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SAMPLING
SIVARAM
PCET
 MEANING

1. A sample is a finite part of a statistical

population whose properties are studied to
gain information about the whole(webster
1985)

1. When dealing with people, it can be defined

as a set of respondents(people) selected
from a larger population for the purpose of
a survey.
 Sampling process

Developing
a sampling
Defining the Frame
population
Specifying
Sample
Method
Determining
Sample
Size

SELECTING THE SAMPLE

 PROBABILITY

SIM SYST STA RA S COMPLE

PLE EMA RIFI ND T X
RA TIC ED OM R MULTIS
ND RAN RAN CLU AI TAGE
OM DOM DOM STE FI RANDO
R E M
D
NON PROBABILITY

CONVENIENCE

QUOTA

PURPOSIVE
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

A probability sampling method is any

method of sampling that utilizes some form of
random selection

In order to have a random selection method,

you must set up some process or procedure
that assures that the different units in your
population have equal probabilities of being
chosen.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

The simplest form of random sampling is called simple random

sampling.

Objective: To select n units out of N such that each NCn has an

equal chance of being selected.
Procedure: Use a table of random numbers, a computer random
number generator, or a mechanical device to select the sample
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM

Number the units in the population from 1 to N

Decide on the n (sample size) that you want or
need
k = N/n = the interval size
Randomly select an integer between 1 to k
Then take every kth unit
 STARIFIED RANDOM

Stratified Random Sampling, also

sometimes called proportional or quota
random sampling, involves dividing your
population into homogeneous subgroups and
then taking a simple random sample in each
subgroup. In more formal terms.

Objective: Divide the population into non-

overlapping groups (i.e., strata) N1, N2, N3, ...
Ni, such that N1 + N2 + N3 + ... + Ni = N.
Then do a simple random sample of f = n/N in
each strata
 RANDOM CLUSTER

Done correctly, this is a form of random

sampling
Population is divided into groups, usually
geographic or organizational
Some of the groups are randomly chosen
In pure cluster sampling, whole cluster is
sampled.
In simple multistage cluster, there is random
Sampling within each randomly chosen cluster
Stratified cluster

Reduce the error in cluster

sampling by creating strata of cluster

Sample one cluster from each stratum

The cost-savings of clustering with the error

reduction of stratification
 Stratification vs. Clustering

Stratification Clustering

Divide population into Divide population into

groups different from each comparable groups:
schools, cities
other: sexes, races, ages
Randomly sample some of
Sample randomly from
the groups
each group
More error compared to
Less error compared to
simple random
simple random
Reduces costs to sample
More expensive to obtain
only some areas or
stratification information
organizations
 COMPLEX MULTISTAGE RANDOM

Large national probability samples involve

several stages of stratified cluster sampling
The whole country is divided into geographic
clusters,metropolitan and rural
Some large metropolitan areas are selected
withcertainty (certainty is a non-zero
probability!)
Other areas are formed into strata of areas
(e.g. middle-sized cities, rural counties);
clusters are selected randomly from these
Non-probability
 quota

• Pre-plan number of subjects in specified

categories(e.g. 100 men, 100 women)
In uncontrolled quota sampling, the subjects
chosen for those categories are a convenience
sample, selected any way the interviewer
chooses
In controlled quota sampling, restrictions are
imposed to limit interviewer’s choice
No call-backs or other features to eliminate
convenience factors in sample selection
 Convenience sampling

Subjects selected because it is easy to access

them.

No reason tied to purposes of research.

Students in your class, people on State Street,

friends
 Purposive Samples

Subjects selected for a good reason tied to

purposes of research

Small samples < 30, not large enough for power

of probability sampling.
– Nature of research requires small sample
– Choose subjects with appropriate variability in
what you are studying

Hard-to-get populations that cannot be found through

screening general population
Thanks for the people sitting opposite
to me