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Bai Gia 1cung Cau
Bai Gia 1cung Cau
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
BI TP 1
CUNG CU V NG DNG
Cu 1: Hy s dng l thuyt v th cung cu gii thch cc trng hp sau y:
a) Gi s thi tit nng bt thng lm cho ng cu v kem dch chuyn ln trn.
Gii thch ti sao gi kem li tng ti mc th trng n nh mi.
P
S
E2
P2
D2
P1
E1
D1
O
Q1
Q2
Thi tit nng mi ngi mun n kem nhiu hn lng cu v kem tng ln ti
mi mc gi ng cu dch chuyn ln trn trong khi ng cung khng i
im cn bng dch chuyn t E1 sang E2 gi v lng kem bn ra tng ln.
b) Khi thng tin v v kin Vedan gy nh hng n mi trng c bit rng ri.
Theo tm l ca ngi tiu dng trong thi i ngy nay khng ch ch trng n
cht lng v gi c ca sn phm, m h cn quan tm n cng ngh to ra sn
phm. Cng ngh sn xut gy nhim mi trng s b ty chai. Do , tin tc
Vedan gy nhim trm trng lm cho ngi tiu dng thay i hnh vi ca h. C
th l nhng gia nh trc y a chung Vedan s thi mua hoc t mua Vedan i.
Lm cho lng cu Vedan gim ng cu Vedan dch chuyn D1 ln D2 Cn
bng mi ti gi P2 < P1 v sn lng Q2 < Q1.
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
S
E1
P1
D1
P2
E2
D2
O
Q2
Q1
Bt ngt l gia v thit yu hng ngy. Do , khi ngi tiu dng khng mua Vedan s
chuyn sang mua A-ji-no-mo-to hoc mt hng bt ngt khc. y, A-ji-no-mo-to c
xem l hng ha thay cho Vedan. V vy, cu Vedan gim cu A-ji-no-mo-to tng
dch chuyn ng cu t D1 ln D2 To ra cn bng th trng mi cho bt ngt Aji-no-mo-to, ti cn bng mi E2 gi v sn lng cao hn cn bng c.
( th tng t cu a)
c) Ch ra tc ng ca bin c ny n th trng c ph:
- Hn hn lm cho Ty Nguyn b mt ma c ph
S2
P
E2
S1
P2
P1
D
E1
Q2
Hiu nh: TS. ng Minh Phng
Q1
2
Q
Thc hin: Nguyn Th Kim Tin
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
P1
D1
D2
Q2
Q1
CS1: Cng vi vic cm qung co, nu nhng li cnh bo trn l thuyt phc
c nhng ngi ht thuc ht t hn, ng cu s dch chuyn sang tri t
D1 sang D2, nu vn gi mc gi l P1 lng cu gim xung cn Q2.
CS2: Quy nh cm ht thuc ni cng s, cng cng nu vi phm s b pht ti
chnh nh vo ti tin ca ngi tiu dng s lm cho h e ngi khng dm
vi phm. c bit l nhng ngi lm vic ni cng s hoc thng xuyn
n cc ni cng cng h khng c thi gian v mi trng ht thuc
gim s dng thuc l cu gim dch chuyn cu xung di (gi s qui
nh c thc hin nghim tc, c hiu qu). th tng t trn.
Cu 2(10): Cung v cu sn phm X c cho nh sau:
Gi
80
70
60
50
40
Sn lng cu
40
80
120
160
200
Sn lng cung
320
260
200
140
80
Thc hin: Nguyn Th Kim Tin
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
a = 360
80 = a b*70
b=4
c = -120
260 = c + d*70
d=6
Q / Q Q p
. = -b*(P/Q)
p / p
p Q
Q/P = - b
b = - (80-40)/(70-80) = 4
Ti gi P = 80, Qd = 40 thay vo phng trnh ng cu ta c:
40 = a - 4*80
a = 360
(Tng t tm c, d trong ng cung)
b) Xc nh gi c cn bng th trng.
Cn bng th trng xy ra khi cung bng cu:
Hiu nh: TS. ng Minh Phng
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
Qs = Qd
-120 + 6*P = 360 4*P
10*P = 480
P* = 48
Thay P = 48 vo phng trnh ng cung hoc cu ta tm c Q* = 168
Vy gi v sn lng cn bng l P* = 48
Q* = 168
c) Tnh h s co gin ca cung v cu ti im cn bng
Ti cn bng P* = 48, Q* = 168
co gin cu theo gi:
Q / Q Q p
.
p / p
p Q
= -b*(P/Q)
= - 4*(48/168) = - 1,143
Q / Q Q p
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
P
(100$/cn h)
5
O
55
75
95
7
Q (chc ngn cn h)
D Thc hin: Nguyn Th Kim Tin
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
55
75
95
Q (chc ngn cn h)
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
10
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
Q / Q Q p
. = -b*P/Q
p / p
p Q
Vi P = 80, QD =20
= -0,1*80/20 = -0,4
Tng t, khi P = 100, QD = 18
= -0,1*100/18 = -0,56
co gin ca cung
Vi P = 80, QS= 16
Q / Q Q p
. = 0,1*80/16 = 0,5
p / p p Q
P = 100, QS = 18
= 0,1*100/18= 0,56
d) Vi gi trn l 80$, s lng m ngi tiu dng mun mua l: 20 triu. Nhng
ngi sn xut ch mun bn 16 triu. Do vy, xy ra tnh trng thiu ht sn phm
trn th trng. Lng thiu ht l 4 triu.
Cu 7: Mt cng trnh nghin cu gn y xc nh c rng biu cung v biu cu v
mt hng a nha Frisbee dng trong tr chi nh sau:
Hiu nh: TS. ng Minh Phng
11
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
Gi ($)
Lng cu (triu)
Lng cung (triu)
11
1
15
10
2
12
9
4
9
8
6
6
7
8
3
6
10
1
a) Gi v lng cn bng ca mt hng ny l bao nhiu?
Nhn vo bng trn ta thy: ti mc gi P = 8; Q D = QS = 6. y chnh l gi v sn
lng cn bng.
b) Cc nh sn xut thuyt phc chnh ph rng hng ha ca h gip cc nh khoa
hc hiu su hn v kh ng lc hc c do c tm quan trng i vi an ninh
quc gia. Quc hi b phiu t ra gi sn cao hn 2 $ so vi gi cn bng. Gi th
trng mi l bao nhiu? Bao nhiu a nha Frisbee c tiu th?
Chnh ph t ra gi sn cao hn 2$ so vi gi cn bng gi th trng mi l:
P=8+2=10$. Khi lng cu l QD= 2 triu a, tc l ch c 2 triu a nha Frisbee
c tiu th trn th trng.
c) Sinh vin trng cao ng Irate tun hnh ti th Washington i gim gi mt
hng ny. Quc hi hy b gi sn v nh ra gi trn thp hn gi sn c 1$. Gi
th trng mi l P = 10-1 =9$. Ti mc gi ny c 6 triu sn phm c tiu th
(vi Pc>Pcb).
Cu 8: Sn phm A c ng cu l P = 25 9Q v dng cung la P = 4 + 3,5Q
P: tnh bng ng/n v sn phm
Q: tnh bng triu tn n v sn phm
a) Xc nh mc gi v sn lng cn bng.
T phng trnh ng cung v ng cu nghch cho. Ta chuyn v ng cung v
ng cu thun:
P = 25 9*Qd Qd = 2,778 0,111*P
P = 4 + 3,5*Qs Qs = -1,143 + 0,286*P
Ti cn bng Qs = Qd
-1,143 + 0,286*P = 2,778 0,111*P
Hiu nh: TS. ng Minh Phng
12
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
0,397*P
= 3,921
P = 9,88
Q = 1,68
Gi v sn lng cn bng P* = 9,88 /vsp, Q* = 1,68 triu tn vsp
b) m bo li ch cho ngi tiu dng, chnh ph d nh a ra 2 gii php:
Gii php 1: Khi n nh Pmax = 8 /vsp. Lng thiu ht c nhp khu vi P
= 11/kg .
Thay Pmax = 8 vo phng trnh ng cung v ng cu ln lt ta c lng cung cu
tng ng l Qs = 1,14 , Qd = 1,89
Vy tng sn lng thiu ht trong trng hp ny l
Qd Qs = 1,89 1,14 = 0,75 triu tn vsp
S tin chnh ph phi b vo nhp lng sn phm thiu ht trn th trng l:
0,75*(11-8) = 2,25 t ng
P(/kg)
S
PS
P* = 9,88
Pmax = 8
Thiu
D
S
PS
P* = 9,88
Q (triu tn)
1,14
1,68
1,89
Gii
PD php 2: Khi chnh ph tr cp cho ngi tiu dng 2 ng/vsp
P (/kg)
Hiu nh: TS. ng Minh Phng
13
D
Thc hin: Nguyn Th Kim Tin
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
1,68
1,84
Q (triu tn)
14
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
S2
S1
E2
P2
P1
P
E1
0,5
D
Q2
Q1
S
E1
E2
D1
D2
Q2
Q1
15
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
Cu 10(14):
Th trng v la go Vit Nam c cho nh sau.
-
P(1.000/kg)
Qs (triu tn)
16
Qd (triu tn
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
2008
2009
2
2,2
34
35
31
29
Q / Q Q p
.
p / p
p Q
Q / Q Q p
.
p / p p Q
V ta xt th trng trong 2 nm lien tip nn P, Q trong cng thc tnh co gin cung v
cu l P, Q bnh qun:
a = 51
c = 24
17
Faculty of Economics
Microeconomics 1
Solution 1
24 + 5*P = 51 10*P
15*P = 27
P* = 1,8 ngn ng/kg
Q* = 33 triu tn
Khi c quota xut khu phng trnh ng cu thay i nh sau:
Qd = Qd + 2 = 51 10*P = 53 10*P
Cn bng mi khi c quota xut khu: Qs = Qd
24 + 5*P = 53 10*P
P = 1,93 ngn ng/kg
Q = 33,65 triu tn
d) Gi s nm 2009 chnh ph nh xut khu l 5% gi xut khu. iu ny lm cho
18