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1

1.
(function)
.
2. f .
a. f
b. f ;
a. , ,
b. R ,
R
.
3. f
f
Oxy M ( x, ( f ( x)) x A .
4. f.
y f (x) ( x, y)
f
f.
5. f, g
;
f, g ,
:
S f g,

S ( x) f ( x) g ( x) , x A
D f g,

D( x) f ( x) g ( x) , x A
P f g,

P( x) f ( x) g ( x) , x A
f
f ( x)
R
,
R( x)
, x A g (x ) 0 .
g ( x)
g

6.
.
f
, x1 , x 2
x1 x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) ,
, x1 , x 2
x1 x 2
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .
7. f, , x 1 A
x2 A;
f :
x1 A , f ( x) f ( x1 ) x x1 ,
x 2 A , f ( x) f ( x 2 ) x x 2 .
x1 x 1
1


f (x)

f (x1 ) x A , , f x1

, f x1 . .
, ,
.
8. f
f , x 0
lim f ( x ) f ( x 0 ) .
x

x0


,
.
9. f x 0
f x 0
f ( x 0 h) f ( x 0 )
, lim
.
h 0
h
f x 0 f ( x 0 ) . :.
f ( x 0 h) f ( x 0 )
f ( x0 ) lim
h 0
h
10. f x 0
f x 0 (rate of change)
y f (x) x, x x 0 .

f ( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f ( x 0 ) ,
f (x) x x x 0 .

(t 0 ) f (t 0 )
x f (t ) t 0
f (t ) t t
(to) =

(t0 )

t 0

f (t )

11. f
f , x A
f . , x B
f ( x h) f ( x )
f ( x) lim
. ()
h 0
h
(derivative) f f .
: f x 0 ( ) f
xo .


f ( x ) c
f ( x h) f ( x) c c 0
f ( x h) f ( x )
f (x
h 0 ,
lim
0,
h 0
h
(c ) 0 .

h)
h

f ( x)

0.

f ( x )
f ( x

h)

lim
h

f ( x) ( x

h)

f (x

h) f ( x )
h
( x) 1 .

x h , h

x
0,

f (x

f ( x h) f ( x) ( x h) 2 x 2 x 2 2 xh h 2
f ( x h) f ( x) (2 x h)h
h 0 ,
2x h .
h
h
f ( x h) f ( x)
, lim
lim (2 x h) 2 x .
h 0
h 0
h

h
1.
h

14

x 2 .

f ( x)

(x2 )

f ( x)

lim 1 1 .

f ( x )

h)
h

x2

(2 x

h) h ,

2x

(x )

x 1 , .


cf ( x )
F ( x) cf ( x) .
F ( x h) F ( x) cf ( x h) cf ( x) c( f ( x h) f ( x)) , h 0
F ( x h) F ( x) c( f ( x h) f ( x)
f ( x h) f ( x )
.
c
h
h
h

F ( x h) F ( x )
f ( x h) f ( x )
lim
lim c
cf ( x) .
h 0
h
0
h
h
(c f ( x ))

c f ( x) .

f ( x ) g( x )
F ( x) f ( x) g ( x) .
F ( x h) F ( x) ( f ( x h) g ( x h)) ( f ( x) g ( x))
( f ( x h) f ( x)) ( g ( x h) g ( x)) ,
F( x h) F( x) f ( x h) f ( x) g ( x h) g ( x)
h 0 ,
.
h
h
h

F ( x h) F ( x )
f ( x h) f ( x )
g ( x h) g ( x )
lim
lim
lim
f ( x) g ( x).
h 0
h 0
h 0

h
h
h
( f ( x)

g ( x ))

f ( x)

g ( x)

12.
f f (x) 0
, f .
f f (x) 0
, f .

13.
f f ( x 0 ) 0 x 0 (, ) , f (x) 0 ( , x 0 )
f (x) 0 ( x 0 , ) , f ( , ) x x 0
.
f f ( x 0 ) 0 x 0 (, ) , f (x) 0 ( , x 0 )
f (x) 0 ( x 0 , ) , f ( , ) x x 0
.
A f (x) (, x0 ) ( x0 , ) , f ( x0 )
f (, ) .

2.

:


.
(population)
.
.

(variables) X , Y , Z , B, ...
.

, .
.

,
: , , , , , , , , , , .
: , , .

:
1. , .
, , ( , , , ), (
, ), ( ,
), (
, , ),
, , ,
.
2. , :
i) , .
, , (
1,2,), ( 1,2,,6) .
ii) ,
(, ) .
,
,
.
(census).
()
4


.

.
, ,
.


.


:
) ,
( )
-
,
) , .
.
:
) ,
,
) ,
,
) (),
,
) ,
, , ,
.
x1 , x 2 ,..., x ,
v, .
: x i () (frequency) i ,
x i
.
: 1 2 ... v
: i ,
(relative frequency) f i x i ,
i
fi
,
i 1,2,..., .

:
(i) 0 f i 1 i 1,2,..., 0 i .
(ii) f 1 f 2 ... f 1 ,

1 2 ...
1 2
f1 f 2 ... f
...
1.

, f i ,
f i % , f i % 100 f i .
: xi , i , f i
,
.
: , ( xi , i )
( x i , f i ) ,
( x i , f i %) , .


i xi ,
xi ,
N i 1 2 ... i , i 1,2,..., ..
N N 1
Fi xi ,
xi
: Fi f1 f 2 ... f i , i 1,2,..., . f
F F 1.


25

v
12i
10
8
6
4
2
0

20
15
10

H/Y

5
0
0

1
2

i= fi 360

(
)

( )

( )
12

vi

Fi
10
8
6
4
2
0
156

162

168 174

180 186

192

0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0

fi

0,37
5
0,30
0,22
5
0,15
0,07
5
0
150

156 162 168 174 180 186 192


( cm)

160

170

180

190

( cm)

( cm)

(barchart)
.
.

.
.
.

(line diagram).

x i ( x1 x 2 ... x )
, 1().
i f i ,
.
( xi , i ) ( xi , f i )
, ,

, 1().

200


25

25

20

1
20

15

15

10

10

0
0

1
2

1
2

()
()
() ()
.
(piechart)
,
.
, ,,
i f i x i .
i
,
360 o
360 o f i i 1,2,..., .

: ,
(dot diagram),
. 2
( ) 4,2,3,1,5,6,4,2,3,4,7,4,8,6,3 ,
.
2
i

( )



,
.

.

1990 1995. (
).

fi %
16

14
12
10

8
6

4
2
0
1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995


:
() ,
(class intervals). [ , ), [, ),
.
.

.


(range) R
.
x i , i 1,2,...,
i i
:
,
, .


.



.
:
, , . ,
(),
,
.
:
c ,
,
.
,
. ,
.

,
,
, (frequency
polygon).

,
.

1,

Fi 0,9
.
0,8
0,7

0,6

0,5
0,4
( )
0,3

0,2

0,1
0
(ogive) .
156 162 168 174 180 186 192



( cm)

.


fi


(
)
( ),

, .

0,37
5
0,30
0,22
5
0,15
0,07
5
0
150

160

170

180

190

200

( cm)

()

()

()

()

()
()
() ( )
() ( )
(),
(normal distribution) .
.
[, ], (), .
,
()
().

.



.
(x )
.
t1 , t 2 ,...,t v
, x :

ti

1
ti

i 1
, x1 , x 2 ,..., x
v1 , v 2 ,...,v , :
x

t1

t2

... t

i 1

x11 x 2 2 ... x
1 2 ...

xi i

i 1

1
xi i
i 1

i 1

:
x

i 1

xi

xi f i

i 1

f i .
9


()
x1 , x 2 ,..., x ,
(weighted mean).
x1 , x 2 ,..., x ,
() w1 , w2 ,..., w ,
:

x1 w1 x 2 w2 ... x w
w1 w2 ... w

xi wi

i 1

.
wi

i 1

() ( ) 9 ,
: 3, 5, 5, 36, 6, 7, 4, 7, 8 x 9 .
9 ( ),
, 9.
() . ,
(median),
:
()
, ,
() .
: ,

. , 50%
50%
.
:

, 3. , ,
x ( ), 50%
. ,
Fi 50% .
, (50% ) AB // 0 x
B 0 x . , .
, 173 .
100

Fi %

90
80
70
60
50

A
B

40
30
20
10

156

162

168

174

180

186

192


.
(R)
, :
:
R = -

10


t1 , t 2 ,...,t v
x
, :
v

(t x )
x ) ... (t v x ) i 1 i
.
v
v
,
(t1 x ) (t 2 x ) ... (t v x ) t1 t 2 ... t v vx
x x 0 .
v
v
v
,
t i x .
(s2)
t i x
(t1

x ) (t 2

1
(t i x ) 2
i 1
:
s2

ti

i 1

2
i

t 2 vx 2

i 1

i 1

x
.
,
1
s2
( xi x ) 2 i
:
i 1
2

x i vi

: s

2
i

x vi
i 1

i 1

x i2 vi

vx 2

i 1

x1 , x 2 ,..., x ( )
1 , 2 ,..., .
(s)
s2
: s
:
. ,
cm, cm 2
cm.
M (CV) : :
CV


100 %

s
100 % .
x

x <0 x | x |.
:
1. ,

, . , ,
.
11


2. ,
10%.

x1 , x 2 ,..., x v x s x .
) y1 , y 2 ,..., y v
x1 , x 2 ,..., x v c, :
i) y x c , ii) s y s x
) y1 , y 2 ,..., y v
x1 , x 2 ,..., x v c, :
i) y c x ,
ii) s y | c | s x



, s :
i) 68%

( x s, x s )
ii) 95%

s
( x 2 s, x 2 s )
s
iii) 99,7%

( x 3s, x 3s)
x 3s x 2s x s x x s x 2s x 3s
iv)
68%
, R 6 s .
95%
99,7%



, .

x x 0 , x 0 0 x . ,
,
(measures of skewness) .

A
,

.

B
x
0 ,

.
,
x0
x

. x 0 ,
x 0 . .

3.
1.

(deterministic)

12


2.

, ( )
.
3. .

.
4. .

5.

(event)
6.

.
7.
,
,


8. .
, .
,
,
. .
9.



.

A (

()

(A

A
A)

B )
B (

B )

13

10.
, A B
.

.
11.
,

f A .
v

{1 , 2 ,..., }
{1 }, {2 },...,{ ) 1 , 2 ,..., ,

2
1
f1
:
, f2
,..., f
v
v
v
0 f i 1, i 1,2,..., ( 0 i v )
i.
1 2 ... v
ii. . f1 f 2 ... f
1.
v
v
12. .

( ),
.
, ,
.
13.

: P( A)

N ( A)
.
N ()

14.
{1 , 2 ,..., } .

{i } ,
P (i ) , :

P( i ) 1

P( 1 ) P(
P(

) ... P(

) 1.

) { i } .
P(A) A { 1 , ,..., }

()= P( 1 ) P( ) ... P( ) ,

P( ) 0 .
i

1.
:
P( A B) P( A) P( B)

AB

14

N ( A) N ( B) , A B ,
. , N ( A B) N ( A) N ( B) .
:

P(A B)

N(A B)
N()
N(A) N(B)
N()
N(A) N(B)
N() N()
P(A) P(B) .

(simply additive law)


. , ,
P( A B ) P( A) P( B) P( ) .
2. A :
P ( A ) 1 P ( A)

, A , ,
A A
:
P( A A ) P( A) P( A )
A
P ( ) P ( A) P ( A )
A
1 P ( A) P ( A ) .

P ( A ) 1 P ( A) .

3. :
P( A B) P( A) P( B) P( A B)


N ( A B) N ( A) N ( B) N ( A B) , (1)
A
N ( A) N ( B)
A B .
(1) N ( ) :

N ( A B ) N ( A) N ( B ) N ( A B )
A B
N( )
N( ) N( )
N( )

P( A B) P( A) P( B) P( A B) .
(additive law).
4.
A B , P( A) P( B)

A B :

B
A

N(A) N(B)
N(A) N(B)
N() N()
P(A) P(B) .

15


5.

P( A B) P( A) P( A B)

A B A B
( A B) ( A B) A , :
P( A) P( A B) P( A B) .

P( A B) P( A) P( A B) .

A B

16

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