sin
cos
2
2
dx
x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1 x 1
iv) y ln cos2 ( x) 1 :
dy
1
2cos( x)sin( x) sin(2 x)
2cos( x) sin( x)
2
dx cos ( x) 1
cos 2 ( x) 1
cos 2 ( x) 1
5. x 2 y 2 1 y '' 1/ y3
y ' dy / dx
y(x) x .
d 2
d
d
dy d
( x y 2 ) (1) 2 x x 2 y
(1)
dx
dx
dx
dx dx
dy
dy x
2x 2 y
0
dx
dx y
x2 y2 1
31
d
dy
dy
(
x
)
y
x
y
x
2
d dy d x
d y dx
dx d y
dx
2
2
2
2
dx dx dx y
dx
y
dx
y
x
yx
2
d y
d 2 y y 2 x2
d2y
x2 y 2
d2y
1
y
3 y '' 1/ y 3
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
dx
y
dx
y
dx
y
dx
y
2
6. ,
, .
; ;
r x.
2 r 4 x
2 r 4 x
d
dx
d
2 4
0 ( = ) .
dr
dr
dr
dx
dr
2
A r 2 x2
dA
dx
2 r 2 x
dr
dr
dA
(2r x) .
dr
dA
(2r x) 0 x 2r
dr
2 r 4 x 2 r 8r r
32
2( 4)
.
4
dA
r
.
0 x
2( 4)
dr
4
d2A
dx
(2 ) (2 ) 0 .
2
dr
dr
2
x r .
0 2 r .
A(r) 0, .
2
.
r=0, x
r
1
A 2
4
16
1 2
.
, x = 0 A
2
4
, x = 0 .
2
.
r
7. ,
R h, V R2 h / 3 / 3 .
R, h
S R h2 R 2 , (
);
S R h2 R 2 R 2
1
1
V R2h R2h 1 R
3
3
h
,
:
E ( h)
1
1
h2
1 h3
h h
h
h
:
33
3h 2
E (h) 2 1 h
h 1 h3
h
3h3 2(1 h3 )
2h
1 h
h3 2
2h
1 h
0 h3 2 ,
E ''(h)
6h 4 (1 h3 ) (h3 2)(4h(1 h3 ) 3h 4 )
h 4 (1 h3 )3/2
3 3/2
3h 4 1 h3 (h3 2)(2h 1 h3 h 2
h 4 (1 h3 )
h (1 h )
3
3 3/2
)
2 1 h3
4h (1 h )
3
3h 2
3 3/2
(16h3 8 h6 )
h (2)
1/3
8. x ()
y 32 m3,
.
V x 2 y 32 y
S x 2 4 xy x 2 4 x
32
.
x2
32
128
x2
.
2
x
x
S, 0,
, x
S ' 2x
128
0 x3 64 x 4 .
2
x
S '' 2
256
x 4 , .
x3
9. 64 cm3.
.
.
34
r , h,V , E , ,
.
:
V r 2 h r 2 h 64 h
E 2 rh 2 r 2 2 r
64
r2
64
128
2 r 2
2 r 2 , r 0
2
r
r
E / (r ) 0
128
128 4 r 3
32
4
0 4( r 3 32) 0 r 3
23
2
2
r
r
, 2 ,
.
E // (r ) (128r 2 )/ (4 r )/ 256r 3 4 0, r 0
r 2 3
h 64 1r 2 64 1 (
32
1
3
1
3
23
32
2r .
10. ( )
1 . .
, 3 .
2 /
4 / ;
(
= / )
35
x . 1 x 2 ,
||=1 , 3 x .
1 x2
3 x
T
.
4
2
T ( x)
1 x2 3 x
, 0 x 3.
2
4
x T(x) .
:
1 2x 1 x2
,
T '( x)
4 1 x2 4
4 1 x2
2x
T '( x) 0 2 x 1 x 2 0 3x 2 1 0 .
x1 3 / 3 x2 3 / 3 .
x2 ( ).
:
2x
2
2
1 x2 x
x
'
1
x
1
x
1 1
1
2 1 x2
T ''( x)
2
4 2
(1 x 2 )
2
(1 x 2 )
2 1 x
x2
1 x2 x2
1 x2
1
1
1 x2 1 1 x2
, 0 x 3,
2
2
2
2
(1 x )
2 (1 x )
2(1 x ) 1 x 2
T ''( 3 / 3) 3 3 /16 0
.
3 / 3
,
(x) . , T(0)=1.25,
T(3)=1.581 T ( 3 / 3) 1.183 , x2 3 / 3
.
3 / 3 0.5774km .
11.
180 cm2. 7.5 cm
5 cm.
;
36
x y cm. xy=180,
y=180/x. ,
:
= x-(5+5) = x-10,
=
180
180
(7.5 7.5)
15
x
x
, :
180
1800
1800
f ( x) ( x 10)(
15) 180 15 x
150 330 15 x
, x (0, ) .
x
x
x
:
1800
1800
f ( x) 330 15 x
15 2
x
x
15
1800
1800
0 x2
x 2 120 x 120 ,
2
x
15
x .
x 120 , f ( x) f ( x) , x 120 ,
f ( x) 0 f ( x) . , f(x)
. :
= x = 120 ,
= y = 180/ 120
12. x y
40 10 x
0 x 4 y
.
5 x
.
(x,y) ;
B p, A 2p
:
P( x) 2 px py 2 px p
40 10 x
10 x 2 x 2 40 10 x
20 x 2
p
2p
5 x
5 x
5 x
.
37
, P(x) 2 p
2 x 5 x (20 x 2 )
5 x
2p
x 2 10 x 20
5 x
2p
x 5 5 x 5 5
5 x
5 5, 5 5 .
0 x 4 5 5 .
0 x 5 5 (
) ( ) 5 5 x 4
, x 5 5 P(5 5) 4 p (5 5) 11.0557 p
: P(0) 8 p P(4) 8 p .
5 5, 4 p (5 5)
x=2.76 y=5.53 .
13.
Maclaurin :
e x e x
x 0 sin( x)
sin( x 2 )
x 0
x2
(i) lim
(ii) lim
:
() Maclaurin :
sin( x 2 ) x 2
x6 x10
...
3! 5!
sin( x 2 )
1 2 x6
lim
lim 2 ( x ..) 1
x 0 ( x 2 )
x 0 x
3!
() Maclaurin :
x3 x5
e e 2x
3 60
x
sin( x) x
x3 x5
6 120
x3 x5
3 60
lim
2
x 0
x3 x5
x
6 120
x,
x 0.
2x
38
14. lim f ( x)
x 0
f ( x)
ex 1 x
x2
f ( x) f(x) Taylor x = 0.
Taylor Taylor
ex
n 0
xn
xn
xn
, e x 1 x x 2
n!
n2 n !
n 0 ( n 2)!
ex 1 x
xn
x2
n 0 ( n 2)!
ex 1 x
lim
x 0
x 0
x2
lim
xn
1 x x2
1
xn
n 0 ( n 2)!
lim
lim
...
2
x 0
x
n 0 (n 2)! x0 2 3! 4!
2
x2
15. Taylor,
1
lim x x 2 ln(1 ) .
x
x
( ) n 1
1
1
2
2
n x
lim x x ln(1 ) lim x x (1)
lim x (1) n
n 1
x
x
x
n 1
(n 1) x
n 0
n 0
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1
lim x ( x 2 ...) lim 2 ... 0 0 ...
x
2 3x 4 x
2
x 2 3x 4 x
2
16 t
(t). :
0
,
(t )
, -1/3.
(t )
, ,
:
1
3
(t ) (t ),
(t 0 ) 0 ,
39
()
(t ) c e
1
t
3
, c
( ).
() t0=0 (t0)=10,
3
t = 6.
: Taylor,
:
k
(1)n an ,
n 0
(1)
n 0
an , an 0 , ( )
, ak+1.
()
(t ) c e
1
t
3
:
1
1
t
t
1 1 t 1
1
(t ) c e 3 c ( ) e 3 c e 3 (t )
3
3
(t 0 ) 0
ce
1
t0
3
0 c 0 e
1
t0
3
() (0)=10. , c 10 e0 10
(t ) 10 e
1
t
3
. t=6
(6) 10 e
6
3
10 e2 .
e2 4
.
Taylor 0 :
n
xn
(2)n
2
n 2
e e
(1)
.
n!
n!
n 0 n !
n 0
n 0
40
n-
2n 1
. 3
(n 1)!
2n 1
104 n10.
(n 1)!
10 :
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 210
0.1353791
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8! 9! 10!
e-2 4
e2 0.1353352 .
(6) 10 e2 1.353 3 .
:
,
.
.
. ,
Thomas Calculus 11th edition, Wier, Hass, Jiordano, Pearson AW,
Copyright .
41