frequency doubler

A non-linear device that efficiently produces an output that is twice the frequency of the
signal applied to its input.
A buffer amplifier (sometimes simply called a buffer) is one that provides electrical
impedance transformation from one circuit to another. Two main types of buffer exist: the
voltage buffer and the current buffer.
A tap changer is an connection point selection mechanism along a power transformer
winding that allows a variable number of turns to be selected in discrete steps. This means, a
transformer with a variable turns ratio is produced, enabling stepped voltage regulation of
the output. The tap selection may be made via an automatic or manual tap changer
mechanism.
circulating current is nothing but when two in equal voltage sources are connected accros a
load then circulating currents will flow [sources must be practical]
The first commercial applications of electric traction were for suburban or metropolitan
railroads. Being simply power-converting, rather than power-generating, devices, electric
locomotives have several advantages.
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a commonly used
technique for controlling power to inertial electrical devices, made practical by modern
electronic power switches.
freewheeling diodes are used to short the load during negative half cycles and hence prevent
the voltage breakdown of the semiconductor switches used in the control circuit.
A phase detector or phase comparator is a frequency mixer, analog multiplier or logic
circuit that generates a voltage signal which represents the difference in phase between two
signal inputs. It is an essential element of the phase-locked loop (PLL).
Detecting phase differences is very important in many applications, such as motor control,
radar and telecommunication systems, servo mechanisms, and demodulators.
The 555 timer IC is a device that can create various kinds of time delays in a circuit. It uses a
threshold pin that is typically connected to an RC circuit. Depending on how it is connected, it
can operate in one shot mode (monostable), astable mode (retriggerable), or schmitt trigger
mode.