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Heat Exchanger Lab Report
Heat Exchanger Lab Report
Heat Exchanger Lab Report
Heat exchanger
By: Omar Samir
117781
Abstract
The aim of this experiment is to demonstrate the concentric tube
heat exchange device, and how both parallel and counter-current
flow process are implemented and the differences between them. In
order to calculate the Overall Heat coefficient (U), there are couple
of calculations like LMTD, Qc,Qh must be obtained first to approach
this experiment's aim.
Table of Contents
2.................................................................................................... Abstract
4.............................................................................................. Introduction
9....................................................... Experimental Method and Procedure
10.............................................................................. Experimental results
12...................................................................... Discussion and conclusion
13...................................................................................... Sources of error
14.............................................................................................. Bibliography
List of figuers
4....................................................................................................... Figure
5....................................................................................................... Figure
5....................................................................................................... Figure
6....................................................................................................... Figure
8....................................................................................................... Figure
8....................................................................................................... Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
List of equation
7................................................................................................... Equation
7................................................................................................... Equation
7................................................................................................... Equation
10................................................................................................. Equation
10................................................................................................. Equation
10................................................................................................. Equation
11................................................................................................. Equation
11................................................................................................. Equation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Introduction
In the chemical/operation engineering firm there are usually large
set of heat exchanger which there existence is important. These
heat exchangers mainly aims to change a temperature of a
particular flow by flowing another fluid close to the required
temperature. This simple and efficient device is called concentric
tube heat exchanger, which includes a relatively small tube (inner
tube) encompassed by a larger tube (outer tube) with an expected
different diameters. The internal structure of the concentric tube
heat exchanger gives the chance for a rapid heat exchange between
both fluids while they are separated by a specific thin tube, also to
ensure that they will never mix as the aim of this device is to
transfer heat either to hot or cold fluid (Holman, 2002). The heat
exchangers are globally used in several applications such as: air
conditioning, chemical plants, petroleum refineries, refrigeration,
power plants and others. A more reliable demonstrative application
for such a process is the car radiator, the transfer of heat occurs
between the following hot water inside tubes of the radiator and the
flowing air inside the near spaced thin plates from the other side
linked to the tubes. The following Figure1 represents the
construction of the car's radiator.
Figure 1
Mainly the heat exchanger contains two major process which are
convection and conduction. The convection process deals with the
heat transfer between fluids while conduction deals with heat
transfer between walls (tubes/solids) that separates both fluids from
each. within the analysis of this experiment the overall heat
coefficient (U) must be taken in consideration when calculating, as it
interferes with all of the heat transfer effect. (Lienhard, 2006. )
Figure 3
Figure 2
The
Figure 4
As
LMTD=
( T 1 )( T 2)
ln( T 1)/( T 2)
1 Equation
.
( T 1 ) =ThiTci
( T 2)=ThoTco
Equation 2
( T 1 ) =ThiTco
( T 2)=ThoTci
Equation 3
Where :
The following diagrams illustrate both parallel flow and countercurrent flow cases, which represents how both fluids acts at each
case.
Figure 5
Figure 6
A-Calibration
1. Calibrate the temperature sensors.
2. Calibrate the turbine flow meters.
B-Process
1. Verify that valves are opened and that we have set countercurrent flow configuration.
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2. Check that the heating tank is full of water, above the level
switch.
3. Switch on the pump and the resistance (equipment power
supply).
4. Set the temperature of the tank to 60C (ST-16).
5. Set the hot water flow at about 2.5 L/min (SC-1) and set the cold
water flow to reach stationary operation conditions, keeping the set
temperature in the tank constant.
6. Record the temperature and flow measurements.
7. Set the valves in the correct position to invert the direction of the
cold water flow to produce parallel flow conditions.
8. Make sure that the temperature is kept constant at 60C in the
tank and that cold and hot water flows and input temperatures have
the same/similar values to those obtained in the counter-current
configuration.
9. Once the system is stabilized, record the temperature and flow
measurements.
10. Calculate the heat transferred by the hot fluid, the heat gained
by the cold fluid and the heat losses. Determine the logarithmic
difference of average temperatures and the global heat transfer
coefficient and represent the temperature distribution graphically.
Experimental results
ST16 ( C)
ST1 (oC)
ST2 (oC)
ST3 (oC)
ST4 (oC)
ST5 (oC)
ST6 (oC)
SC1
(L/min)
SC2
(L/min)
2.1276
m
1000=
v
2.1898
m
mh=0.5 kg /s
3
1000 x 60
Equation 4
Givens :
Area=0.00192
mc=3kg/s
cp=4.179819
Q h=m h Cph (T h iT h o)
Equation 5
Parallel flow
T1h=ST1-ST3=52.2-44.8=7.40C
Therefore: Qh =0.05(4.179819)(7.4)=1.546J/Kg
Counter flow
T1h=ST1-ST3=53.2-45.1=8.10C
Therefore: Qh=(0.05)(4.179819)(8.1)=1.692J/Kg
Parallel flow
T2c=ST6-ST4=28.6-24=4.60C
Therefore: Qc=3(4.179819)(4.6)=57.681J/Kg
Counter flow
T2c=ST4-ST6=27.3-23.7=3.60C
Therefore: Qc =3(4.179819)(3.6)=45.142J/Kg
11
LMTD=
( T 1 )( T 2)
ln( T 1)/( T 2)
7 Equation
Qh
Tlm
Equation 8
Where: Area=0.00192
Parallel
U0.00192=
1.546
5.889
=136.731W/m2 0C
Counter flow
U0.00192=
1.6
5.549
12
= 150.177 W/m2 0C
13
Sources of error
1) Neglecting the heat loss to the surroundings in calculations
doesn't obtain a true value of the Overall Heat Coefficient (U)
2) Fouling factor (dirt's) could affect the heat exchange rate as a
resistance, where the fouling factor wasn't taken in
consideration within the calculations.
3) Bubbles included in the water (which is caused by several
reasons) could affect the flow rate of the fluid.
4) Calibrating the temperature sensors could have been not
performed properly, which causes error in temperatures
reading.
5) Calibrating the flow rate sensors could have been not
performed properly, which causes error in flow rate readings.
6) The heating water tank may didn't reach the level switch,
which obeys the requirements of the experiment.
7) A human error while setting the valves position, when
converting from counter-current to parallel vice versa, the
student could confuse on switching one of the valves from a
position to another.
8) Room temperature must be maintained, to avoid the tubes
gain or loss heat from the surroundings that affect the heat
exchange.
14
Bibliography
Eckert, E. (1987. ). Analysis of heat and mass transfer. . Washington, DC,
USA.: Hemisphere Publ., .
Holman, J. (2002). Heat transfer. 9th ed., . New York, NY, USA, : McGraw
Hill, .
Joshua, F. (2009). Design and Construction of a Concentric Tube Heat
Exchanger. Journal 132 , 128 -133.
Lienhard, J. I. (2006. ). A heat transfer textbook. 3rd ed. MA, USA.:
Phlogiston Press Cambridge, .
Nedderman. (1985). Fluid Mechanics and Transfer Processes.
Saunders, E. (1988). Heat exchanger selection, design and construction. .
New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
Sons, R. K. (2003). Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design.
Vairam, D. S. (2013). Engineering Chemistry. New Delhi : John Wiley &
Sons Ltd.
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