“McGraw. HilSerse in Mechanical Enginering He Noman Sather Met Vea (Comin ater ‘Antes: Modem Comes Row: Woh Hata Pesyece cmt ‘Comte Het on Sa Tre Neve i ae ym of ey es, Du: 624.4 2000 0S Sb INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FUNDAMENTALS John B Heywood rs ee nae ‘sans ao ene) vaaneneen FH SLEY (fe) Fechopiomeh 21 (ST “yer Tao. TooaN c-07-02837-« Cone Can Dae (con wom oa pee Shoat 8 Med ie ia ‘his Books ried on ace paper ABOUT THE AUTHOR ‘Jobe B Heyrond recived the PLD. cep a mechanical engrecing fom ‘he Masschuset Tastute of Techacloy i 965. Flowing anacdional pet. ‘ecto yar of woneh MIT, be worked se mares fee at he Cea Eisscniy Ceacnting Boucb Research Laborer in Expand on magneto hydrogynaepower aan. In 1948 be Jono the cy at MIT wre be ‘rtaer of Macao Expcetn, AC MIT he # Diecie o the Slna ‘Aatomotve Labor He curly Read th Flt tnd Thorn ‘ic i Seba gen Beane snd he Tenors nergy Progam rear nthe MIT Berpy Laboratory Me ely ave to the MIT Sports Ca Clb, ‘Poor Hopson aching snd rach nr ee the aes of hen ‘mocyuanica oabaion cag), pow and ropusion. Dang the ps re ‘Seas, i roach sie ecm on operat carci td {hei egoremens fattamouve tnd areal eng A male enphas has (hen cm computer mode wich pres th porn, eficen. al emi Som Gt Sprkigion, dock unl ga trans wie and im coying out ‘xpi o devon io raat these moae Hea evel voted fetinlog assoc and poly studies etd fe anomie engines aut ‘mobil ian, andthe conrl fi ton He cones Pega fe (le ssomolveand paoleam inti df the US. Goveranant His exense earn the ld copies us Dee sper by te US. ‘Amy. Departent of ery. Envonnestal Preto, Agency, NASA. ‘Nittaa! Sens Feonthton tombe td deal sage manufactoey nd ‘role cmpuni He as preseciedexpobted ene hunted pops o8ie mince in tcl conkn nd pura: He has co-athoeed te pe. nu boss Opel MID Fever Genera pad by Pergo Prost In 196 an The aucome an the equation gts patente Bxevoumer Debised ty Univeniy of Other Pres in 1975. ste blow aftr Amadou lest of eroaates and fttnanten flow {Br ton of ewes Eninenrs ad 982 was hee a Feo folie US. Sony 0 Auiomatine Eager for his tinea! contibacns to Steamaie exgoeseg He ba member f the eter bar ofthe jure Proprar ix Brgy ond Conbuton Since aed the Intematinal Jownal Vo bese ia ‘earch ptzaens ca ira combustion engne, poner geneton| aud us tur combustion hive wen ners avd: He was swat the ‘Aveton Premium 949 y the Both Inuit of flere Engineers. Po- ‘Roce Heywood recived « Ralph Re Tenor Avard sae eusteacing oe eperingeduatr rm the Sect of Automotve Eases in 1971 He has {ic teen the pent ofan SAE Arh F-Colnal Met Avan fo sn oxtiand. {ng ech pabseton (973 ard 88h He reed SAE Herving Memo ‘Avot for the bet pope om ene and fas SEL Ia 1584 be Pvt the ‘ScD. degre fom Caste Univnity fox in publi comtittons ‘apesrigreseanh He nas sted ashe 198 Ameen Soety af Mechs (Gt Engiers Freeman Scola fer a mae review "Fld Moton win the ce of tered Conon Engines” Hacc Heywood 1 hae fotoved many ofthe ps he okCONTENTS Preiace Commonly Used Symbols, Subscripts, and ‘Abt Engine Types and Their Operation Iason nd Matra Pepatoe ge Comatom ‘ign Opty C7 [Etpne Crees Spun Eage Operon anno pte agen Engine Design and Operating Parameters Inperane Fai Caractere (Srna Foe Tenet Wo Ferree estos Fore Nan ttewe Peoue Spc as Conant ice Sirota oa toe seeanne® seueare.- B210 Yeas on 2 win Sinaia Int EegaeSpese web pate Yone $ inter 5 ea Modes of Eine Cys Ei Street feet ore Ge 3 3 iste ee it €Satatis tne Plomare Petes % 3] Ramona nen Ee Pr BIS. Eegne Dengnan ocnne Dt e St Seat ios Wi a Sareea ie Ore (Chapter 3 Thermochemistry ef FocAie Mixtures @ 123 ect Cnr rs Cte Li Charen of Paes @ ss fatacoaentig oes “ S51 Ser tdeton 33 Ginger ak Fos & Sap mec at BM cochoune Seung & 38 Gmve came 35 Teint two Terman an Conboden 2 36 Orecapntel Eee Ge SS Eagan tay as 2 5) Natty tas tae Poses 532 Enitipeseeratoe % ST daar Rte 355 atone = S35 ey Cage el te 533 daly Anas lee 524 tet parame Rae he Pesecdtaeathenaniiatceoomcs fh 7 eect " s ee) et bm oe 3) ceutficcegorblanee 8 SHC eben e of eneeion. a SS Geter eee S22 Somind Quartet Dyan ce co AES Sete vere oh eae ST Powe ake Gener ad Tei 3. cette tn bie eee So Settmpg a toesucke Cys ape Chapter 4 Properties of Working Fiids ‘rand Mie Compson 62. Fh Tiras Powe 3 Sitar an Tracing 46 Tate ofPopria Cmyoion Coop! ttn Proper ad Canposion oats S85 WareGengreoe Dees (Chast 7-51 Engine Fuel Metering and Manifold me) iheonean 2» 211 Spurting Mate Regan, ea 12 Con 205 a xChapter 8 Chapter 9 ‘Charge Motion within the Cynder Nee tnt Th Chant £2 Root ny Daa 522 Sir Geren data natn 103 Se Noten slander Soot Predamber Eg owt (saves nt Flows Gcorct ty Fr-Cylodr Wal Inertia ‘Combustion in Spark-gniton Engines ‘Thema Aas et pe Cannan SET" ureaeg Urb Mine Se 522 mal f Cyne Pea Bata 533, Como Pcs Charsezatoe lime Stores See 933 Lamu amin ee 224 Fate Peper Reatoa {Gee Veto Contato Part Buring ad Mie 3 Oteenaoe ang tens 342. Cheol Ce Cea Cine Cir 943, Pa Brig Mii, et Ege Sy Spc iptine FET os Pantene 382, Chaecnd pice Sens 335 Sirsa en paces ‘ort Contato Kao tl Se pit SAE Detain of siaes SeeseeERS eeeEEeUEEEH eegegggeusss 2 ag aeeeee Caper 10 Chapter 11 3 Combustion in Compresion-Igniton Engines ‘Type et Connon Set Tr Dine taeee Smee 122 ncetjenen Sem 1025, Compan oboe Cembaton Stems Follutant Formation aud Conte eeEEeeeeeegeueneseeeeaasas geage S 88 eaey)(Chapter 12 ry te ns Chapter 13 3 NCEninins fom Speen Eines 1S Nyerearom tonne eins Doe Bape Prscuutttnence TET Spon ngs Pens 1131 rine inte tr 136 peed Comte ‘sane Opsne Td Couto Converts Engine Heat Transfer ea Teanderand Ege Es Bice Scrat ae 3 Car Timea Het Fon EG Sen mete 13 fnuhenatam Syn Het Tater aie tet Taner TEST Eatin fom Gi [2A Spurting Mearns RAS ae tgs Newent Engine Friction and Lubrication gee saggarsaces! e eaSesses nm a B 116 petites ope Bs BREE Met Engr Beko Ta 2B az Peg rit te DS Phe et Pen = Re Conta rig rin ie D&S. YaveTam reba B ‘ezsson Powe Heston B 3A asa Seem we D2 Leckey os Modelog Rel Engine Flow and Combustion Screg Een arate eae voy Hesston Now dae Hat gene E33 Pyne ee ‘seth cre ne Sohn Folpy Mote (Conte Mei ‘Chapter 1S Engine Operating Characteristics {32 demeendoai rove ws RESSSReezaa sg, 3159° Opa Vanes Tt Ae Ene Porn, ean Ee {S31 Spe rie 1532, Mate Campodtion 1833 Lato Soe {42 Raseo Te onl Coben {34e Chamier Osan Regement 15343 Chanter Opinion Sear 15 Varhs Tat Alen Cape Prorat. and EST Tan and Spend 182, Facto Parmere {ia3 At ewchand pov Rte De 184 Sapeshrgl sd krtagel foe Pores S21" Faarseoaeeyaest aps 1562 Frarstoke Ge! tages 1563 ‘Tue State Gee SEegner {S61 ToSeake ee ClEseae 159 Engine PerrmanesSommaey Appredines Usk Comesion Freon ea Gar Rae 1 Dien Working Fi SgSSE8ee PREFACE Inuraalsombotien engines date bck 1 176 when Oto fiat dlp the ‘puch igtion engine end 1692 shen Dil ivete the tompreon pion ‘ie Sic ane thegines ate entre develop ton Leow Sengne pconss his teres, st ev tetcloge beams Halse Uimand brew ayes sf engine atom and as envkonmesal cota 02 ‘gene ange Irn eombaten eng td he nda that deen 1 ments tem snd seppet tn ue now py wdonnst te the fet pores ropuson and ser The stents yeas ors ave ee {merphuve pomth in ene rssh and Gevlopmant ees LAF pie ‘Son, il 2b and mart cempetivenss bane become crea impo lat As norms cha trie on engines nee es whch at ft be ‘segura and renee “fsbo hs bece Veen as text an profesional eens reponse otha es Ica « woudl bused ard exensive eviw fhe fndamedtal ‘emps to pov sping fumeverk forthe at td compl mae ‘edict marl Cat tow cass on spatkigien and compres gation ‘eng ane te se nef nce vest dea to cca) tere wold caer arctriis 0 iteral eombston eins fo «fnsamen po of ve, the tetiod of pion has been eke tthe pins casing fare Fro the method ef pnlionspuriion or compessonseationt flow the Important sara of the fo ud method of mist peptone Iaion chamber deg, meted of bed coon, deta 0 te sumbton esas engine emssons and opening curser Soe othe Othe dass featios are eset a sbceezoes wii is base: clneaton. The engine cperateg jele—louratrke ot to-tole—ie ts parte he pas (Fe woo oe deed inh ving ection “ble 19 shows le maw conan appeals of teml combustion Viataetnte dasiocertome cheb any Sta mens ce sis me sano 9 caps te precomiuat pe ene se nec ction Kite, auth Sporonnsteapne pow arg ech pe service 13. ENGINE OFERATING CYCLES Mesto i ook sabe rpocting engin whe th ten moves tack 2 fon in a yids ana tami power trough a canseing ed and cask inecasim to (be die shal as own in Fg. Te dy voaGon ote ‘Non predate «eye ton main The piten comes est atthe op {Site I) cask pouton snd botemcetr BO) mak peaben when the Sine olame I imum oe mesimamy, opel |The ium ce {volume eae the cera vane. Te Vlume swept cut 8 the errsou 12 Teter peatgc® ison the diene etna he masimum or etal Youn ¥ ad he erance ‘een, sealed the Sapa or wep tote Ty. Te ito f meats ‘alin minimum voles be comprston ‘ao. Type he oe older Stergines and 121024 or Cl engine, “The msjonty of reipeating ties eperate co what & Kowa the fourstle cyl Bac syst voit for roker 9 WON He RAO ‘won fe erantshat—to complete sequene of event whieh rods one Dover suote Both SI and Cl enpnes iu theese which compres tc Fi ry 1. nae sto, whith star wih pen a¢-TC ad en wih he ton ‘2'4C wiich drove teak mintere inthe cylinder To sree the an Induct te net valve opens sory blr he stoke ats and ces aller, itende 2 Acongranion rok, when both valet we hed and te mae imide he Siders comprene tos al acon oft ea vole Tova th ene ‘tthe compression ioe, combution i ited ant the onder prea fiesmore nil 2 Amer anole or oxpanion stoke which an with epson wt TC and xd Ca te nightemperatre presi, gases push epson down ‘hfe the ca to rome. About fie ine 8 ach ort done onthe Patn drag te power tke a the pitan hd to do daring compra sesh icon sproacis Cth east abe opts ote be xh ADE epthe inde ome tecse tobe exaas ete 4 Teeanag stoke we i aig bared goes hefner sy Sic Sind pes ay be moet hh tan he ea eit ona they ne wet ou the ion amos tower TC AS [oyioa eres rnc tve opens Dnt she Tete ech tivwsh fen called the Ot eater is arent, Nios Oto, wo bat {hen cngn pang om thew prep a 16, th mre sere fur wees ouramke eye rgeis fr ech engine ind, wo crc re avon for sath power sok To obtain a higher power out am a gee ‘She age ond a simpler valve dese. be vesote eye was eveoped The CELIAC je kts ton sot Crengines. Tipe shes oe ofthe ting Iperf toto engine diane. trursin te Sper Bose opeel an del the pte tin cote he ‘its it Hows whist pion ete (OBC. Theo stokes 1 emp sae, hich sry sing the inlet and ets ports, ant ‘nse Bonn soverant2. A per expanton se, simi a ie the frase ce iti the ‘ton sponta BG whee frat the ahaa ports end then th take porta Se uncovered (Fig 1} Mor of e tumt pase ext te once fea ‘that Hwan seus, Wie elt per te were he th ‘hpe whch hs ben compel inthe erantase flow et ‘Tejon and the por ar goer sped to dtet the fei ‘to forgery no ie eta por aod Wo achive este sen ctteretud ses ach cain eye with one yore eis compet in ene casi revgiion However, ted to Wt conpley the duped vole Wath irah are, nd eo te tok mat ow dnc et oe eit ‘ring he woveneag prose The eum shown ira researc! See ‘the apoio ae inpsnenigorunow setens (ee Se. 8). LA ENGINE COMPONENTS She snilew scavenging proses The fncion of the mayor component f the ck. Heyy and frock cagins ten ne emovabe ender Seve pred int he et hat be rao! wen vorn Thx se cod wet ls ory ins Gepening on “whater be deve sin det contact wi he cootng wate. Alias sel ‘ed facesngly in smaller St engine dks oes erie wiht Ho tm ‘Se tins may be rid ung tage or tron the macy md ‘Somuy jrotaToccrahene oe tga wih te adr sk "Te cnkahlt has tatioraly bes 4 sel org; nodal cast on ‘rank se ako seeped oral pace in automouve engines. The eat ‘Se 2 tpponed a mat buinge The maximum amber of main Brags ‘ee me an the aero eyeers tre may be eo Th tee potions (rank tows he comeing od tend earings ‘eank pn oa each throw. Beth main and conectng rod ening we ste ‘ced pon inert brow bank aluminum atthe Barn acral Tae crashcae i sale oe btm vith a preuedted or ‘nino of an wich act san of reo fr the nbn sem. epee mae rtp re cae oe Stn ‘tga eae ‘wy un oC 28 phe ain mc BS“The cssig motion f the somssng od exerts am outing oe the efnier vita tnt piston it (ae tapoe lw the pion gd Th por iit isan shaped o prove appropriate nut wt. The pte, Fed wth rag wich ein groove ete he psn ad asi 8 ow. The upper rea compression Sap sh Se Crunase The eaniase mut be vnise oYemove pss which HoH Be ‘it ns to revert preste Buln. "Thecdor end (or eae nV engin) sale of the finders and ade fcastcen alumina I mat be rg meri od te gs eer {cing a the ead a wesc at posse arugh he ogee Te c= Ae bead eons he spark pl for an Sl engi) or fel pcos fe Cl ‘nie and chetbad vale egies prt fb tlve mechan inion race neon 15 ‘he vats sown im Fig ae poppet vale the valve ype normally wet in rake egies Vale sede em eae lly tel these of the ‘itive sch epee shut TOPE may he enhened by ngs bal SES PERN the st scion ch trou! evopertin wn extention ‘Sone best tom te ot tae bea othe cole sem os sere spar ‘Grog erie av oeriad ve eons sometanes called vlveom beng of itl onfraton) shown io Fig 4 Th geometry leds os compect oubonion cuaber sith saniaem heat Ines and are td tam ted ‘oro the treating eect. Previews gecmeties such the Lead wee (Wher arto nese fe eyinde ae nom only Wet sal ages ‘Te vate tm mover ina vale gue Wh ea beanie part ofthe ‘inde ea (or engine Bet le Lend sain or may be sparse ut ewe in th had or ea). The valve sus may be ct the ad or bloc ‘el east oe) othr ets my be pes i te ead occ A ‘ae singel othe rave sem nih sprig washer and pit hoepr, Teketfe ave oA valve utr ws the valves few depres on opening ‘wine the ade set ss ee opts ne proven depts Bling vp Ihevae pis ‘aia ade of stro or orgs with one cam erates wed 2» ‘penance the valves Thecamsurnes a hardened een sate ie ‘rsvote eye eran, sami om at oneal the canksba peed sailor dai cso pps inthe Woo an ile onthe ca Depenany on ae ad cata fren, addtional renter ae reqatet tras the tppet main (he ave sea eg, i head vibe enue vith theses fe se push rol rocker am ae usa A eer end a ‘Somat eapnes io neat ie emahah ve te band oh he ne cong ‘Sher erey or though peed lower oe the vale. Cantal ae pt, bets ere res om ts east, ‘keine manibld smi rcs! Zen) and an etaut mani eel fete comi eB vpn sec. te sie com ‘Sense cexnd more nh remaining scons nth ape, The tostote eck Cl ewe sews in Fig 1 is of te nil sc «ged dig The bared gies east hough ou aves te esinde head Tse ates are corrla though amen rote eee Fah i om Posed and ft othe at box by Root lower. Thea le prt tthe ‘oom a ct ander oe are unovered byte ascending son, ae the ‘venga ir fows apward sag te fcr ati The fa mcm ave ‘evel Inthe epnder bed end te ven by the somata trvgh rake ‘te Dil a ieton tne docamed nore din See 19 1S. SPARKAGNITION ENGINE OPERATION 1a St engi the ic ad fal eeu mind together ine intake aye Por oer ibe engee tne sung carbueer (rig 1). ene ‘ysen Fig 1h In atoms apseatons, the tpertire of tea ning16 sts cotron mons rasta he atk sen ont by ming ambiental wi ab Bete by contact ‘ithe east masld. The rato ol mas for ofa to mass fw bt st Wat apecnataly contd a bout St ensee rele combesbon The SS Son a or cn ttn en" Gy a corhuetoe met sn appoprit flo fo the engine nic Aw in he flog ‘Manne Their Bo through te vest a comer rpg el) oop {proteredflrenc betnoa h cater it and rest whch sed tie 2 Spproprate mount cid rom te Met chamber, rong ees eo fre bio tae fw a he etter haat Jos owes ee vent ‘Grove vale o plate wich tonto the combina ar ed fl ewan it [Scengineontpt The tate Mow thetes to blw atmcopere pre ‘etic ew atea wien the pov ecuel tty ene see SSO fie muuman wich obtained when eet 8 wideopen. Te make nan ‘as osly heated o promote fs evaporation ofthe il fet cain ‘tom til fe itrbuten brwern ofncere Fost ition Ino the intake mano r nt prt ean increigly ‘moe arene fou carbaretr With por sce, fel seed ong rsd! ctor fom 1 In-ear fl saps sem io ach tae pore “heres seenl dillere’ tps ose mecancal ation song ani tn pp dive by the en canal rir ontnouinestion, Sos troneay sti ces, ination Fig () shows an empl a serenely contol sien. ths ster teat fov ‘ales mead ‘Sent ncton vaher are scl we per crm sa vevoion ty a> fan puter shove cantor i detemind by the cette cnl wet te [pros the dened smout of ie per ead per ee A alate [pps fo we a snl el ject foe above te rte late the ‘haben normaly occupied by te extweer Ths tpn permis leon tel of he fo ow sedate “The eguenoe of ects wich ike pace inside the engine iar sits uated in Fig Sever! vat re ote aan rank sage tough te te foursccke ete Cane agi ‘Slengne spend. Phe Bgere Svs trae ing ad vee rolaonaip fot Sninspece pete and temperate a he cde lame estes Some beat antec othe stn ede ead deiner walls aca But he Cn unbured gu proper = med een 10/and 4D crane ange dere before TC an lei dichrge ‘esos de oyak plug warts he combution prose A Gain, 4 ot Svch diver of the esha rams be caer em te ary eg tte primacy eta ofthe iin col The eoudury wns the ne the apr lp, produce a ph alge ara he lng ce ‘rodaaethemagete fl colon Tadisonaly am-oprtl aes pit Inve teen ed; In mos ateoave expen the stcig Is now cone eke ‘omeai. A turuleat fame deep om tbe Spark dcr, propenas‘eet nent gn agate. Cs peme t Seine eb mp rent eon aba ser the mee i id eal pin the id adenine ‘ide conbuton canter wok. The drain oft breng pon ver “ris ssn aot eprom ut typaly at 60 crank se cers 38 ‘Sowoin ie 14 Arar mire Orsi ae eyo pee Fig ead bs tar akon th el of compres Hone ted ta Tis ite eared the teed ple prmure io th pene tne tained a mowed or naling eae | Nowe bat Gor dfleeacs nt ‘ew pater ant mitre conpostion tees cinders and wis ch de qrleby.ple he deopnent ofeach cononion posse Efe somcvaa ‘5 Sek Wo shap of te pare wre cea eal carve onc ode, tl got yon mot ena te se "Tee an optim spark tng which fo iven mas of a Inst gina ges imum sqee, More stoned (an) eg ‘hed i) Sng han tho optnen gies fowee outs Caled ma ome ns a eo 1 troketrue BT ining this opin ting a8 engi aproniae [ices sar eombusione ernie compresson sat wer te Wor ‘anette esd asc) and completing combustion to Ite the ‘Sfunsos ere (nt slowing pekespnscn stoke pete, ‘Abul inetd of the voy tong te apumson sok, We eke aye San (0 epen. The cinder presure seater tan tte eas anol presuteand a bomdown pros cca The barsed gus fox though te {IRSin the enhot prt and nfl nt the pdr penne ad ere pram equate The ran of tis pn peso te ear vi Ireenine Te pon ten ces te bared gsm he yo the insmod cng the ext ste. The eh vave apes bbe he ead ef {Be eguson sce tem ht he Mowdown, prec dew nat at ooo Int the eabeot stoke The sta ining b's compre which bau ‘ete work tans 1 the plsten bore BC apie edsed wort rene! theca cents "Tae echt ave rnin epe ti jut tor TC; he nak opens ut etre TE The rater ae pened aed dened Sem oad oes rc (in ter Tocaste te ves aly open when tom sel ae a Sides the wae open pods otea eran Ite Intake fw i ett Sw eat mas pear them hci Bt gn int th te ‘Senfoll err wen thea valet opened Le EXAMPLES OF SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES. ‘This section eset example f pacman ene ‘he rn pe afergine i common we Smal i engines are wes fo ny spinon: ithe home (eg teva Stolen, ght weight soul ul snd ows in claon tt pes go ‘tel are the mos important chara fl conven, cgi ton, {seni duaoay ae las porat Aaige inde eng pres ely 202 Dower sole per tealuin wostte cee) oF to reruns (horse ‘re we, the tari pose ae slay sued and eng von tnd Shoctinas ar spear pobies ‘Mulund’ engines re mvanahly wal m atoms pate Asad over nen he advantages mater one vec tas wight iprve engine lnc aed smote pole oar cig tbe {Sar ang tay men we me i a et Se Sele= ‘finder pe enti. As spp mit oF ede sie ie tated by dynam con ‘rao th neta foes tat we cst by sueating ddan, Se reipeaing mass epson ne cones ou would gay in he ‘atin sped ofthe ee: Thus, tbe dpc volume Sed Ot amoxgt ‘Srl smaer ences Te igcese Geueny of per skes nhs mle Sind ead prodore latch sector tones haere Melpeder ‘gnc can abe shire «muck bee sae aac than sageeyinde fngines A ce mst sapped tote pt to aecate aig te Mal {fist ter batiomseste or topcase. The ston tea exert afore ast eure ring the soo pr of the role e dase tose thee ‘ureageaet oopoder ‘api dug the upper half fi se iene ol fhe consenting fod end eal ‘ios Ser 23). The esalinginegaity in potn veers aed edertcn rodses eorenpnding eens ix erin fats peered. Cena co ‘imatons of eos number and arangrent wil Balt: ou thee ec Inetin eee owrinde i in gan arte met common erengenent fr mie ncble cups ap about 2. dopacemeat An ckample oh nce {rargentwt shown in Fig 14 ir compucan sporti: conserton for small peseger cars provides two tout pes er feoon of the “canis end priary ines tr (hngh oot ondary foe) a nn Vengaes ant opposed patn ngs we Secon aed wih sme of ojinies, "The Varangement with two banks of ylides et 90" a mee ate angle enh ote roids cempact kant snd ete fer ‘Columns engine Pigre 19 shown a V4 eng tho py bag {anges in wo bunts fhe witha angle ewer a ax Seeders fe aly wee in the 25-9 4ie clue range Syne eapes provide mother operation wh thee tore pues pe evn. The mee ‘rangenet ruta ms lng ening hover; pogo oeaabah nol ‘itealon and malay een datbeton of tic and helt each ence more (ical. The Vo armngement mach more compas, and fhe ele own provileepary bane ofthe rederocaeg component. Wik the Vea, Noweve,arosting memert i mpord oe the ema diet the ncenty Ire cay ch eu the Ege big tase Blac ha he tie ‘ern Tae V8 and V-12 aracgeests we sto conmoal te! to rove ‘comma smooth, overfoationlaresplaenentsarkigntion egies. Tecate wy el tn mc eco pee i leaned fon gen placement engine, The werk taste pte pr 3 ah er han poe he ce ee ces ate sempre iS, em in net" teeos cence ve the eel salt an of he turbine and comprener Sow wight and poveyrlane cca carcass peer nance nay ‘tp a tetet bane ad nots et igh al, aSetanta roe same pain it De SSeS ana aw aero ee Panto ren ty eng and ekg poten. Fie 1 shows the major mechani prs {cml angerwer anaes td tara eomscy Tore ate fining prt neglcbape oer ad he ua sta with ip Cen it atr ner dey om he ee: Te rr a nia Siig per mash wane wah te fed ning pr co ue se Ronn to [Bumn ine coc ae relaionhip tetra te rotor and eves shah ‘ators is eo ste na su ea ah Bet + rota rs inte sae beung fi sandina the de Hoes). Toe oa $i dumber Ine ewer he Snr seus sh oe src al eed ys tes ote oer sed souné We perme ofthe a se Pie is abothows nr te Wankel soar gotcey ope wt fa ftnke ge The dane shows ie inden conpresion pore, and eta ees of the frtrke eye for he hier cto by rt sre A Fee iasty te chambers deed tw cer tr eae endes eth {Besawesutce fot own make or comple ttn diag wh he ‘Seca sa tots trcoyh tre reuon, ech laser predses om meade” Tee pve pls cet tec fo exch eer evo [Sie pee he Wnt ge tain cen ow, nd ht [oe it ote rt a yo A Pe Td ‘Site tomy apa Gost! Gepoen hu fr each cee (up sat vote tees oe poner ps. Figue [ni shows a cetawny raving eC ovotor automobile Wankel ence Te wo fs ae out af phase te provide reser number f oie lcs fer {iu revlton ete the combetn shure rut tf ach ft fe, he loess ard vide els Two spark pups psig chante we en ed 0 ‘hrain ser combusion procs 12 COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION In conpesienipion egos sr ons inetd ina he inde The Sno spite pt fot inh ee dl os ed i ie Sf porergeain apse) je rer mo te eg fade {ree ombusion poe eure! ost Lond ents sad ‘yeaa the en! mcs ee thr a owas pon mer ‘eet emily nego. The ae» grat aay of cng digs Sl neo ania ck ty ore eeron Nataly taped egos ter sop a ma Sibctged easing whee he nat compe fy an erhnncienLie compresrcombitin and seperdargesengnes were he som toed by» Bechenaly el ths wee a simi fo hee oS enpes aa conevo-nmospere ps ‘ire nue dering the itade soot ad then compresed to apres of IMB (0 Tne) The desl frineon stem comet of a injection pump, dey ‘Brand fo ire aml, Seve feet Gps of neon Pop toleure 146 ‘ue es ig apni mein crn pi shpat ‘Sossamon ee Ginna we hope enna lice The ination nae Fig 1-10 has eae o mat Bol thug wich th fel spas to te ends sprnploded vate cvs thes hole un he ‘est in the mon, acing on part te vase see, ovecomes ‘Sn ore and ones the valve. econ sets shorly ae the tn penne ‘it ore: Tha the pao he mcafee ath nie nk sha cenrlte art firm Injen stepped men th epost tthe snp uacuvred by ata rere in he pep pong, besa the ighreat above the plunger b then sewn! (Fig I-18) The amoust off ‘ested ih ctr he a sda byte neton amp eam cege tnd the psn ofthe bea grove This fe 4 gen cam Gein, rlateg the ‘Plone nd teal guns a helo ‘Danbury pons hve cay ove pump plage ard bareh mich races and dutmbtcs te il foal te econ mt. A schema ett ‘Setabcor tps up show a Fig. 9. Toe un eotas a lowes ‘al pump (on lth 2 gh pretreejetion po aN aw everpeed gm ‘Shor and an nption une igh prose geese by he plunger ih Stade dsb cenbiacl rary an roe mene! ty the rung ee {ie dc r sum pate the vray muon sires he fe! fo the Inu ‘ajo woz ian ht ey a ye (CmiyRbet Debtor pumps cin operate high set and take op less space thas ‘ene pups Tey ae sorl) ln mali hel emis inne pape ‘ee ted the mikangiesoe range. Ie te eer Sesely inde Cage ‘Nelsen pump ese mounes to eather wih en extra des SoweleTig 1S ae sormaly ed 18 EXAMPLES OF DIESEL ENGINES ‘rg mane of id eine congo and deg at in cement, ‘oe Wey pe ate an story powergeneatg Sls ae twostreke‘jl cones Sal and medum-iz engines whe orstoke este Beane ‘Pcspacy san ingotant cnt oe the amount od ht ea be bud Ia rd cagins sare onthe engines pose trbosharing ted ‘ueminety Allg ence ar tvecarge. Toe maonty of li els ‘Se not turomargs though hy can te tutelage ad any we The ‘Gini of the ene deen tho vary ssseanty ove be eel sx fange Ie favtiainn dicen comhocon cheer peels ta ection ue Eis tte rogue oda fetvely wih stil engi dein peblen chring cen) tpt lair mig tat to compte the fe burning ‘roca tthe tie wala: Avie vara) ol net prt promenes, eine FESand pat shapes an elem puters ae wed Co acomph hi ver thn Gol ene Tigre 1.20 show del ngs pi lhe main At track ep tion The dignsbovnisasi-yindr eine engine The caving Indeates at (fe ene ate seerly banal eater tun spon enn, ‘chi renee te higher de tothe sgiealy her preset (arial ee Toe copia shown hs duper fin a smpreeton fat of 163, aad f amlyturbochrge Thr eine ban renee ind ners to achive eters wear chvacensi. Tas ype of est scale» roc-bjecton dt Te fl sje ino a combustion chamber det ‘how te pines ews Thr combustion humic shows + thowlan piston” {fia wath pmo ofthe cee volume nea cmpact shape. Wt =a « see ol deel engine is ten necessary to ae a svting at flow rotting abut ‘Shiner which is eeated by site design fhe int ports tale (eee eq fra fuel orig rate Toe fe neta ‘foun kftofernerie te daving har wnelholenonis (peal wih ee Fe bels Ta eu mee oat Fay ror cen te pton Dow eto {Re evi ai low. The ince fenton pump irony used wth is (ppeatdinaegine Tage 1B shows a fowroyindet tie rata navocan dog so stile tcl engine. The sat cal such tthe ogee a ge exe Speed than erg engic boc he ie svar barngt ul sand BEeatintin ant contusion system moe sliove fer hele mi (ten Ths atcomplibed by ting ax ddr eto tpe ef ie Fue ‘ested imo analy comburion chamber whch i mparsed em the ln ‘mbston camber above he piston ya ow reticton et nozze. Dung the ftesteps othe compresion rroos a sacl rough tis nea the Diener de tubing Dp ne ‘Wit toe teem po armen pone’ to We ‘edn 30renn Caray Ceo p Coytua at Bigh rele ana one pd ery th ining ates re ai‘nuine weight The fas on te elndr Bock an end we eee ieee {Oe ccna eater sore aren vo ste te eae ea ecton. At [blower shown 9 he dh he evar dang. vid foe i cok Dis re ao nade it ey lag egie sew. Test ge engs ake ‘wet Or masieepropulion snd eecril pone generation an apes en the (wosirce ele in contt fo the smal snd eine sve ssrted Shove Figur 124 shows och tvosteoke le main engine, aval ftom & 112 finders, wih a avimum bore of Goa and seoke 3) ‘A operates at ses of abut [OD evn. These eae are normaly ofthe TMouhood pt vee tite fret on teen The pr exchange btw Sesh coed by te opeung the oxen valves td thn te pote Stenting im porn the ede set Epancng thas ass eae te ‘ner a the eas! tales and manol! and ps tveush be ttbecharget moe se mao 3 ‘ee Compre et ve a yor ad ats ed en rt supplied rom he bocharer and eae Mt pt od eee re ‘to see the moon des bythe etal jected fos ace fo ix the fe wha at bum the ne aatale. A seni open combustion ‘amber shape ca be se ther wc ahs fie! ersten en ‘See ew quality buf aed wh thw tgp lenge Th pons se Sate coi Inte vty ge ena. Ties pt cooling aed it Ded and smal dene deg. 19 STRATIFIED-CHARGE ENGINES Siow the 1:2, atermps Rave bee ade 2 devep& byb eral som ‘oe he est str othe Sana exis ad ne teen to operate cha eg atone tothe pte lorena inthe 1201S rang) (jg the ‘Gesty into the conten chamber darieg the curpeaion proses (ad 'yreby and te Enel wpemaneus igton poten fat ini convetcn- 22 Srkgnsion ange nth the pred are38 ero omnes ne re (an thereby avoid ihe fe imion quay requiemen of te de) cont. Ig the nae power ee! by varying the meus fo ied pe yl th the aie How wntbeetthd to minimise work done pomp the Beth charge te UOecinda Suh engies ae oe aed sate rg nie ese Red {e peed nthe ating rose Datwen the fad td the in he ide arated” fire, ith an exly igo compotion at the 5p ‘pla he ene igneous sch engines evi te path gon engin foleter foes wih a igh sahooch ually wod e dh! Fequemen {orcs wth hgh gto gant, ty we waa eltcleraat ad wil operate ‘wih wde uae of bate ‘Many feet pet ef srted.chare engine have ben pooped scene have bee palo ay developed. A fw have een been wen pre ‘sully a toekiston dein and Nh ege of a si ‘ested ding nae snd chance in th paton bel arin comprosion te lieve lpi aera mag Pod need Ino the kode age cegne canbe eect eres fs power en G ® i Grwaied Csaba acs CCS! an be MAPA See ee Fo in ot hoe mad ft tne a ree Seen aie ap a pe A commercial maid engre i shown in Fi. 126 In ht sacar iy though the cnr bead rm te ‘An atratve sealing cgi conep has ao been mas prosuted ss al recanter fe rag intaue4 anay orl yte {0 obi an ery ienate me arnt the prep Ti Src, st ‘pope Rar th Brand extenvely depen the Seve an ‘Toa hen ee «tigation trch-ytion ated-here engine Te opeatiag pecs at isa i Fg 12) whch mews terea ecet ceeemen invommumteie Emitter eninge eaturted veson of be omvent* A prt ebustor ad ietake mad ‘ede a fchich rice (hh conti: fd beyond te act tat ean be ‘med wih the avalibie a tough a separ smal se valve isthe ‘caster whit contains he pk pug At esate every eam aA {ica conan ces eyod bat egure 0 brn he fo complete) ed {2 he man combustion umber thou the main bere nd nk mn {iu During intake the ech yeamter fow fly pop the pecan ‘lame: Afr nak va dig ar ter tan chases [est inte prcaamocr ting te mare a He spare peg a ul Famtabe, sight no, compotion Ale cousin sarin the prchambe ‘eh boning mitre sues a jet hough the ein the nan eae ‘ottiing dling th hen sn chante carge Thong led sated Charge egies his engine realy tigation emery nse pinay laeon io ecad ihe open brat eC cvennatyiguied spurvipation copa to mitre ete ance noma be bare, PROBLEMS Dee he mae cone te ein rpening ein compen: og tong aca, es mw ae deo Sveti of thelr dig ee agit expanse stoke wth he pcm 1 Ln re impor tees beter he eige sodopentng enc Suitgntonetgcanponamipiner et epee. 14 Tle tina aa oh ing ri ie tne aa er pn a eh) al ‘Sabeion vec conte proven ma ater rere 1s The wool oye i tea ay pe soles pe nh rh he {RirSeatecyle Noweestesece cee pone et pr mt dened ‘Shim wren than mnt poe atu ctm surat or stoke epee Pipe mary wlaiphenaph ip tpomrprmonrirand The Manel come pain spo, wh Had mon sempet & Terese agi cea oan poe Gray te coe ‘Sty de te sight ii age a te somber 2 ‘iter tat heats ore at baron fob camber al ed (EE deape nuit ie 4 ha egg ras er hore ons. REFERENCES. SERS AS i ico cate ga Sas ne ‘ee a Cau gn Pa a am 8 teapot Ace ng AE pp A te et icsctemiht rm atcon ane «+ SE hay tin esa: Pape a {ini FY an ape Bn om i et Lana ‘manta: key ne teoRone ce be ema pa yp ane” tp che tg 7m ter Cmts nn Pena ri 2 te ‘rouammage ns 1 Kap Rene rd Coating Mee 3. Re i i Op pe Se ae ‘ia 6'e: "ite omen oon 2 Lin 07 Ys ge Dey ese” SAL 1 RSET A sr sn Forge: A Det He 9 ORI SP a gr nt pint 1» Brew ne lo a Een SA hc Nip i aes LH AY SAE he fan gS Rene an Droop eds CVEC Eee” SAE ie cas rep oeCHAPTER 2 ENGINE DESIGN AND OPERATING PARAMETERS 21, IMPOKTANT ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS ‘his chapter some baie pometiclreinsips at the parameters com- ‘only sd to ren egise pertion se Srp The tos pat im anergne wer ae 4. The epee’ pofomane ore opening net 2 Th egies fel onrempon win thi operating range andthe cot of reqorel el 11 The epee se td i pute eminon ihn tht operating range “4 The itl eon of iene ad italia 1S The reabity ad darby ofthe engine is, maintenance requiemerts, and Tos ther tengine evalu nd qeingents, ‘hese ftom cont tl eng opera cns—etaly te primary conse ‘tional he we and wheter ie x operon can sty entronmeta) ‘relations Tas tok i concerned fina wih he peoematce ene, ‘Sn emas chet of erin the omision of te thr facto Bed ‘Rove dc ot nay nay rlucethe peat portance a mae rma anes ngs poten ore psy ey: |. The maim power 0 the msm oq anlahe eteh spect win the oul engi operingrange Tur oped rer are ci il ‘The folowing eoemune detntins a coomony ued acini tel power The Nghe ower a engine lowed 0 develen forse pra ef pron ‘Nema rated poe. Te highest por an eg lowed develop 2 cantaeons penton “ate spn Tecra raion ped with ated pomorie dv ore 12 GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF RECIPROCATING ENGINES. ‘The otowingpaneter dfn te basic roar ea eprocating engi ee ena Comoresin ration 1, fasinim inde vlome 1 (imam eine vee bait ere the lal or suet volume and Yh derance vlan ike cf der orp tte Re on ai of onneing sl th to rh ed: nel 25, ‘aden te she an ean di areal by lel ae ef thaw parameters er, = 861 fr Senge andr, — 12 | lor Cheng; O8 fo 12 for tal ed mon gic deste: ing about 03 for ue sbesped Cl exp R= tof smal 3nd "ns egies incesig0 8 109 ft ae dowsped Cleans ‘Toeclndervaame Vay er poten e9(ne cmait shee "pater Lette Sec od en at dn = came ere the dtare beeen the crank ans ad the piston pa axis Fi 21), nt gen sea con 4 aia es, “Te ale & defied a shown i Fig. ale he rk angle Heuston (28) Sih the shoe ddntine co be marge Laredo mesi-cnrmomo'sy 0) “Tecoma hte nee Lt yk oto Digi da hat Ayal 08) en thre A ie tbe epner head sere tea and, ithe pisos cron seice UreaFor daicpyedptonn 4p 4 Ung (25, Eg (27 can be rear ‘ange: patasaetbtnettatare] om pniapran crc ett etn 8 Sy=20 e) see inte tin pe ft ta Men pin pe tan tee sor errs nnn AS i Tm men pce eae pt pd omnes amend ogee ese ‘moe appropriate part tar crank outonl sed fc coating ensse CELSo'E's facies of ged: For crsmple reesei at inate edie onde all sale wi §, The faconareos pen sty 5, wobtaaed a 58 ew ‘The piston voc sao te tegen of he sek, acts a masini ‘nar te middle of the sole, ad ders to este en the tke Difteeniaton of. 25) andntatetin pee st me Setnrltgetttan a eiatipesies Seen me A er cues cobalt bee mies meets 1 (100 f0 300 fie Astomotle eines operat atthe higher ond is "angie ve en typ flag marin dslengies, 2) BRAKE TORQUE AND FOWER Engine torque is somaly mewred wih « dyaanesctr! The engae Is ‘pet onset bel aad the sal comme t he Gyeaoneter rele Fue 23 thats the orang principle ofa dymomater The ote= mount 23 ‘SSetstrencr leptin of fasones seapleddevomapetcaly, syrlily, or by mechani icon to a satr, Shs toppoed now iat beatege The waar tlannd wih her ‘tiny, Pa reo cre ov the aor wih ete toning seed Dy oaonig te tatr wt eis, pnp 1 poesia ears ‘sith netaten a Fg. 2. tarqus erty ees T: T-r am ‘The power P dln ty he egie aad nobel bythe deamon the oder orgacaed ap see paar eng vite Wath eal tonal apd tw: Pew) = DeNeeTONm) « 10 en orin US nite: 1p = Aewmi TOE) ei ray) = Meet a4 [Nite that ome ita ear of sncusngs ality to do work: power i teat isha doe "Fhe value of engine pcr mean as denned abe is ced brake ower PTs powers the ede pomer divers b erga Be ead ‘case a" bee 24 INDICATED WORK PER CYCLE Pree dats ft the gin th fide oe the operating eee al the egne ‘an be ted to edt he wrk ean fom ep the pte The ym er pres td coroposdng cde volume vengat he nga ce a fe pote ons pF ng a shown in Fig 24 The dead work pr cyl Wot ter inde i cel by Hntepaing around the curve to cba he FE Se dnc ee td et eh ar Ke hs SS (loaf tp drm ro rae ce ne 9 race ge (+ ‘Ech oGeugnon ages ae tba banpglo sip be ont te oe minh ow im wostote cy ig 24 he aplenin Bg (218 i suigorea Wit the aden of nt end ethass ke fore oestake fle, soe mbigly i introduc ee deine 0 fail upton Gros cst wrk per cyl Wy. Wok diner tthe piston ever the ‘onpresionandespunaon kes on cauectouratshe oe, 4 1 Fig 240 end Woy ic nen A apen ©) and i ea 4 aren ©) 7 ia ace Gh wth equa arn Anca Dkr a of hee set sued a pole quay. Alea B+ are hr vark tae eee tb Foe ane the cnet gs dviag the mbt ad exo stokes ad sealed ‘Sepang werk W, Ge Chg al) The pumging vek tat il et Sec ie pre gt tt er tan epee She pumlng worn wast wil be rom the eye faust the ON Te tut seoke presse is owe than the nae res, wach is normally the (Ger ih gy ade bchaged enpines > SESE SESE err ec em tt co“Tae power pe cyarssreaec i ended wou pe ye by nota as scene mtr of cat ins pve tet pcg Fefettate ann cenr tc eanis ounce ret CATS Poise alt entre il Sit he oti eye ye oer ots leerg eps en Sg capita ee 9B Sabclfoech erent See ete ie tare yng eh et af pes os rnd fa gah “Sonia pct he pom aan np, tan ot Seroyal ob ona wh pone hank he floes feooe edd quia ey in rite fro, conbnin sn pon reno cape cme Ts Fon nbs emp tr ima sro aie Hcp $ofamf end wae wotsbe athe iki he wot gurl oer Cea he cag cs Further: wun caput eee seed etgte pore sl Econ pne ces poe ot Soret Siete i wat ape mine nt Eni poner Dom pene pics sca nyse Sin oss be neon Bac pp © ae per he esd nda do nese pri ch i mat cise pen pei tal oaapn et ell oe bs SeiSinen scion) as sro tS ue er ot roe 25 MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY We haves that part ole pros nae work zr lope i ue ‘pel coheunt gu tn afore sarge. An scion porte wed Stone te tion of te bags pen, ad be metal components ‘the eng ani fo vee epic aczesores Allo he power equrenens Sreprocped tae ard calel Jtion poner Py 4 Ths Pe Pith eto rion pom dtu fo tere ace. Ove came appoxch {oc highspeed eng ode or motor the ene tha drmamoree Sper the expe witest fs it tnd ena the power which at fo 52 ‘is at pons cliecn orto cumin etic upped bythe dramometr to acters al the Lie owen The eine ‘Gre invote sting. lems water teneres ane amet soudon ee (ipcite sane in be motor tests oder ray codenk The mae sous Fiacsusey with ths med are that gas presse foes: on the ton sod igre loner inthe metred let than when hr eng fring adit eo {circ om the ofr wal are ds rer der mtrng cones: “The rato ofthe tac (or wich pone eestor y the engine te Be indicted per scald he mechnal coy em Sie he ston power ndude the pore reside pump pin and ox of ihe eape, mechanical eiecy depends on ttle psn aswel ts gat {eign and eine sped. Typo vaso a oder sfonetve erste at vide ‘feral ee percent speeds blow thot Sto 4 (B00 $500 emi dnoeaig te 7S pent ot maximum rated pe Aa tence ‘ott echnical efiency deen, cventaalyomeo Wie operation, 26 ROAD-LOAD POWER 1 prion poer ee afl a rene pi fr ein astomobil eagis 3 te power roqted to dive «vec ote fal tt eke) seed Called ‘ead poner tis pone everomes the ollagfestase whch arses fess the fecion of tees andthe aveodyamie dre fhe hd ling vse cin dg et Cy ay recy. tel pay Frm lCaMia + ACoA, iy where y= ceicet fring reintane (012 < Cy < 00157 ‘M,= mass of venir pesenger ay corb as ple pesenge Tad of (tp (1sOfbnsin US ants W, = vehilewig ie cleric dt rt. feat a cnn p= dia coe fr cars 03 < Cy $3? ‘Arm teomal ates vehide Si Svehele med ‘With he usnitesie the nits nt PAW) = 273 Mea) +0126, 98h fn) ry ry = LCA MIND 00, 4S INLIDIN) gg)£0 ona cman ruts 7 MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE. ae sore a mee a aris nse fo vo epnds an eagin ne A more tcl felie engine pefermane meats is ‘ancs by idng the wank por ele bythe onder vere dpe per {oe The paramere cis fas us offre pe al wes and abe te eimefecine presse mes Sie OM E4213). work cepa = vere nis th mabe frank revolts foreach poverske per liner (eter oontote ger oe rtwostoke evs tn sep =f ave) Fer Stand US inept Wy 10? ‘i IPO — an ee) en Pe «395000 ae. WAN) Mean sitive prewuec a be expres in terms of ore by ont 6 25 agin’) = $24.70) on e200 stk) = pty daar oom “ etn = Aner “Tye mimes eae mean five peste good gn eis i wal eosin Went a ce te, Tak Peaeant the eoinenn with whch the engine designer ha acd the eines Some ere Ao ey cass en kone equredo pes gen rgb pvc ws cil pesto BeStiatcdby ssuneg pont slr or tmp fer Ba pare ip ca ls for fe area flowe Forestry asiated sath igpicn copes ssn aus ar inthe range 890 0 1050 4Ps (~ 125 © ‘Bote or te eapos see shee rusia fergue stead about 200) fom) ALtie mnie ated power bnep values are 10 to 13 pent ove: For trbchargel romaine spcignion engie the matinun bmep i rca os See une Ae aan apne (Beep nin 850 to 1500 HPs (130 020 oi) ange macy spite feuraroke dese the maxim Deep the 700 c9 900 Fa (06 10 197 ce to omits rains St nat) ano. with te bey athe mexinum stl pou ofabont 70 Pa (100 {ie} Turbocharged foreach Sel wntinu bony rave ars pets ae Seng eo Ah 0 013 Ni eared ecco ‘pie hs ane (0 KPa A cm ted powerboat SD {o'50 LPs (38 to 10 N's Two-tole ae Geek have compurnte por France to forse cyte engine tare lw spend te ere tle cages ‘Shrecirs tnepvanofabout100kPe ‘sn camp of tow above xg peromane parameters can be wed fate anengine despise be aml ude anemat d-gtia egies ing dp 10 Freie masinam ois gue ef SE oUt espe (Cnt ri inne requ egress bre ake Se Se ‘Seman baie pve pont ae "ution 20 it true and Asan ht 925 2 nao fever opato anon opto pat. Egon oe a SBM) 622190 ‘oer 8 amt Fora urine ein he apd vam, or lar tal by vate “Ti ati ed gr pec ba Yon an prope we ‘tition nope eek gear Sp 2a = 8 BD i) ‘Te mama ok ponent om he pa bey vue ‘scar power 0s iS wee GI ca = SERPs) 30032389 ~ rag EW 24 SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EFFICIENCY Inenie tts the fel comunption a mesure wow ees ow pe ui bh more wc ute peel omg eye {cttw te per nt pet tp mee Ho eens oe Sa ‘gt el spe pd ak anh omshag) = SAR ion a hee ame y= eam cen A na toms) a) cette.) 389 ow value of ae obviously debe. Fo St engnes tpl test vals of Take gp fr crmumpson sre abu! 75 p= 290 ghW-h Ga? Tomy Tp Fort engaen bent alee ower and it hrpeengieca po baw 33 Pal =a gwen = batlbanay h ‘The specie fl comtntba has unis, A dines parameter that date te eid engin ong! (vork precio pow othe meer HR {id on) wow have more hudanectl lve The ato of the work prodaesd fe c7os tote enon fil exerny spp pe yt at an ended a {Be conbuston proces: conmoal ted fost purpose Misa ease tte sno etiongy The energy sped which ene eed by combtion Gren ty the man of fil spp to the capa pr pce tne he eating {ab of he tT beatg vale of acy, ks Romy cee ts (termine in Sandnrdue st procedure t wich known mas Of fe {ily burned with ait snd te heal energy rene by thecembuston proses i thorted by sears he cembuonprodacra dowm ttt ‘iin epee "Pie ensure ofan cgi’s “chy” whch wil be ele he el eom version efieey ny eb weeping tat ey "Bae Byala Bae rere my the mas ofl nde pe ee. Subaton rH, Kom Batis ees 224 Ceoy he srs te caren cory pode tne tnt fot mare Fay and alguns Ssh bey tno eng eny sen Tah eee a errno rn tat Seen scorer test ocean uncneota ESTO 22) "Nae hat the el exe sipped 1 the ie sea is mt fly we ‘thera! wey in fhe combosien prs toate he ean oe owes in incopce. Wie ough at pet the syne 0 hide ee come, amox al (ore tan aby 96 peo this ek ‘erty supld is trusted temal ener fhe wring tid Whore [lanai prsn to aude the fel comply, sk ohygen pret ths fa eury supped tom big fly eee Ths topic dca in ore dealt Sos 35 andese 29. AIR/EUEL AND FUBL/AIR RATIOS Incpne testing, bot ear mis ow matey atthe el mas ow rte fy ae remy mesred Thera of se A ate eu eng ones Aisa ao wr = Be ea entra (4) = Be 25) Te mal oping + evi ging no BSlar's Wm eta one, or eh ca eh ISS AIFS TOOO18 § F/A 5 0056, ” a 210 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY ‘The ina sytem a Mt, carartr, and tet pate fin sark- aon ein ietke ssi tke alten the aout fair whch a engin of gen duplacement can nc The parameter wed © at he ns cs nln rene nr ‘loc. Vohra cy my wie iter stake ye capes Meh are dixie induction rossi deed ae the vole ow ate ofa tn9 cate comers re ronan tiene tem divided by the ta wich olume i placed bythe pon: th em ar nr pg the ae i ei. An eltrantive equa dio for vole seine eiaeny eam orem the a finde “Fc inbt desig may eer be taken a stmorpre a deny (a which es, ans the pampag prune hc nt see) OF ma te ee nyo mii er mn rfc: ob lt ron) ype inn raves ‘elon moriyasiatd eng eine age 850 pet. The oe ‘nee eieny for Sede enone highr than lor Steps Vlumetic ‘Miseny 2 dad ove aly Se 62. 2u_ ENGINE SPECIFIC WEICHT AND SPECIFIC VOLUME. ‘Engine weight and blk vlune fr sgn sted power ae important in mary {ppicalon Two patties sad Sr eonpasng the atts fom ont ‘tie o snot ee om ex Far doe parameter tobe wel is eginecompascons,» const denon ‘wht socporetis ad tars a incaded eth em “eng” must be deed once peace at the eflstren wit wach te cope {per ts wed the engine mates nd pskaged the engine cempcocns 212. CORRECTION FACTORS TOR POWER AND VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY Te peste, huniiy, an tensa of te amiet Tce a sper pe qed aft thea mes fw ns ad he power Sipe Conetton tow st wed toa marred widcopenstrote power fn vauntte dicey veer nanan stops eodiiens to povioe+ ‘So crt aus or ‘Onan: Netw cages Typical nar aos contin et a dy aicpreswe | Warr apoce presuie | Temperate 7st ate 965 malls aC ponte ase F ‘The bas fr the crretion te it the eqn for otedinescn snody congress How trough mn seo ew raion efector hy his equation it hs tte aed tht te id am dep wth ‘pi cortm Fane tat thera pec heats ey =) ea Sonat ytd Tare he ttl pes al ener nse fhe eon ad piste este the throat of hereon Tie the apne jy sone conta at widen tt he er & shen tates ae eg, hema fom ae oy a8 ae ean Fer nines comalg the proper ancunt oil owe a he a aa 2 jnd has pre mnemus power) the nde power a il tothe P, ‘Sie proporsonal wed ew rate That Pan Crhan asm tthe subscp and dere as ae ana sd measued co fos rece te enon er Cy legen Oy 33 The ried bce power is orate by ig Eg, 29) srt te inde ‘td pont and making testo at eon pone unsung. Ths, Ps GPa Pom a) Yolumeefcene ic preerton]t iy (oe. 0270. Seep it ‘eoprtal to pT, the someon tor velo ice, Gs os)55 emma common aoe mca 1113 SPECIFIC EMISSIONS AND EMISSIONS INDEX Lives a enisns of xe ontogenetic xd, NO. nt nto cede Dy, ually grouped taper as NO. carbon mononde CO} etbured Tgiccrbon (HC) snd past ar portant engoeopeaing curse "Th coveeiation of gus emit the engse eat gues ae aly never in pts pe allo or pecent bY vlune (veh corresponds {ibe molefaton mind by 1 ex by 1 respecte) Nord id ‘Secs couadona Ive re ore fy Hower ad tno ofthe ae in ‘Simon ue. Sperfc esto at ess ow fete pot yr wl ower uta 236) ems) ee exe Indete un bake spec eminios can be deed. Us snyawhand php Me iene cen msi be eles ye ow me A ‘mismints scone alee ipo, = Seal a= allt ean ‘sith snr expen fr C0, HC. an paras 214 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERFORMANCE. PARAMETERS. “The inporane of the parm ned in See 28 to 210 0 eine pe ima soe ct nen oso an nan ipo a ‘Gresed in rms ef these umees. Pom tbe denis of expe {ee 2150. ean efetve reste [Ea (219) el convenio efcency (Ea {2 fe tn (Eq 235). volume efceney CE C27). the Toning enone betecn seine params punts ca be dveoped For power patebai ie ene nos ww onmrne awes 57 Forfar jl engin, ehmatioeieny ea bento pattie JEM 9 pan Bta lea Plt etttla a Fer mem ftv prow: ep 1 Oe Pal ean ‘The poet rer unit iso sre, flen cle the pee power este the sn Signe’ snc nang the syle pon aces Of) Se From By 239), tpi pues. PL nn Klee ralt/®) a T 8) Memptonspeed canbe tradicd wih £4 (29) ge Pm 0m po fF19 a 7 ey See powcr sts properonal to he pote of meen een reste and ini ton spec {Tse eitonhipe ort the dwt inporatce ei paforanie 1: tight comseran ese 2 Wigh votmes etency > emt npr pre cipcenetepe by ace ein 4 Msinan faa ato tha ca be sly bared hc nie | ens pon speed 215 ENGINE DESIGN AND. PERFORMANCE DATA prs asl inde e igi! power a wich mandates expt ck cou (6 le sic nay lay dra nde ‘erat coniint Maxintm torque and th peed a nite 4's achieve “si he ale Sine both tthe antes Sopend onde velar Snpttve anljs tetmece egies of et apache et Bee tetecateory normale petomance parameter ar note wel The felon, ig este atthe opeatig poms ned, ase mest egiance™“Type sgn ad eprating dt foie combat capa 1, Av asim oF roma ed pin “aan pon vd Neases comgartv sacs in handle leads de toinet af the pornos teow andlor cag taco ‘rake neo feces i natal appre eps bmp inet seo line. 1 thon acs te product of tolumete eine (abit 0 ‘Sue ae) fat roo theese wlio combustion, ‘Speie weght. Indats rete eonomy wih which raters are Spe ame, eae ive ovat with wich engae space aspen wind 2:4 pn sh eine thet wih a rt oF wit fein reset, Measures abityo Omani gh at iw and etfs ver tl ange 2A alte optioned prey oe pes wt te ‘ies rane og pee ‘rae wie erin is ‘ial eromune dt fr sion ant dl eter ovr te sere ache ere at smd Te 31+ Te orate ‘da nora eceomoner fobut peer ad nated Tun convention licens ofowe SS pret ate ane PROBLEMS 2 Lipa sy eae anc pen ty wa ee {np over aie mation ed power ra preset Rep ate2x Gioute ne nen g ence pet ona tows main ego ad mati pe fehngog opamaion cae shal 2 trp ar eave 9 at ‘densa pein tn spc, en anya pee rien ‘pee Figs 3. 1 et ani aed pve, ‘Eiiche he meas pion eed toc. snd ee power te id sin Fig anata 18 nd tir mmm pe Br aan Soctpen seston beth poveropin ie nie eae pope hose si tom of wep menue ec ono, ee ‘Soong rsa nl wacalon ds no pvt. Chat epee ‘ene rman 8 1908g Deb ane 1 ep de tc Dae ‘The wetbision enn Fig 4 eine at mn is ed of 1 ‘he ord sir ow i ge Catt voumeri ein ad eno ——a ‘Reel engine of Fie 1.0 sprig with main itn pf Em Cae Ine rat tithe ome tiny S2 GF 1 CO her oe fo ae tn inp ps oo? "The alee omarion een yan ogee vrs te ‘ue pes aca Wace eae cemsampon be Soca ie, ‘Dehan ti byron det a sein AnD or one remy te) os teed at See ceca ih nd ann bt Dee a equation eg hcp ie prem pe at ma {date tovetaget capo tbe ete ma feos fe ove oprtrg pon Cte reser ege pre (To SE icky be venice ba pare ein (The macinam min bake poe maine sh gi i tO LY. Ei tone vs fr smb sins intrest dt So ieee mires ramen pee os (0 Itt rome no wo tempor cnt el iad ‘ee rato abe maou ae foe. Aste poe ay ‘She pens ou may et ini mcrating nee, ge ow or nn soe ese ESS aang ont yo ing the put th opening Sow he ‘Son sf oss om finan eae a tbe pine on sing fo cua trang Wie ut Geer bane be owe oy ‘Breyton tne be poe aus ne pases be tury oed You ut seo emptor ee tee ston) Wate dignay#osuaree cy ent ie opie ae poe of Uf Samy taped tr inom rt sprd Bad per Miksome ctatne pene sof mane se piso ipod a the ‘ede Vd trv erderas te mesh glo oon {SSsumonretergne aes Wht w Berm mene a) your sen? Wha wide te ate trae (Nn) fe ow me Silent quel? Aneta meen Ses pcs ye oft ed pedenbze deme 1212 The pve rol pin 074 fs ced te pie ene a ‘Beda noes neg th aan nats (Dame an tigre e Py ers an ese ee and a pate pe or wotreetallouraate separ oe 1 Eampate pl mau loo Pie for asec a a Fi "ka tutcheed ower ee cal ape eg Pe md ag tte ol (Fp I) Tike 3 may be hil iat jour asap oo 2 sor velo, gn lng sc ste wen evn a stot [Sse eapmas Mate cman be nora ena ete Gaps [arojineer spt ation cape orang a madre ete 00 er (0) Tae tr ge te xin pene {Te tae aby ee ep ei abst 26 «0 eine peo nn omg de ps Foc Gece root pa bot bs on tah o The temps voor eshte fame Wars sou he combs Te ei ofthe take yten then or, afl wi Gy cv he te ea peo ‘Siero eset oe “er ‘Sw hat epi et per opr vole emily cmt wl ‘Sec mph epee epi Pony ‘Spel vOume wary the umber oer eae We tee REFERENCES, "tn Cb gn nd A Pn a 2 Nena ng Tot Cae Speke el SAM AH, | Rec etme ack nt nie Pera Se ae PGE he ete ny PP CaeCHAPTER 3 THERMOCHEMISTRY OF FUEL-AIR MIXTURES 3M CHARACTERIZATION OF FLAMES ‘Combostion ofthe ir mint nie the engine einer some be po ‘es tal cools eng fore, cen, and emisions. Some becgioead ‘ant combasion phenowen bree a mesa) pecin'y fe ee “tanding gin penton Tuoe ‘amuse thenomene we ret for he te mia type of engine spark igion snd Use hich ae te tof ‘apie make snen Foloway te eonpresio ef thie ate ane {re duane ints the combustion rece: 3 fame develope Fm the “rel” crete by the cprt dicharge and proagsts soo the eye ‘he combeaton shunter mall At the wally the ame quel’ on {ibe as tet wer now cervcton ef ace spec the wal ecoreth Gonna prowess. "An sndeialle contusion —phenomenoe=th Spostineoes"gitoe of susan mas fla mitre ahead the fame eoe te ae cen propose hong thi mitre wich nell the tiga paste ead taper, nar te sod oft compronion suche Tet ‘pation of sean, of prion ofthe cereoping mature of are) e inetd an vapor te with Ws tot a art te combat oes, whic ‘Sts apy urea then pect hed an rm te appropiate ‘Sept: combat ae pce hn aa i pyr snr ‘Chapes 3 and 4 foes on Be emochemisry of combustion: Ly the compan and temotynant propre ofthe fe. ind. posonbuition ‘SCR inerpnes and theory canpessiccsedwihhe combustion rove that take ler nid ten yer Later chap ( sd 30a ‘in be panemenologcal ayes of engie combustion fe, he deat of te veal ana edemeal proces by wie Me lat mate cemented (0 ‘Rist reds Ar the pan i el to reew ry te key combustion names vhch ect is enpm prove en appoints bcos fore ‘ral whch felons. Mowe dededIermain on ts soniston peter ‘exa be tunt in tx on eontaion sacha ow of rato ad estebet and Gana” “Ie smbusion paces ic «fist exthermic pape recon (whee yas trunly one af rach A fame es somibuton ation hi ‘Storage stmosely thongs spas oton othe tame have to foe Sieurel ps te imporaat ire Flame stuetre doe at depend on ‘hate the Fame move ane the obirver a rene tations these tovethcuph it.The cen ct tamemton imps tha the econ oo Foal ta sone smal tse compared 1 the denon ofthe ‘Stata our cae te exis combeaton cmb. The ato note ‘Soy eae theme om Ts Same erect of sual propactin [evel of he stoescoapng betwen chemi tation the Paneer em ‘ot fms fin ad ba coacton and fd flow The preason of ‘es and ave pei ratte eee fence py teh ee ‘un, formed bythe onecto Yelcy,atste recen When ee po ‘soe in bale «sendy ane elt” Viana ly diel sorting to he flowing vel chara tic. Th tof hs hast ih the compostion of he ecto hy ‘She eatin aoe: he fal die re een my Tae legs, he Name i deste as mie If he eens 2g muse tpater in he sae repo here rato ae lice the amet ‘lls flo tame nee the ning mut be sre fy» sien (cr samtned flow, mixer #54 sper ae doe by moc poses Lime Rowe on osu st low Beye nome The Reyende mate (Goi weaty «Inglis fa the to tl to acoet ‘In ube own eg od trunpr re enhanc (aay by ube sama! ion) bythe macesepe rene motion of eis or fume of fel Sih athe haart ate of bet (gh Reynosa) ow ‘Air ve of daaeton sith th tame tent) waned. The thing feature bee sete eae sre td ton chage WlAine The al characterising etre i the ial phe of he matin, Ta or ues fn engines are uted. an obvious consignee of he ema ‘eombasionenites operating cre Cpe Mines are turtle Orly wh sa Stet aepnenttion elimina spor ress by the eral ones ‘romioe sna ming ad brsng ata fam propagation ae beac a Enea cocunpts he engine contin cesar te ie ace “ne conventional spain tae fs» preted wae uO Je fine and th el mae trough ich he Name peepee 8 fesont aie The-dl sap soma pacer presonisany 38 Siendyibletdifanon tame sd the fd ily Sate at pace Hoa ise lates ae ese} comple reat the nvle te Sup (Ge cont chenial ecu, by wheh hel abd oxdaee rac oor ro ‘See with the trent convective Wap process The esl eabuson Frc me cone hn he etic pr Guiten 9 and 1 cea 4 more deal dicuston of he sfkignien ‘ene and sl combustion pecs, respectively. Tis cpl reves he ‘ketiemadymumic and shemtal compontion sep ef engine combustion 22 EAL GAS MODEL. “Te put soc ht make wp the workieg Mid in ner combustion egies (Ge, oye nivogen fel oper cates cide, ter vapor 2c] ‘ica ea gsc The atentps btn the herd aic pope eso an Kea gu dof il pars av reviewed in Ape These te ‘une the venous ms fe ed sew yan nh rank 6» we brant » here pi the press ¥ te volume, the mis aK the gs estan for the gu T the temperate the ener gs ees. M the meer wei thd he meer of mele Relat areas ng thr pase neal or = thay band carry a spit bes at count Toba ey and eotmet [rssur con per ut as aad on apr mle (ere te Srnon EAL eand we ofan ie are dred Abo gen areeqtons (Gresasiang te thermodynamic proper sf mtr of ide ges 33. COMPOSITION OF AIR AND FUELS [Neral in eis. fu ste Bored wt aD ais a minut of uses at ara rereaentatine composition by volume of 4008 perent ones. PLO [ikon thane, and Ger gon Tab. shows the eave prepercom ee rij costtuens of ya” Sie conus pace: So Be in combuon, oxygen i te reactive component fa 1 way 85 ‘enlyasuate 10 ropa as conssing of 2 pers xyes sad 9 perce ‘Sie tense trogen (cen calle tensor aye cog For rot of smote eitopen The mobile ih fs sine fom ‘inet wih Eq (017) w 2962 taualy append by 2% denen ‘ice aopen conta tas fer pase Ec wept gah erent em hat of pure moked atone e. meee 26902 ~ 0.099 « 31.97 Meee ee nt folowing sections roger wi ee 1 anes itopen 04 olla wet of 2816 wl be oe Ast compotion of 7 no "hepn permet exer nl be aemed "Te deaty of ery scan be one! fo (vith R= 83443 J oat a = 2890 348s 5 10-00 Tok perenne ain = (324) ° iat) = 335 ‘hu, the ma or the ees of ry ai at etmespbe (LOS x 10° Pa, epithna and 25°C (7P Pw. ba OCT Toa) ‘etl sir pormaly conte water apr, the amount dpedig oo tm Peraue and degen of ston T3pcaly the proper ty use bout Frwy ought can i to abou peteat tage eens ceniions. The ‘ate han compares the wate Vapor cnet Of aE Wt ta egied to ‘tua ie deed ‘Th ti cf he arial ese of mtr apr stay pm the atle vepor conta meanied with « wel and dry-ulb potent. ‘Thisconst af ne termomee xp ot tam af moa The bu copes he temperate athe The blo heater heme ‘etl bya wet sovtc ns wat sac Tle wtf eanpratue ‘Gwe ths te dy bale tepertre duet raperation ot water om te ck [PCs good apeonimaton to suse ht he web temperature the a ic Monti tomperstue Water por pene can be obtained fom (ince nar aed dy-bl ompeatnes ad a payrometis cae sch 89 Fe SS The tee et numiiy o he proper of sri genio Fg 3.2” ‘Tefies most commonly ud in nteralcomaston egies (ase oe peel sod dina! frye Hence of mary dierent hyetocarbor compounds Rel by mtning posieu. or ule Ol Thee Rs ae predomnonly (itea and nutogen (pal aboot pecat carton sd 14 pret hy {Eat wept hong dive fusca conten vp to abou! pees, Cer [ekcofiatret arealcnol (wich comin orypechgasous fs (tatral as to inulin ange hydrcrhow compound eg. mele, Popa nase) whch ae oferta in cagine arch. Propet 9 ‘ore crm eter cmmbestos egies a surriaeinApp. ‘Sone browledge of te aifen dass af pane cempunds and thsi Fincastle trom) Saietpeenpenanyoegetn aera eto) voter stusture is neesary ode 19 undead comtunion mesh tems! Te eitere ce ae ow: Alkyl Compounds Paris Shgeontt opera street nyostbon met ‘atens) cul: ee mare drogen can be ada. ‘oka staight-1 Forschner mitre: $= 2—1 Forfutsic mater $>1,2<1 ‘Ween teil conta ory 4 wi ones te proce: et ining the oreral combustion equation bth sane exept bat el exe tude ithe oeypn tlm bette estan ned products Fer Bethyl ‘Sesh (eutano C1jOit te econ combuon cquacn (CHON +180, +2771NJ=CO, + 2H,0 +565, G10) snd U/P, = 667 For eso (ato, C.H,OB, the shone com basen unten GaH,OH + HO, 4718) #200, 438404 1.2, aD) and (P= 9.0 1 ture av sgieet amounts of slr inthe fia he apeorte oi tion rod for deeming te woiiomets i andl popotine ‘ont 30, or yiogen te stoner eguion My + 40542708) = 1,0 + 190% uz) sande sciomete (4/38, ‘tea be compontnn oe procs of combustion in Ege (7) ane rece At normal combustion eepertse oh of HO sce ee S370 Wate. a {ow tpt, rcomboton Bing he oduct composts Yo ta nl {Sted byte oral checl eqns epee on te fe of ong ofthe [otic gauce More general ebtoeste ihe crmpesion of xbared nd imal ss stares ae cloedin Ca. “hi sche (A/F) and (77a of common i ad eer tive sage hparvarbo Sd ster compounds te gee App song wih 35 THE FIRST LAW OF ‘THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION ASL Exergy and Eathalpy Balances 1 combustion prose fr aed oid: rat to prduce prods cifee! onpoaton The acta patsy ih ssi hes cei ens ‘od aly sae fts su as byeog and methane Fo es wih Te ‘Spleted store the dee eso el deine Novetce, te ‘Feippos ese ios assy spi ane reniccmnarny oF rasan uae 73 ilgili iin tn Saga Somwouon poo fo aprleaion dor ot rue tat te eas ot he oon terme. “heft law of hroanics relates canes in intel energy (oe catty) heat and wok ter nections In pling fe fest et ‘an whe sol componison sang care man ect eins ‘Neves wera wok sro erat eniy enay eh sprees (oun tens ar ase. We ewes, when ema acne Oc EGE ndependenty te sr stra energy ov entbalyy seems ses of ‘Mitalnobeasr taratirmed intake Oy satin ‘Gonaider ytem of mas m which ngs fr crpeson Ko atts roti ty chemi arora nated in Fig 4 Appling es tees ever inital and fan ses ee Once Mh r= Ur— Us ay ew tans Qn. and wort tended normal oe dilcenents fy ear arts fhe syste hour. The sna themedyname sign com ‘ton Sv each energy aver intrcton pote for ht Wasser the Span gin ann fn he en el ‘We vil consder'a ees of apc proses fy cow eee post whee he tal aad El temperature ate the sane. Thm F319) One Ue Uy = AU aw ‘einen ey ofthe stam ba chr yen mou (yy wih ean ‘ie reed Cotes pr ene ie a mp) tre het al ey eae {38pm oe he Uy noes we ene ete, Se eg om meant a ta rs.74 mn cour ne runs Sept tate ey Sebeclonstenpeee snes eory a constant ole, ad (QU KEOWE 3 he et of re tana courttoume at tempratareT "Nov comers cnt posure pon here he iia sd fl tem pena ethe sue, T- Per econo peste re [omenin on 0 Eq (319 somes rr AVs~ Vad= Ur Ue ° Geer Wit order) =H 0D, 16) “Te eat tases hn cage by a8 sous (AU), whi ca be ‘ewe cca. Aga Yor combustion rector, (AM), 1 3 reasye ‘uantay IE 10 watts per oe ef il (A), eal te Ices in ‘Shap st sontant prtve ed (AF eld the ha! af rection at “ise promo can be dipleyed, pete, om the internal ogy oF ‘atialpy vere temperature pnt sbown shoal 9 Fig. 3-3 Uo 01 {Berets srry aed a wale Up: Hy Some reece tm peste Ty, ten the vow Of (AU) (AH), fer the reo Eves uly err eapetnly ter he pods Sad the reactant Note fe sop tat Hoe (he peli bent at constant volte oF pest fh ‘dagram ie egresed pet ait as 6 peel) nsec With ees ta rare; sho the megstade of (AU), (7) dens wi neg ‘Epes becuse rep te potas peat ane he eatant ‘The dfete betwen (4A), and AU (At (aU. = Ate M0) an Only te volumes ofthe prods aed ceactans fhe cosas premire roses ar ie ne ate (ane (QU) » equal Mall he Fexcaat and Frode syees eal gases the hide slaw Ea Ges y= WW r= R= HIT 05) ove ny nat ges dont cont in ~ Wit ehyrorrbon fee oe ol he profits 0, canbe in tego rai hose The inter ener) (or etal) ole pct in th cesta ‘Stam or onntnt pet) prom eet ern Fig 33 il depend SS le prepa oft ent Has ga ae ae Uinueg com otal vapor ad al Sg re shown Fg -6n or © Uc pet "Tetetermal enerty difleences betes the cae 160. r.nom! (Av. r noel Martone 0.9) he my the ma of water nh ror oy etal Sey Capotation ef waver ate tempera ant pes he pode Semlat Hest he YA he pm er ort spit i gene Eo pn eter piu et sear pa16 sm commavon cn nnesrers curves and reaonstps apply for ett Vath. rmorel NID rowel Ma tino — 02 Forsome es the reactants may cota te an ites ido ap The UT (or Miner the facts withthe fa aud ota ap wl itera as nde a Fig 3a The vera tangs betwen theo actin uve Syl ig) Where he aarp fete al ‘352 Enthapics of Formation Fer fs which ate single yrecarbon composnis ot whee the pte fa ‘omponin ic mae, the rl eri rei of the ects ed th reduc betdaed though dhe ennpes of formation ofthe essa nd “The nay of fomation A oft chemi sompound i the eathly Incense tscate ith he restr ffm cs tea the ee compe (fom denerin nih oek subetoon be Sernedjunicocserd suo it pooner “The sanded sae is te sate at one amospere psu aed te ten pecan onder consderation. We wil dente he sndard ate by espe. ip ‘Sine thermodynamic ciation ate made ax difrece beeen a8 ‘naan » tsa sneer) to sek «aa sate to whch Soe ‘ermodynime states can be eee Whiea nur fav sats hare beet. teed inthe erate the mest common date ie ES IE GSC) snd I stn {phere We wl un te dato througout hs et rent tthe noes acre wbivalyaniged sero exthaly athe du oaprta Te e ‘estate ofexe eens sable sancnd state eg, or yee 129815, theregrener was Ov = aaueornn eommcaly searing pci For inorgani sopoundy be JANAP Tce al Tas ee the pry rele source” The es nie aie he ‘iolar specie ea at contant presue sacar etopy, saad Gib fee erty (led eer he ible, stn ena. xtapy of omation {nd Gite ew wry of ormation end gy quinn snsan fr ef ‘Ration ofeach pec fa eancra Sone nary ences eouy- ‘hm dla on fas compounds ae Masel Rosse al and Stl ea Enapies of frmation of specs welt hysoatbon ful eembeion sr {shut in Tale 39° elcid ales of themedrmamic prpertas of wiv ‘eseua bultdin App. D- "For gies combative reastn he etalpy othe predate stan arastate late tote enhalpy datum see peas mm nal, 20) Sod age of formation ‘out tue = tu = te sng te entapy tbe reacans ven by m= Zn, exw) ie ty nee (AM, hen tin rr te irene — 5. The tran enurgynceane tt be sbiinl wi Eg 17) tol cr Secu ithe dat an ati de ey 2,429, -c0,+28,9 ‘Ton. H Op tom Tab 12a 9 3in Mem 08.9 6 A218 « STURM CH, Fac Oot: p= -99832 + 4-254 « 9520 Ment CH, (a= -a7a8 sta adler Hota (an = 96320487 2407 Mel78 ran commune romans eg. 0 AUT. Wed HO me sone fms f acs ed peecearequ (30 = (a = 1023 MACH, For HOt: (uy ~~ — e210 0 GUE -ssanvamtc, ae ta te pe of atop i ete open ines he ‘Nore an nl notcargeay hacen mF Mame SS Hlestng Yatus Fox hue whe th prose fel compotion ic ot kaom he eth of he ‘ctf conn te demi fot enti of fomatcn ofthe rot ‘eck The hating a oft ul hen ead et “Fe heating we yy eerie vale of fe isthe magsitae ofthe ‘at of tate sos psn o at constit woleme atm shear es Dect [unly 29 G7 rth campltcombeston of eit mato fa oe Oe, = 8p, 2m sn Qe 8D, aaa Complete combustion ments that all catbon eens to CO, ll tytrogee eave 0, a ay ver procnt comet te 90, The ating vale is usualy expr njotes per loge ojos pe ible of fot teh thermal wis per pounds er Bru ermal weit per post feces here wnenecary to eps bow mach sudem uted wh {he focy thug sot eed te oto reqasema a mata tether he ean sa roe. "or fic contin tyres, e hare sbova that wother the HO ie rods in th i ue paca he le af bt of eatin. ‘Foca hgh Asi sse Quy for arse ating vase) std when te 10 formed all wndre wth Iqadpat th a ower sing wae ‘ae ort ene vale) sed ven the M0 fred i ali te ve pita ‘Thetec henge nest Presa ae reed By canta (ane on ihre gn) rain of mat HO prod Tint Secon with yy ean Noun apy forthe higher ae omer enting wave conten lene "Fa heating ie at comiant resi & te mor coment usd; oten the queen “x conn peste” ated Th ference betwen Be eating valet of fare meant inert Fos xan fet ‘nod onvenet and sons fou & contro Sow atop pene (incer The entry flared ith woe per ad ed whol ‘Gor tated af br compete combustion a he tence mpersere.The ‘nue bred i a burst the exeosion pda scold wih wale (Zetslmcl abe cal oda he inlet tnperte Tb tad fo {te colng wae read fom the marc mat ow tates ae tenatre The Reng ve demi! by tapos he Me tng waleat conta peice or oi tn wold feel, itis move stidcory to bur the fel wi ‘uve wnder pone aot voune to crite Asap ot ite ie 8 plow Ine tomb ealerinee,whica 4 aes senna Inman oning water he ander pert Stent wat’ place ‘nthe ben to enue ta the water pod the eosin proces eal fedetes Onan at simone ednived i he fom A begin of ng {Sten b speted ino te vamp om 49 eal based wie ane! Stas out oipitos, Woen rombuston example empertre a of he bomb ind code wate is masued. The hee Yas decmned bythe pee tei eng vale a contan lems “Th bing vals of comma fac ae ltl ih ter il data bt ‘pp D. The blovegcunpe tetas how Heeauly ofa racine mature Feave tte eta dtu ve have deel cn be denied rm the et ‘set eating vie ea eam 3 Lutes of er eat ae emi ine ‘Slane e232 May snc temge ah UC mth of eed he ‘omnes quienes 9 K Cae he ebay of he act ‘vue ee beaten tm nt Dy Ny and an ES “Teconbson spate persian +0, +3738) =€0, +140 + 540%, toate foe fee ssoce M = 296 br taper sr "Te kenge por sont wl A i seine ‘oom Ep Datong i lathe ce Might omj=-02 +0040 [SRS cre ty ti a ag20° sms conmaron mee rnaaents he ena te pratt er bere fei found foe cata naan ah 0 spe aot ore “Teta olde stuns pr kfopam feat wte9 mu, bee ke-tnge eT SL. sae SA Adlhatc Combustion Precesses ‘We new ue the rio developed above f examine two other sei Docenes inportun opine anus este eke td torte Ganane combustion Fer ak adubais comartviune procss FSC) tecomet Up-Uyne 024 when Up and Uae vba elite thes dau og th nis ef COs Navan fyar sr 25819 thedutue wed tought). ‘retvnty-bomever he bis 0 raphe mera energy etal fc yc and ocnto rouck mats sche aalale pe itera exe FESS Stes rn tote spaner ce mitre ae a some ree t Bratre sie, UE) Clon FAT) ~ HT) ac ube See UAT UaT) = (8 re inflows om 2.2 tat (WAN =A —CaD-UATI= “Ue, 629) eles the prod aud ata tates Pgue 37 stats te adbate ‘Steno unbeton recent 034 U-T dam Gen te ntl sao {terencian (fg, eco tern he nl ttt he pada (7, V or an huts conmuctpromaecontation pos E5013) Get % hich combi wh [16 0 ie AT) RATS =A — HATE = (I, 029 Figue 1-ilstates ths proses ai, Given teint rato ate 7) ‘Se dewrnin the Sal poet te TP ‘SO ee Fp 2 33. ad 2.7 Lave sown U and rte reacuins and prods we fncons oT ony ie rote othe eed gh tenyentae Vand H wl be fonctions ofp abd. Tana prot Spend honeer to detain the fal ate fhe pede na 3+ baal ct atc combasion ros he cousanclume ocontant peste const ‘istako be uel exit ‘Th inal npr fhe products ican edb combunton proces i ated alte fame temperate. Exes of pea ada Mee pes own trig 31, 385, Combastien icky of an ternal ‘Cerbeston Ese Inpro, the exhaust gs ofan iateraal ombastion ene conta icomplte ‘onbutien reducs es. CO, Hy. burned Iyérecrbone, sod) as eel at np combusin predets (CD, ent 4,0) (ee See) Unde an pe ‘ng condone the amowts of lacomplt combunion pends are seal Unde unc opemtag condos tee amonat brs mow subsastal soc theres isfcet oayen to complete conbasion Baca acon of hehe see erery mo fly ase ince th egies th come ‘ein prot welt dfn «cabs fey. Ths en be sesyed san open se whidh eachange Beat an wor wi a sedi ‘ronment stenphes). Reacts ul an a) Rw iat the ye: pos {5 fet i fw ou Conse stm ch. pce hehe ‘ental lime winning the spine sbown's Fig 38 then shal egy ‘leds combustion mtn he erg ren Uist warn, Shem Ena) fete pie rey ip ie Mo Stevan entayeltrncen spc eee The aoe et geet ht cael ia tt wh an Ws cotton Be toh oesno Be He ez ye ‘Not tht andy sou be paced by the ererge nf te Figure 39 shows new combate elena whee ete lene rte for intemal cenustos pins For ier igntion engine rls ‘Saline rie the comune i eee therange 95 te 98 Fevcnt For mise cher than soldiers ls exam prevents com [Hoe comton ee ilcartos no bytogen, ad the cembustion ey ‘Eeaiy desea 1s he xu become her Combsicn ec hte ‘ft yee engine opening and sion vrei eenge con ston procs remaas ue, Fe die engines hh anys operat etn. the Connie elicency i seralyhigherabeat 98 pect Deas echt {pn composion on which hse tomburneefisences ate bls bef fn. 34 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED TO. Comsustion 3&1 Bawopy In App, Bi town how the etopy of mix of Kea esc known ‘Senin cas be calaed Te discaon ee eg etal [o ete. Selmer of ean aed patct mites apt entony lea Te a Bed"sate estopios of semi! specs wre tbat inthe JANAF tbls feotve w sro canopy #10 Ie envi of be ebmeats wa dau temperate ae abt steal oz then he vies he etony ofa featart moc of gen sompeston adhe retng prada met 362 Maxmen Work rm an otra Combonton Engine and Efeney ‘A iemal combustion eye can be saad os a8 op sytem wih ‘chugs eat and work wih bs sectouningeevonmedt (ie wos). ieaans fat and ai Row io the system: pda’ exut ps) Bow at By aplyne he sean iw ef hereto oil vlome sending the ngin a iusntedin Fig 38 we stn deme sn exposion forthe ‘nanan sc work tat he eps an Ste. ‘Coser a ras of ida pss through the contol volume sur rounding the engine The stages 0AM = att ete isthe wel woo rnc Ge, 208-9 6 wort tothe enviroanet| Alf = Hy ~ MSs the et trast AO csi on With the Hee tempera a, om hs ond aw 10 cas ‘Trew equations combine ai 2 aH 789) ~ 9 hee ithe sendy tow wily Fnction = T, Ua py = pad T=. The masimom werk vl be ean when tpg ead T= Ty‘Under tee conditions, ims ~(0 = ~~ T5)4,,3* BO, Ahan BOrare 02) OE en cn, HTS tnd Be i sy ‘feeuc io the ato ef he chur moa o fedett atespbrs tm ‘entre and pesre. 8), le # atin when competion on ‘A fundamental eae of he eectivenest of ony pect interna com tusion engin bbe aioe seal work deli sompared ah thie ‘Rasim work. Ths wi cade the anlebyeonerson one ioe” Bh, on) he popry ny mean e vn et ae ‘Blade! Fon rem aiospter lor eroelune stnsphee) combination ite gerne Thetis there Sac he acien othe vay ot {iced alan arch posing hugh he eng and racing oo in monet need wl iy want Swope proving viable esting ia ee ‘SEhi rons vate ccie"Th Topic Sacal more fl tS S (€or 0 drape ¥ Hon ny sanyo eae fr pat tna svi "iia, ch wy ome e t res sd ern sent ae pes Tale 33 Pein tysearten ye cy compre ema 58K SEES oe an neha he drones alge beer Bese ‘Septal Wet "(ig ismemice esiy we beg oe he fk MEae cra e clown ett of ee: aso) Oe ‘reootnar raven sornan $8 ch et den wth fel emertn foc Se. 28, Noe int some Tins te Bader heatg vane we in Eq (23) ad someones te ewes exis vale. Whicker: wale aed shold be exis stated The somal Proce inner consi engine xan to the lve beating aloe ‘ona perme ve ngiae ovr «seal ow cove twat ine ine eager 039 fg ‘Tepe iy st yen ay he egal ‘on th ne fol ergy sapped othe engi, For hyo ace tie Al = af, he fl emerson eticeey and the alin somverich (ica re dor conpantictn ate Te practi, tale exer) supple fo he nies reese by he contain proce sos combi i amp tr sont ecko {eq B27] wn than wig Wie mines wl toseprse ot tee Incnplet combust ty deteig ta eisency wah feats te ntl wo per ofc 10 te amount ofl Sherieal encgyteewel Ihe combate Proce Weve cal is eth vonerson icy te tv the Mel comeson tema! coneron std cambetioneficienies Serene aay mene ox {sport andes hat thre i fda ice bene su een ny ed yy 39a orn ‘tcc x intrea come cage, Ey C30, whkacenty apron ‘he te etcy ota ermndyamis he engi The sod av nt > ‘eaulahiy comers einer 8 unity Fors totprame hat mie (ahi erences bertrnierractone wth hth ern) ‘nen belt avast es tha sayy taper ot ‘ht roca sae 27 CHEMICALLY REACTING Gas SincTURES, 7B wong Mids in expe ae nistere of e86 Deeg onthe elon ‘wir indrtn andthe prone the ene ein oi omar ch rescione may) eso bw tat Cy © sie een oe re Sng GE ee mon Cay hese ‘Sacre sate cages andthe compotion rosso evel es ‘on () ton ft atecontaling proses tt determina how he com Posner hangs wh tee$6 sms nmr onermmauna 324 Chena Eaten Iisa oot approximation fc oman ena cee gid te fenatinue podot by te combute anda mn chemi ea Thelen hy tna ve mean tht he cental seston by nich indi Tee te bared pms nt oper, odor td one as apes ‘Ran ate: Nob hanger conpenion te Foresanpls ttctenpene oft aso cen dae in a ves ‘ines tice, sone fhe COy sear doa nto CO and Oy RAGED Vite o€0, C0, sod nie eputingen, en CO, mat Wis a dontnieg io CO kad 0; bee ae CO tat Oy mates ‘rerecamblang inte proponent ma) cegnion ©0 +405 =00, 1u ombution pots pdearon fi, he mer i pret low ages te 3.140, Cop, end Os or 60 sed At ber te (tae rath about 0 1 tee mar pes dnc ae eo {Sim aldoral yet sigan sown Forcanpe te aiabte com tan af stdin hire typical byron Rel th a Bo Sine produce oid spel baton Ny “075 HLO COy O13, ‘Om Oy NO. yas 0-00 oh: pe mse aman ST sod in fn ees etn eel le inva s folom Contr sare of hema ring nes Ue tring» coat prin contettenpertre prc Ine senso she Seif ad acto pty nado cpsrgy th tae ee onan ‘Thesmond lw gee ast Combining he ies ‘Since me ae cemsiring sonst mperture prose th quaton held or fate change au -ras-s020 “Thu, rations can ony ssi (4 comtant prams and temperate) if G (ena) he procusn han for ean Heer st gute 0),70 0331 oni: + ce nto He ye Te ea My My tn pod specs My Mae arsed by Oe aston hs Ssckenmey oe br MPM tA t= rics bowen cs ame Eom os terete ae testes eects and bycovetion we postin or ‘heproost pees and neptieforhe recat pees Tat anamaon dn of at wih tM Inge My, te Ths sant een proyein tat pdce in of My, Baye 3s, The change in Gd fe ener of # tre of eles at costnt pest an tempestre th somponton changes ge a.nd 36 ee dns the chang mune ome fsa ad is the eben evn The hemi pt ae atte pete doe as (2) on "sq ie magrtde pce Gt tr cyt gen temperate ‘odour. For ene pst bortom Bg (BIS (5)and (3) at bewens Rr ink B+ Re BE 038) Sh sail i the sant pie ts fe ery fommaton, Te Sant sate price psa one meagre Subsititon in Bq U9) pes at eauorum EfsAritnne “ E(eoarmBroee ecan ide by 3 andra obtain zu (8)'- 2B. 22-04, a9 necqulirum const constant presure nny omIns obtained fom the Gite te exergy of he easton which can te acute {fm he Ge fescue cforms ef each pce he actin. i dia bq 29) abore esa fenien oftenpertae oy TE GEIANAF ls” to snply the ean of euin contt, ‘alu of lop Uc), te eqn cosas of tema foe each “eco oe heen thet adr teat abused psn em Frranre The equilrom coat or wept ec & then ond i be Yet n= Et om ih he ANA table aun, th reer in Boe. (40 and (41) met Vein asmonpre “Te eet of presue onthe eqtidatum compestin canbe edie ome (at) Sabino thermole astes fad mtr pear FNS ny -n@2)-G)" aes US} n= 6 cogs in pro eve no eet on te compen. 1, > 0 (ascaton renin then he ole Harb ofthe eodaion oduct ‘Serene a pete inerenes Tf S720 (comlanitin fect) fhe con ww negara coat ;, bel on eonseataons (eal exprid in sm mois perexbe centimeter sao wee: KT ou oe yon :0}cm bed eh gat y= Ria ae foc p= Latcahate For By = Kank Kare aang 34. Athenian dd wt ni Piste npn iat pen oe rose oe £0 + 10,~0, Tac JANA te ge bv cnstt of fomaton fe ee ‘eve be ana st SDK efCOy, Coon Oy webs SO. as ‘ipa Tao gunn mt be CO combusting 0 fonge can, oie Ky = 120-140-140 sncrove em of ce bs pin a oll pubes bite etree conta: Gm OF ff it he perl atin cmt mat lames Rien nitankt ‘eeu ao (3409 ges ‘The pear te practi i 555, = 516atm eee Mb fei aes pdt slr pba etn he ‘prt 60; 130,60, an fy. in ano oes a (cn Fo 9 intr Gi ota prac Gotan ea Seon esiteecete 0K “Therein etingtepse le cle ewe etn €0, + y= 00 +H, na he JANAP ttle ge flo the pw ED Con fet {otha The ein eee Be “Tecerbatonrcin br C.Mieaiith¢= 12.08 rites ext + 25,0, + a9 2604 +10 + 660 + ay 39,Aiptcom bees he Mt Anoayee ie gs: 2a 4 e008) “Te eam eae es y= 338 lc eer rene soy tang a apse (ich pecs ar rr pare pee) "Pee lour eaters bree in fences bee de mans tod ema inate paces heb ps me te (One development ofthe equ minteabip for ane reaction he tiacl no fue te Sarre of salen eli: Cons» Sot oN racing goes equtum.If ere ae C chemical Cement, ‘omsewoe of elements wil prod C equations whic ree the concent lr of thee 8 spe Aap ut of = 0) chemi Feactons eich i eg Fun which cide pest at ons wl the provi te aso tqontns rut wo cnn te cocenaion fac pecan he mite. ‘norte. ts comple set eguons 2 comp set fC Hea and (FC) nomlnear equine wiih is fell fo vole for eas whe (G23 For comple sytene such 2 ths the flongapeoach lo ect sm compestion saat: iamow move wie ie ‘Sundareed compte maou for tesla of emplex chess ‘ibm compose ve ben deveepea. Agee avaible and wel ‘eumened expe te NASA progam spe The apeeach ake (Simmer eye Cbs fe energy he macing mitre eo ‘Eapertere so reser) bjt fo the cout of sent mass cose ‘ow Thebet eqatoss fo me NASA progam arte owing Uitte techometieeticens oe te number o lool of cement per lool of pc) bp tbe sme fools of eement pe loa fice a oye aber oflomolee of pec) por lage ef mite Seatteo orietaat wy ‘he Oe seer pr Moga of mares iow es Ferg th ec poe i sons arin (Se Rene 048) sare the chemi penal inthe standard Frnucin aimee Ug th nctiod caren core bak em-in in ese on st (fialar$ Series oo “ieigte vartions yd an nde oe snd BAZ uye0 beet om a ogi na be gen 40. gon ea) pent i scomimn oun comps Sr emda sats pe Sy stenmatee Fond 7s trish Soren dene ct mati by ther pin te utr ny on eet nye Scns pes cn et ee el ‘ceomtan rau bean pose toy las id eon? ‘tyme tl nto copes Tes tenet sia hae cles ae ta er are “nt tae tne pte ye i ‘he Ore me comping ctl satu aio oo ce 1p Blt trata itis et tm es ii i i ius av ao sete craps of aon ea opin OU a ‘with sensible enthalpies (f° figgh ie, = B= Sings + Fig roy Far the denis inthis ese ate fia i eo [Whe ene imporant ‘ncumbuaton ae € be aie MWh O39) MN) Tor ech pec the hermedyname qantas pec ha entnpy,and ‘ops uncons l enperis are gen the or Geatat ear rar ser 09 FrasSreersers! 6:09mrss eS rere, snd by imagers mating vith emma ‘cm the ONAF tt Uny two Sen ot echt sbic ortve aden emp new (2 NASA popu tie {tng lo Kad 00s SOO Rox ee «7, ie ome equ pogroms the spc 6 ta achat ete mia sat ty pied stop toi caion oe WASh penal aon {be guacs we imuoet oe eaenion ough specs ap be ea ‘este fom onerton 1 Themodymmic mire ropes chained from the ecm compos ton andthe aoprepate gas mnie rte: see ABD. BL pT. ML (in Vdteme ln VD In They yards ound eyo) 2 utram compaction. Nose facions of each spe (WNC a present ‘Signin owes 2.20 stows tow the equiva composition ofthe products of sonturton of homancakr mists a sdered teres an 3 tn pre ‘re arr tn the quran ran, At om temper peat st Ny {€0,"H,0, and, fr ean mates abd Ny. COy.H,0, CO. sed H, fo ck ‘ities Ai tempest acess the bed gs matare composition bere: rc more epi wth sion products vac 1,0, st I econ Figuie 311 shows aabtic fae temprateres fox tical engine con Sons a futon af the equals rat, Staind with the NASA peog ‘ing the metaeology of Se 3: The esos st tbued mire ‘700 K and IO Fane ipa abate vonbosten Dress wee Py and My ar pce) and constant lune Uae specie! te stows. Fane temperatures a const Younes bile. ‘Stash al peer Wah and duction leer Mares ret pours one voh ef tosometae 312 Chemical Reaction Rater ‘ans ot controling canal eons ae short compared wth tne oe Der withthe system codes engeaare and peste) cna. Chemica Pocus in engines ar fen nt in equlrn. Important exami af mom ‘alvin phenomons ae tr fan reason sone whe the fs i oxdod, {0 te aegilsanr Smog medians, Suh nonsgeliviom poses ar fonveled bythe rates at wich the astal chemical ratios which amet i 1 } i | i i Seaman “emeemeemtion‘Ebert pn nao (sempre abs Soin SSE see xox oun ws sen ue ee SESSS Mca cutn pree rasa omar men eaaaats Yo proce it, The rater at which choi rant paced ‘rpend en be concerti oh recat emprtng and whet ay at Ipuisprsent Thi cle chemal eis a You Ts ba eaten loam be ween ‘fost th semicon of nee combion ae Nay eae oun whet teen ren M4, aod Mya te spay cing (ptr ole an orm wo peda! lle, Mad Me, MMM EM sn ‘An iaprtant example of sch a resin isthe atoning step in th ‘roe by mish he plant ite i NO forms O4Ny=NOUN “Ths «second oder vetion inc the soem cries ofthe ree {ine scandy are st anf and tam fo 2 (onl et-aer eastions a ‘Scoapontion proses) Thora reais a hapa! In combust ‘ice Boxnpl: sete rsomtatonvesctons by wht eal pees such Tend Ot cone dng the ral tag fie il oan pees. HH Mel om os umecesoror ne Marts 98 Mis any melee (eh N wich aks partie the ation and exo aay Th la of mae aon state tat este a which rot pees ae educa the ue a wih rican pecs ae renee proportional ‘Be profust ofthe coretatous of acta spces withthe eocenrtion of (a tices tae so the poner of schon secet sy "Th for (Stube OSt)abovethercton sat Ree fervand() dnwiem roca predating oy we = A 4 prygg 9 be raon cna pointe mee) tig inh bdr r= A rag om 1 and are the rte conan nie forward sn even dation for thie ston Th etre pn opr err ei he pene Mt AMT a ag te aa (og) — EIEN) 039 ‘Theres canbe ted more sae as ello. Ay econ can be Snati= Ene 06 seen nc on cae tp dF ‘su pn coro ae oe meta A ae trie ge sense ST aac an See one 2 om roe flona- Tent nen oa Mai Magar) sy95 mm coun ee OAS sd tent tf redaction of product pe My ssw ‘Te conan usualy low the Arbeis frm: teaee(-8) wm tee tc he requency or respon ator snd maybe nea clon sf tenet’ Ey fe action energy The Boman fer SP CCEIRIT cat th feetr sal colsons tat hive a eer er Ss epee cory 1 mle the eacton take pac Toe orton ‘Sete sn Ft conta i Act bm by G2 a ‘STpponinte we decmind exper "Ate rane ade econ tes ar cud The, fon rosea he R= Sama, rma shee K, is he equ constant asd en cxncetations dened by Ey [Bad tesa bested to Kyu tbe seo contant al 00 piel aby Be O29 "The ena! actor shane of inpotnc in combustion sh nore comer than te above ilutatons ef atecont ed proces. Ssh (Tehanonr sway invole both pre! and eqenal interdependent (Eo The matodsgy teiewed stove tl er hetever, one mat am ‘aly ie foward 40d reve ssf all he rence wich podace fee pecs ol ater Ta such complet mechs en wet 0 ‘Someta Gome cf the recive termediate specs or rel ae ty Ste Thi the res ac so cusy one he ae formed thi ht ewes Go tse tute waned stndy wate wh th pert Srahcench hey eat The ac est wakh tir coneaaton change ih Tine iest egal tee PROBLEMS “ "Wnctiscntic onion Et sega opting 0 2, Can thai sompoation a Duta ade purine ‘Seg sth nutes aso o'09 Ame el ly met win ee Shancihe emcee or ran soreaes 97 ‘et pop oy tn pe rere ae bo re COp=M%, 0-454, COMO, HOE at ant coma ele ag ves er wit mas of soioetic fe ad pe ue lane ef octamer mle tna epee ‘Sola ethan, oncaremeyakobl aad ying, Ase li Spent ‘Te eewelega befow ren yo ty andes ‘ongoatin Gnas ty 6'CO, = Be CO= 25% wh 0, exci ne Urns maaan sos in te sept Canara ‘od ne eel ada fow ithe uae ao ase fem ‘Sects oom Fe atmo ins Wea! Ae Te tte cer ey ng 3, Thea ec {Okv et thesiteey ety eer tat Sy a Top Wat pena at toe ewes Bae woes) ke (Ghat ose: basta ee ease ne ‘ulin the eum afte rca, + ~ 2NO. Ea eNO soe ‘Stain teem 0 sd 9 sem gu y= 13 eo SSD Asnne Wot te Soman prac hye Cy and NO eee pes roe Getta thao tn ae at ate Tie eft he est par mitre fon inte evar ae Bh Oyi Ny De CO, 8s HO. ae sine hemo CO On gm per i he ntrng COVE = £3 10% «(COO ep (KN {ets concen ia gam noes ecm, ER = 200K. Caste Be ‘eatin teotCO. Canes en (a ig atbcom eooan Rhee tn CO 10, CO, o DOE e (0 Deerin te ur ech far ogi conntnion <6 sng te ‘il wast nate(he tle 9B ape Coa ats a ene ee) ‘The elt gas of dnt ene cnn 2) pan HO, 2A ‘Ou asp at 1 auophee peu Fon ie east anf of ite ‘ction pat to und The ndetetors el peer hee Mo. cous; CO, 8085, 0,012; M,072 te scnsich at COs err recon cane ed Fert dame tn lye(0 Ca i ti uae i ih i oping (0 teem ural combrion eet some specie 8 Se ‘epee? (@ Ti ep tea Sapa veo 2 en inate appeintey he ‘rugby whch te be fw ue wou bee thse wee oe a mea ge OB se St The fteig iw spon re fh dite sear an da ripe) Oy 3: gen 2 yop Hy ete Ge Orem ‘Getceonans iad uo abr en na as ad vet eng ‘ae ert eee ee Metane CH socare (CM. Bese IGM yO MA Wey eee 00) .42 Lig pian ps (PG) sd el optpten gies A tpl sie dete comet “Wpeetoy ene ora ‘fen vune Be Ca Byers ywdone pore hy ne er Mang sae he fc ae pepe 5038 MA: Dat, 836 (3 Wat el oman tac outonere Imire wih aad evo Pin (1 Wh wet rtd uaa hares od ih 248 Aaputanton cage lnoprte olin i CP) Tc ne ‘oda nore vats tate acs ey C0, hy Oy Ue rou ombuston acon tange equa os wo Sto 13. ‘tte neti of CO C-type (ete afin of eke Ramee ‘Gitte fit or ethene ent ad ae ii (6) tat hee iso hdhope in he shat fore nares rovtgeows ene sro cf rose Wha be aha componnciam essen bye er nemo? combartoe [REFERENCES Sitges bc csosty Nae rpc Chm Crna engi nen | Romy WC: Their pri te fail Eg Sr Sor es ie Sama mses occ en Paced noe Seach eerie Seite Mig eh oon ow “Ese eetenmerner eeeCHAPTER 4 PROPERTIES OF WORKING FLUIDS 41 ivTRopucTION “The ay of enie perio throes an analy of the preocs that ect {ina he epics aongand profontne btn. The eatbet stepe t hit ‘agus ual comuncnolane and continent deal lene pec ‘aos 1 ral engine proven (oe Chap. 3) Wih the deveepment ip ‘Seat deta computer, th smut of tie posses hat become RU ‘Bove sopitind and soit (se Chap. 1) All hee nga sant ‘rom te singin tothe meat comply) requre mod for the sapraion aed [roperes of fe wortleg limi the engi, a wel cs model forte in ‘dial preseuee idan compression contusion exparsin ane east ‘Satake wp he enn operating ee This he dels wah moe oe ‘iting fl compotion and thermodynamic aed traniprt preprtan ‘The comperton of te working fig whch chengrtarng the eae ‘perigee i nates Tae 4. The aburned mur feta SPU {ton ea drag tea covers com ae and ee ‘ad gue ti throes metre of NCD, 0, CO, feast el ely topes cmp fe nue oes at cange gna Gviag inate an eompresbn. 1 orcas cr von ree HOt ame a os = s, : Tce: Etta ins ae = ose Seeetpete, Sates Sa, GREE Seo, BN EL si ne eee See Sates Sebastes ty ienty acre to str th composton is rote. For the compresioe- {tie cai, the uabunee sire pr iecen coms no fa {Susi fer al prev buted ga. “The combustion predic ov bared mitre gs, dare the cembeston ess ad mh tthe eprom pot ae tot To thereat i Tiempo fetch mitre hs aed ton dace oe 30) 1s time combunibe preg coo, eembauicn oecers as ndeatd it Fi $n Torus the end ef he expane groans the wis composica epi irom te etiam composton: esis cam no lnger sce a ‘ovugh to manta he reing mine in oulibeum. Dag Be cahaot ewe, eases ae suey son vo that for siting Geman 0 Samed miss ca grape int the five xepr ltd in Tube 2 ‘The et xtegyy i nly ano arate purport ie spe be ct ‘buried andberted mitre ae ita ifr. Whie the speci at ihe woking ls nea wih erent pert he noe af mee. {cormin-apecgo hat model be teed ee themed dat ee ented temertre rage Tis eppreach pices pe aye: mode wh ss eit when monte acer) ef prion vil wile Te apprope ‘ec often an equim sates has akeady bern dca above. Arorouimatonrtothemadymami epliboum alsdaone ave ul Sabo10 prams camer rene aman Cong ar terete ron Epa on pean on ‘he mat af charg rapped in the inde (mi th inde map pd (i a a Hoe Som be enw eee 7 wy ‘Typical sida action i sprksgntion engine range om 20 pees aig loud to pert a fil bad Tn ec the esl action i mall (for [pres da tothe hghrcomprenion ri andin tral peste noe {jpn comm sic th lak sutton Ith nbc tre IMn'and ai (or nr ony then the rea gas forn a) fe he snDaro ‘nature deg compression eels be sida face. in soe egos s acon ofthe engine hast gue is recede the inthe te teh sh ste fer sot NO, enema tne perce ens us eget SEO toed as the perce of the ttt afew whet erecycedeabuatt ans) (it) 100 #3) sie etm nh mn he ad Bean a9 Up about 90 pecat of the exh ab eed he bed gation ‘Suing compeaion en, efor approche pase “Tae composton of the bur ps aco the unbooed mite ate ‘lac loys The conbastonsquae or ahydinarben fo ofan ‘sr IC rt fee. Ea (5 ea be ten per mele Os, ACM =, + 0,4 IN, 605 + eH + RaCD 4 mH + taOet mNe lee ¢ = be molar NO rao (3773 fe i the mote H/C mt ofthe fon aja equlens rte = tes of pecs por m0, ease "The ae deterlee sng te folowing aims |, For kin and iho mine (6 <1) CO ad Hc be mgs 2 Forsch and ekdiomeric mies (92 3) Oca bene 1 erick mites ie) he water gen 0, +H, = C0 H,0, SENEEES tne EOR ia at at oh reo OR ite eta sexy (can be asd tbe i quvium withthe euiitra constant K(T: qr) = eae Ne here KIT canbe datemine oma cre to JANAF tale ata! 1610" _ 14 1" 02005 x 10" 7 me sehace 7 in Kor) Kean be ane cestant ort th ronml enne Speing range Av of 35 oe sped Sue 49) whch sore ‘fond rang the egitim conte tI HOK, nin) =270~ «3, “Tne notin ten a0 senor blace sb be above assumptions ae shown in Tale 4. The lef sotaned by solving the guna: (KDE AKDO = +00) +201 ~ 19) + 2K =O ‘hesmae action we iren ty any hse nF; vs Gen nth tor tino Tbe. “White tq (44) for« fot conteing © and 1 ely it can wadly be onde for aaa e also hyaroeroen Deng Fors fa of mae Sam een CH,O,, ibe racantantre eove (14 SJossony niente srt HE + HL aly 01+ wa Bare cmon wd 100K se sre orem or wae re 108 420) one ot ool (6 tie extant aprenon (74) boome $C 261 aH, + 0,4 9M, wih enc in form the eaten exreina ar Aycan ue (48). ‘Ti Tale (3 cn all be edo ghe the compotion ofthe bared gat fondu rcton thn unburoed mitt, apt that 9 teplon @ oad pe 9 i expen ry ‘ov sont he unbred mint The number fle ol per mee (i te mature depends on the cert we Of he fel If) the ‘Str mater Frma othe fs CH, tan Maat y The ith amine (ote ited with EGR ori. HOO AL 898, 40, 498, Ueto FF BCH, +05 + ntuple daa bp at er mc On wafers covsen] siencipecti tay isis day aeaicas marco ao ‘nar in abe La The mole aton feck pee we Sued by (Siting by he ot sumber eae unborn fats 209 a ee Hea. cites of the Comctmertan) bared and uabarned‘mitre can now be emia, The mas of mii rnd unburned xt ‘0120, i the ure mp, VED) nd a 28 2809 « | Sea ean le tn | Mate wg | = oe et sense fame eh I Sromae* “ ‘The molecular weight theuaburnd mitre Mi Mot fain pre 4 gies Mf, and fo age g ane, Freqenty, themodyaamis propria of webersed an breed minis teeexpesed por nit mse fa ecg ota fr bund east ‘he mir tfrecoubuston). To obtain poeta Ue ty ne Dd ‘tess erigaal ar per le O, ne tre whichis (ee 26w sith unis ofklograns pe lmol 6 ound mas pe poond-male “able summa he etn ended ae proprio expr on & octane Burne pt 42, Gas PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS. Teens spc he wc and bare ps aie ca wt su ‘Sir scumicy be mode as Weal ass ee a ene ae rere (98. The mot inportant elation or proper eeeaton reac ‘Sutin are summa elon‘Since intel eney and ently ae fone of emperture ony th ws “9 some [oer 39 hone [oer 139 eaten totem flo Zonet 89 soe feces we Theirs in Bs a) ate neon of eerie oa et cig ny ange 4 ily ep ese w= [ott 9 wn [sn ws es -wene(2) se snsoonn() “e “Ts or example, teeny change between sta (7, pane (3, is 417 8,-0-Rin(8) a ae a he tn he eit of ide io por el mao str ‘ss ion pe logum (Beak ermal npr Foutd-man) jes fet bible Eish than nis per poundale sary, 6 cy ‘0 can be in jul per kaograltin (rsh tema te er pound ‘Ghesdgres Rani) oe ler er eleven (tah ermal tne per ‘pundanaiedeie Rai). or gus mlsuresowe the cmpestion known, mine properties a dcerinedetieror ata of ola aso wean be D RA as aL FADS (4139) seEaw 1B (4189 ws eeLage BAER (4200) oeLam SAE Re (420 44_4 SIMPLE ANALYTIC IDEAL GAS MODEL le the int etgery of model Ine ie Tate 42 or inca for ebee a ilsahe purpose second copy ceesant tat aeentspectae ‘wats fr the nbured a tamed gs mata vith eae) coe of ‘ei heat wus te de much more pre The avamages eft ssle ‘hye mod ny be important for eran probes igure shows a cra orgy ves tepratire ora stoi ‘neic mcure Ilsa qunuiave vero oF. 35 The etre mtr ine {ster brmed gis acon of 0. The ot heocane, Dato contrat sch (paps an te oie om cata x ble oom pogratn ice 5 {257} Te eat rw uc kkjouks pe nga oa fhe expel ae (Gus oft ear i Se). Te datum areal Ter O, Ny ae ‘dC oi at 398 K Nee hat the specie eats othe urbereed and armed irre spe the ine in Fig 42) ar oe ol wrpertere a temperate the sural egy of th Surman na fetion ef es Fete ad pres. ‘weve te tempera rane of fae forth unbared itr io an Seapine i400 te 600 K Gn fo 1GAPR forte hme gue mi, the ‘eee ed st ne appre 20K 35 sn 007, 500 Tas) nd (200K, 2 an G2OOR, 30 Ta” bs. Use approsinations to te ‘Sbamed and based mista cures wtih mine th cornu oer te ‘pera a per) ane ite a Sew a aed es The er Tora gee salen than SK10 ras chou one ROWS ‘he as for hie ga meds rch Net T the cate eeehthn Keeehthe zee hereby nd yy ae thee frat f anbreed and bare ‘inte petty at “Tho for scons aun ediabaiccombustioe proces, « cahithameahthy Awe sl for % an ate eations RU = (MMS an eJR = UG = fay teat — (4 + Me) aaa nat ad gtr) t Fora concantorse udabaiccenbusto rons, SAND cee eet) an “To ne the mel stile val My (MMe) ond yA ma se adermined. Valo fer My and iy ea Seed om Ea Cai od (yt Vales fant ca te tan wom pap snc (be Earp 6. Cea. vloes fo ey, an eae a tet Se (€, Re, 1 and 2 for range of aed. However, vs tad or ‘Smpotatons hold say be cad oe te tempers rg ef ee {2 carta the pair incur BtesiT) we eprops Bunge, Dee te rae 8. congo ot _stenigh-tine fits for xT)and a(TDin Fig 62 a Tatu rei tin i ae 40g) = 095705 70 oo saungan «Lar 20 “an SENT ri i $10 l= 8, mo Themis oa pr mle Oy nh nine 22. Th eae mcs ot ‘ured mtu per st mas ort lee ‘Thenmbe om med mir ere om Tai 42) a 026x1 4470509)‘The nunterol mil want mister st mas fi Re orga me Tena spntetew 8 etre ee cer ners oti ah Rin Aa 13 MO = OR eK 79-20, a) rer 45 THERMODYNAMIC cHakrs (ne method of preetieg herodyaamic prepris of arbor ad hard {entre br kel comboin cog Scans ge chart To at (ar aren commen si hae developed by Mate a ad tose Sloped bypNewbal an Sakon Both hx es of cars use US. weit We tae Aecoped 1 new ot ofcarsin Sl uns fling he apyroach of Nevbal ad Suntan. Chane iene oper aed estniely fr engine se senor: Sguat cee Of do Gecoeeaie pense of making Bucs be ‘epuced itech: None ura are Hcl for gave pps, ad {ied an enya sommte nehod wheeled nmber ef elaens ae ‘Neue The curs prs bom ae Tor wancan el sd the EO (Suiveesce rane $8405 08, 10,12. 451 Unburaed Mitre Oars ‘The themodvnanic poets of ach unburned foarte are represent pee chert Te ft ri deine eae thence erpertre, eo ‘ccd she the being and tthe od ofthe compen Pos th trond ger the mint imal etsy a eoayy w econ “The lle stungtions ae mad 1. Tae compreion poe eversbie nd adabasc = am btn fate Roe Sete RT Et vio pein” prmedoy” pebopenstar Sigi-k a tt EHTS, LS Teoma Fr Soo: tom see, Ge Tome, ae 1 Thea inthe vapors 2 Re miureconpoitio b Pomogenese aud ze (no rections between thenelasdast 4 hapa he mina a be moda adel a. 4 The toed gas actoe sera serine ni i Srmare erate oe crear nua rea ee Samo soe ea rea at ae ste cl a wea an aie So TET eu pistentnty aa, wa reeeteee re tte arrcte repey-nte(2) we 3)= 007) + nto (22) 285 ‘ees the numberof le of wrt mite pe ilogram of a. Vietot tent a te ca me a ope fn, and, Rae ven Table 48 7) amd O(7 ae gen Fi 4. Note Gatespand 7 aerated by rang.) = nA BA KITIQN (29) gel 42 1 oem acral cot ee cn Titeres sitec tin bain Rend Lomeli sen ccnp: See Fiodte empwatt, pour dene pat ass ee ‘Srenapoasos srze Calaan as sonprenoadote vo ‘Gres; = 350 Kathe st ope, id Yate ed comps Oe Seema eae eT ostene Pomes sn recom tero-nfa(2)=19-90 ro nga pee seni ‘Thea son Fa 20 ee ‘re compreion sole wrk sing eprom abt el ange af) = 399 == HO ie452. Burned Mistare Chars ‘oe primary burned mite charts ar forthe produto conbution at high tempers efor the workin il ung he expansion recs. The low. ‘ng vmptios are made 1. tach pces a the mcr can be moet a5 Set gt 2 The mst isin thermodynamic eqalivim at temperiteres hove 170K: {herntre componton sons blow 1700 4 Dau Atte datien st ef 9619K (°C or 77°F and Lat heehee Senet ia thei atari exuria frm (Ny, Myo dato aes ad (Cine graph ae aged serena and cay “ne chars were prepare wit We NASA equibrum program described Se 377" The CHO/M ‘to ofthe mitre sped fo each har The ere proper (ral mmr hay entropy, and cic vols) te ‘aged per uit man faite he oginal mares Le, fy eorepend fae commotion of | Agora wi te appropriate mass ek The suse bass (eri unbumed ard burrs mire tarts te same. ‘igures #50 9 ae peer chars fo the hgh-tenperatrebrae gs (Gann cncachchar Av ttn tev tee ears om ample (2 The epic pees in a tral cobuos es, aloes ‘Solon enbsin no mnmatyw atttead ‘SOE Ge ems: Unt at oe ae pre he ieee Set ce ner lee tn ‘tke wok The coupenion ros te mine cam Sade "Spe aarp set “Wau p= HO PL nt we "C408 mga ce LO Dred au ig 48) Th es Tn 206 Keay 3 WR ea = 93) iT ae ston ahaa Faw T=1M9K p=SORRS, and “Teetpanioe ot nek suming te proce acabset Wier or) = 1005 = 1835 Ne As te tured gues an eagne eylnder cook cutng the expanse poset the empesson evel "eas" bce el epee ‘Scie the stem actos tome extemal som Thee tally sumed 1 ot at sbot I7D0K fe Sx 40) The egitim numpin i then © ali For lean spe oionetc ures is csc ac. Epo™ tt tense the moe ats socsedspeces tlw this temperate y= 160 Urs ‘ben Ue YEPLePeieeeaey hen ctin eam my uso ome ee= apy 2g CTE mesa ttn re i nc vor ' SI 8 T 1 | TIS TT Ie ES ES ED G9 BT G9 98 97 9F TT TT BS BT OTT TS ayia“ me miner ttt et i rete‘om mein yea A EA Le pe Fu su rit ci o4! get oot vo Pogo he on a 3 ‘ ae? ee zi a foe oe oF 00H eam y's ome sites CCR eee | A AAS, ZEB Cae LAL;rmoraresor wean nue 123 salt Forsch mitre «totes composition mst be ced nd wes este {Grins tetons of CO, CO, 10, and My wuld comtue change fa ‘Brum wasued as he enpentare cece Intra ee end etl. (loam of ai inthe etal mistre.ef' the een bored mitre re [ued sya tenentar in Fig. 40. Tas sented Hoes bat ure ‘Smposties are lined in abe 47. Tha ce sea end catia alps dremel othe anes ar 985 site fe bared entre lowing (1) attaioane a ‘vcontant rere ait ebtion? ‘is dat freer step td satay fo the bars mitre fn tig 4b ifeat Com Ge date for lnera sey aad etayy Tore ‘to mitre Forte unburned mcr, nero itera ety and exaly fr themicie st 2815 K was asemed Fer the uted mane feo erhy for the pon pees O,, Ny and and € fete gpl) ot 2918 was ‘teed: Thaw data can tated through th enthp of faraon ont On Nyland G ofeach pec the unburned nit, IF 3 eth cathy frtion of specs fat 9815 K. ger Kms, 4nd the enuly alforaaon of the tebaredwistce a S15 per ‘sgn ef airi the nid miter ew thE nly, an vases tbe mamber of Aono f sect | per Mogan of ar, The {atures marta eng wth he suse datum ae Bereed matre eat py. heen ea by her ete smile entayy Rant Aj beet Me (an ‘Say, entre ener 4 en oy sent (29, |e be oti from a.= Emi, 30 ‘Atartely.(.18)en ese to bin 84 fom 5 N= Bg toy— na won "nals and intemal eneies af formation of he vat bared gs ‘gees and inital fl compounds ae gen in Tale ane gp D Vales fn a ebtnned fom Tabs ht and A. Fong the proae edit umyle 48 below, exes fr 847, ad dy gus per bg‘Sane eal and intel ers of ema Sane he RUT Roa ome oe ican be obtind Forte char of Fgh 4 and 509 9, hse xpress onus Aigp= -S18= 188m, Aig 103-118, $06 Ai.e (39h) 1-0 ON deh, 12 286) 0% te ly, eine tom 8 wing Et Fo sr SS pai ae ir ata ‘Sc dete abd ype me, Seog an featweasore st “en wm afat era fet eg ]eact—oetegs Bec tre me x eel am C+ 8t oA + One 9 neato sty Foetiod STB Cl ike = band My Ford mt peal = pe RAR = (18S SOQ) 10? 6. inten jo (IMT 95nd (ANS Oey! je (U2 286q) 10 Ie gTicmbtin proces tks he ubure and brnd mine prope, For anatobute conta volume combustion proses, at Ae 9)“Tmax ven 4. ad ry, the sat of he bared mista can be ceteminet tom ‘Greppropts bamed manure ha. Tort daha conta pest comb bh hat Bla 439 Swe weh-m sven hand pan my mat be oud by til and err aoa te spectiod ‘Struc reare neon the appenpite bared mitt char. usmle 4S, Calcutete eapece ant psu a console an ‘ine etbelon and ceaantresresubte sombustien oe bed ‘Stns f= sn = Go atthe te corrapoting oh en cre ale ete ceed wir eed of bn tani 2 mae Radka TOMAR, Ra TMPL «01 mte Foran adit connie comburon proce Bs (57 Foe 1 a8 pen B32 R29 = asst se te nennous erga tec ndon thebeats Fors conto rena cnboston ses (E4340. Nahahet Mie 1a is re ty EQS a ip, 199-8 = 96 — Saree ee a 65-36 = 9 ir 157 MPs neinerat cea sen by Wek nneA HLTA iy Uheae rere: san omar soe tee 137 Atctanteror ston nang te f= STORPa ie oni 8 ve i= -€88 haa, 2H, m=0nt ne (sree seine pT, cma sy) 4s. TABLES OF PROPERTIES ‘kp comPosrTi0N [bw encurste Thee pr tebe en US and St wt Amt of bl for I'S ait has be pepced by Reyolds”foowing he format of the Kecran @ at ube A ceocres tle of tenmndyaanie propetes of te, Aerndtfom Reyne sen In Ap. D. coca f= ena, eg 15 al ey, et ye [G)erane-x o- [Genuine $s ee 5 Spats heat at constant proses eK (CS pei het teen! tune ber Sint ose hate, nasa nego o 103. (isthe dant state eatopy at temperature T at | sn pene liv the entony at 6 Kad 1 stm prs Te estoy a peer ther "nt tm bac ag Ey 0) Theieuine pressure p eae by nnd 35 sel ton of Font. Along agen seneep flows fo Ee, 4:8) ‘ra of acti prers a, cresondirgo temperate T, and "sequal thera ef ave press @)_-@) «a hs irda mens of tein or a sentope prose gen 7; aad te aap128 pana nme sana sens “The rtativevoline e dt hy wt on “ae th dt a atin Mle en Fa vance loys grape me asta ens iad ft tie on a ene td to Beh Has ales "(i 9 Wykee tssape so : . “Tae, prag te compoti and @ermosynamic ropes & con. beso pods hve bn cowed They we tcl Sore 9 POPE ad (poder cuomaros dat in Sood ps sis for enn of ecivcee Satta oft gos Tao a Te meme ot we embesionpredoct compotion and hemodyeams proper he AGARD. Sar Doyette of te oe Contes Poke eth ern ogre ‘Fey Dane Ret howe ot th thal at ec fom he {cua tun eal fo Of und sate a 819K) The ene {n'er reams ste at 913 K weaned abr pete ake be Ccttaby te vad nestnecrabs ore elit te a miere Dm 46 In. ea cee denn er cmon et ee andthe compre, “tae Bast = 28K Uta 9 “a ge Thecompesion nti sey TiS iit i stn pbs i i u Sry49. COMPUTER ROUTINES FOR PROPERTY AND. COMPOSITION CALCULATIONS When lange runbess of compositions ae being made or high secney ‘quel rane proces cleaitions we eid at ona compu. Reaton pe Wiss wood te comporton andlor thermody proerin oh “hak eces fn a sanrd sae a emperaine T, h speie neat, uapprniniedy Sf a,tasT an 4047? taut wm "he anc stn nth of pes hen Hen by Srna ‘he standard stat entepy ef pecs attempts YK aN6 pres 1 a, froma (410 shen Yeamrea Te Sr sr Mt ey aay Jenn raat 9ST Sr etre «a Wis of te xen 1 CO, H,0,C0- Hy Os. Ns. OF, NO. Ose Fif0,0, Ny Myend 020 reo of enperatere. 471 Unbored Micro esse fenton for rious he vapor pas) fae fn ede Ants bats hatha “a Ctr pecs hemody opener C0, Hoo On hy Hy | ete koto scanet_ woo, ba ape ERTS An Stang taut Ant dn mete = TVD Ay the constant foe the datum of sr ety fC, Wie, and Nyt 0048 Fora DK anton fy ad tty, Fee oe Iglrration campo tbe exe dy eve fue by Steg Ege A) ‘aca ror Roe Vt for resvan pre te {TobleGil-Te ats fr area/pwo Kad foe bare kel 0 Mutiompoaent el cofisents wew Semin a lows Che calves ote fd we pafored to Se the VC tab svenge alse, (right aig va, and he weigh! pecan of aromatic, in, and {eas tein oparatin) The be was ea modeled as compos of ‘orseaute ana, of and peraia hyrocarton. From alone com ‘ion of fpcegen ard carbon snd the seni ani ret samp ‘Solr aku ted crorage eto smbe an be etre Te i ‘sor eects 4 toy ftp petoium sed fase Tee ‘tthe cet ge &/ and fy im eal asd kcal/mol especte- seh = Toyin ny 88 sie Cet ayia 12) 44) oct entFeat te pomeet ‘Dinee a tnete eos, ie ane eee ooh ‘ie themednanie ropes ofthe wsbursel mice can be With meer ence specie er msleO, mJ om ae 2 cee Lys Efefe-me(a)]-wmd aun septa eT pat a ee nt tr me banners ated tease 02 bud es ‘Tee ied sermt speech ir hare nnes property and compost ea (les eu ermmdymanic epiorum progr at epee ore {boat 700 Kad fove compote below 700 K The popes ef exch ‘ges ih at lw engeatares we sen by pene ences sac at ‘je 39 tA) and he cote Tobe 418 The NASA sql Sebamed ees a lela rt st TS 250 and 270 36 Figure #4 ses he bused os ear weght Myst Piga 43 and 10 te tay o> ‘sos eqns rata 173, 23 a 2790, 0am Figures 17 {83418 shows ane ava fneon of temperate and prea sed ‘eves ate fr mires lean and hf comet” For teh ee ts (A fr 7 > 000K, yy dt ae equi van Fr 120 27's noo K,"tozen” compen data we shown nee at congo ‘a hit equim at tegen T and > bub ozea ts Se Som ‘Bw boat 100K aad cmposton data we shown corso © ‘sc for he wate oglitonm conta whieh adequacy deeb ‘hat es eS 19 Ce ‘Scion frogam ct te baal, sol eutiom pws ad appt ‘Suelhr wo he aque themodyaame dats have ten leap, Tie ‘sch wally dito eit he sompoin sndor prope ef n> ‘ciel coh roduc and thet to se nate ostar & eoretts went tthe of deseoSaeco reve 2 ona oe Receipts Tegument Toast es EES ta A comput pop fo: euang popes of qulibsun combusioe ros, dered presales ime combustoe eae spon, ten develope ty Okara anf Berman an badly avatable Te fe i (AGO, flr ecivarece i ad Polt peware an ‘cope ae opel Tsp indi fs prodact intr re: CO, 1,0, CD, Ha, Of, Ny ANG. OW, 0. and N. The eeent blac It etna of moi actors to sat th teaon pre 8 Ue so ceeded compton One he ie smpaton derma he et me opertie and their dealer sith reget to. temperate fa end cpio a te cope Tied opener es (ean tote sunt wcer for epie buted as cation and ma ore ral tan be etnae NASA egitim program ‘Shea! woaiqus fr stmato te emote opts of Soh temperate bere peor engine splesion he bom Sesoped Oe co ‘onl std appeoech tet Sreops by eget Borman The inter ‘Sey aid pr comt of enlioacnied conbusion products vee Est {ibd by otyomils na epee The scond sep was en te ‘ane of 7 nd pf ae fund fn tral combotien eg The he et ions Satwona the quitvinm ‘hernedyame pope a pebisel by Nentalaod Surkmas"* and the elated medio valer wee Bdcurrant [fear hat en pre rien oe ction ere tt ‘Sse ume tt remota moreno #18) moe no #> aie Dremel Ce by an excreta! fenton oT ad gor 9 <1, gl set feats ‘nite For gtr ef equation were deweped, exch set apy © {te Scans ew a 9, rr re ‘fen nti 3 poet over the power and ampere ange fie Sd he eor ever mest of he range stan 1 erent, For my 05" romans or rouse nim 19 eeepc ba a he jan nt a pte uae Ss Messen mand ce apiece ning re (hts he uso ents for thernoamie pope iit, An aluanive apron for property eastaons,aplicaie 10 wide (te of eran tad whol ts exentely iba bor ey? Wit this thd, the predice. of combi of ydewatton os‘scanojatr mores ae dod ite eter dave und enatenenat ‘Sele: My. MG. and M,,repecvely Thin ithe exis ruter of 0 ‘Suton sini da to nnnon of tratonie leas aed Us there Stamtcr ef mentonis masses de to dineion of diatoms mole the 40+ —aptl, 6 0,4 Ne (2-96-2794 (1-9 +37 U + oIM, +20, eget (ay [ee SIN, 4 = 14970 sv 0M, forg>t “Tne mao ted pon filo of sa tte resto ead ‘Gl eqiiooun saeulaens tts ncn! form. Two peters dssocatoe QMy=IMy and MyM, sho med ah ere tiny an 1 a te ‘ele spss oun Ths apron as bee dovlped ge eae ont fr cto whom ie tantona ttn oe vital on ‘poton to thespece eat, od he exthaly ef emai: mph Es FSM SRN EMT tome oy Inlre Nyy Ny aad Ny ate the suber of mole of tstomie, dam ant JRomoe msc open per mole Oy race, Z ited bain iceperntar. ms tetas of produc pr me, acum [Eq 49) 08h (Shaverapeatete exthly omatne oe prot. ‘The meiocarwcitien by wears est ferscrsery ‘ie o ™ Pa foc o> Gare Te (and arefound ving on apposite ost the vations obned opbing te ted equa conrante tthe Gestion resto, by 8 ‘Mand by fing acuicien ote sadinccie proto cath fo thn, Equa ns a res or he pai estes ent Wand ei ppwith ergot 107, p. tnt 6. Tose raion hve been teed er Site ye meso 41e 077 eqivlnes on O4 fo Uk pees Ito 20% Trl operas 100 io 3400 BT ene for burned mse leper ‘eeran fo engne leultons i alvays ls than = 10K. The errs Sess? ie than 202 ree Iona or mann in TAL 448. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES ‘Depo by Wich sort sd ere ae om one ‘Son mts i pan rl on igor campo och pecan opin sta a ears fbr as pave hn ta et ite ves pea ‘Tose const amt ineaucmow of thae feast Titec sta eens yh opr sth fos hos Nove {Cece epee ae aly held y caren te ae ae op Pal Net ante te) a {muh tanger popes of vaca, ema nl = ‘etic wel athe fow properties See Thetis fo cpg pe pepe on te sptaton ketstantt pactoptel eed pe woke aig he nomena Bat'm't pase Cote font tar ors (Gop sont tel ips iat he al of nono ae pu (oh = Ae « hg Gara a ‘velocity gradient) is given by “ee n= tes Feintrye ita se st ms oe a hem mens nk Simin erat aS aren he ey ee 1%; lt ay ret a ear oy a EES Seay wt roneeiy Foe enced re ‘Sect ew at pa se ea sr pen ere ene a Pty ert fea ers tat np ig ey Sas ef matoerts ot a snopes pe a Eee soee data ae enon as ah Slee ee Ske ‘ute detmprieneas Teese fr ni sees bate wats ia Sie okat ine needa ees ‘tes wn can te thos ee og ‘ase Coustie Now (Ref. 21, 9.235): rs ee “ = a) Sere Seemann Sac ne te oywhich has the same temperate dependence 5 Equation 448) an (49) beim, sins for 4 mansomic ws, the specie beat at constant vole i 3. The "opis cqhalty i anol agreement wih easrerets off and ft mon one ore mel dees not tke at axon he wean ad rt, " 4 _ Mu 00 +616 ~ (COV? + 48,0 Pte ageless «9 ‘The symbels ata diac shove (0) the maar pret water in th com Sesion nrc ft by (46) and 1,0 a! Foran wae “Ths carton muse A/F Is stave mower concatenate sayz The te of ee bal eka! sample skew pnraly ners fe (01 teres thant pont as it cacy ten a yng Foreplay “nt” saeco) (90), ~ O50) 2B Ge) scr Fox pil} yet gas seal, Ere the ew pat ‘Ye mite provi the ,0), em by eres tn en “Theft equalesse is $= ohne om the ran oe lh. ‘vie sit a (6) nd, (69 above EQUVALANCE RATIO EASED ON WET MC AND DRY INORGANIC GAS ‘ASALYSS. Ene ean as compostin sen Lemna by sealing = fly ed ste sein lov CO,. CO, Oy. snd NOy ae aly at (Gncntenad) tren witha FD bo etre iyrecnroas Egat (46) ‘14 (406 ae so appa de these creumaanon Te lowing equnton, =H10,_ 4]152 pres coummot ane wroudwis ets th exhaat ps sompoiton and equiva rao uner these conditions ‘fe wanton fy dena fr veo sti fp and 3p Genots he ey ince taconofspss 1 Egeaons (431) (4th wih Ey. (4940 ete COs, (C6, 1,0, and concentsos andthe asimption ta a= mm rete wd (Sderot The equens apt fora oe ef eapostion CHO, "Thefecler squilece rae pera oe an age Fs Bes FBR, He ter the wet ae ey mol fatto aerate by = (Fit im MO Ka F Ske TD feo are 0 Fe (TF REAIRR) + OMAN > HD ~agito i, im iso tng ET =~ gg ED Now tf, te med ve ening a mee tin ow BT toe = ony Fue 423 shows wet bend a concen oe Cia on he iff mene ry eoncrtion f €O,, CO. O, shorn Fig bat and ve HC oxcreaton cella Ean °6*7e an nats ang te ae tte 1 and 33a eh be eft on te lsc @exapaed fom Ee (67 Fox socom mi tore varying Krom 13 45 at te computed 8 2 3 poe. F rE Eton 25 to vcd te some fy 304 pc Te Erect imei n ratng NO, B02 poet fran NO, keel 100 pr ‘SSSaag wo 1 perce to NO, evel of SAD por. Te east of ‘putd pte cron in femarement FCO, CO, nd Oy soe STEEP of ged A pent eo fo CO, or CO er Oy t= ous poster competed For ke and ber me, Se eter to teens fer eno in ested COy contain ed CO (@°othemmttntoes but testi senda es han be me or tod on ow 493. biects of Fue Ar Rave ‘Nonniereity [eter the ase of indus iat he tere einge of « mals fi per Sete tor the mae ofa which enter the flere eyes oramsor woneno ree 183 HW |} ——13—| 1A [ ‘SSuotpnceyononacan genta eco ani coc ar ext equal nnn, mining of fa se Satneesary comple ofr. Thae ‘toad te 3 eribatio nha arab he utured mitee abet Ge ean vl. For eunple if te meas fr ato biota Stage wil e canine ty ary eninge eer lean of eave ad ‘ts eatben mova 9 an) ede chef ears he teeta [Bs wil bare higher leet o'O, ane CO Gn sue ciCO velvet a ‘tin operating wih iene ain hein Te has droge «meted fr deg snows i te af to tution Or sprigniton emp: Wich apes cle seco Wi" A fanction fa fr the far ato dation = Fw ‘umd, ith andar distin §,- For ech vr ef hey fa} compe ‘iliion ofthe arate cxygen was sre eno ca 6) andthe (60:0, C0, My eorenttoes were rated 8 (43) 0h R23.) The ‘Secinratoas of eich ws foreach (FA wee weaned By the ben loco and sue to produce the aera xt eatin (so ‘eto allow forthe pref srbured HC aoe ean was te Sore Set) Figure 424 ew ee mt of ete fora et fre 8 ype ef ‘atin fra normal station i the fora For ah mean ED td alison pratt tard deve fe) sen the {Scesoading dry cocennions sf CO, C0, se Oy as swe Tals ype oh [norte eon te unde def the ota mitre earn f fhe ‘icon capes operating ately dose Wo sacionere. For dec ees ‘hearin of major ethaast gas species oncnaien ih fan une ihn each eid ie ha caption my crelene ratio ae tne, 19 the ees of any nonifories a nt appaent 8 ‘Sismanner (ne ig 22) 494, CombuationIniiney Inurl combina eg eth coins conbuitle nies: CO, Hr {Sica hectnes nd pecs Whee ar cometons ete eemtusin csc) jven by Eq, (0.27) exo be calvulated, The chemical ‘Sony eed catof be cigin le somounbe roe he Conte ee “ Tian mie, spe x wet cof Os MG nd pie pec BUG Be egress ob ci nate nip ane sand athe be esr GOCE MRD dH HIND SUTEn eth smpiton ft wrbored C's ct nl oo Mourn acy woe sigdoxsoae ebay apr tr tenga ypeat at os¢dps aed Te prea oy yma {ESE} reser ome sores een ay te ee action SSREACE: hers tof sa nds fete vee fr STioteEs Mase wonton ny em 2 onion ‘Sovaeiecrtaeebn proce E>. a PROBLEMS, 6 Sat inccnponut vanes tenon ie cna ‘pha so 04 pretaal (yngO) fone R= eB) (tee tector eorpoton G9 hs en 42 Toc hey of he pl ai ed noe whe melo ig tad Ee 99 iene ton) 9 ‘Scene miner Compan ts reat wth that cane sng Tip 43 aad ‘nator lenny ured moe coat F700 ¢ 0033 a iuepotsamaea=at 1. InP bt vty on ace ae? Gilne ¢ewtydeath ure inner UO InP bith Sow See acre? (ed wi cmp, ie weg sued i beyete aie nds, nok Uae is an eieto case My ‘orp S nt 995 Rab ¢~ 1 Coop thal sale Naoknne rn Fi aden ny ee 46, EGR enantio ee NO ty egw in » Genet pei art tet pene oar pe Seva gs idee darvasa fk fie ease man Cy EGR nt aa mt do tnt! NO oo 4 Sle gn ae it eas mien 2D wg 12 Gap Cy 6 a 42 he pti ee ‘iNest ek Enns tet: Kamedact fats yee seit. 8 Tener nh dn wn tind fen 6 robe cr psipce treo C0 Soya 0, naomi ar ee a ‘iewettre Ste te owe sour (0 econ 15 459 oun 33:0 te bed companion # Calle ered Hye thot anv erne watt dts NO en NO 3b, tube Sat 0, 05 No en wep {9 0, 425% 60 aien 0; 4% NO, bpp, HER ps ‘Rectan tir at ow ato (a ml N= 07; Cha = 0000 The fis oan Gy owe abe + nal tin le fl apes156 mm outer mene ones om tos wired Thre ig te of i ing ‘Spotncesr ot ay sesehyaope's S0NOhg ese tematic motianetne te Per i ceutie iy ges be pec fe (PG fod enhaby nk 30180) elu inthe coburn poses ind ee de misuse ors en he ei Sciam sapere y Herta he bu fein 10 dpc jn sng epeeig ot 308 in sd 3 esl ole nin ones an fecha belong mpeg pes sane or ones 04, HO €O.056: Hy, Datamation Sete ee iaaledb idea ee ‘he at i ih hein vo 48 Mg The on eis of te Bae nee Te SEK fe thehetr asc me fon ctype [Blas get Eas hips gem meh on te ‘nt elcome bey ean oy Stone Conon Taso eke yl ot ese Sheed atyco mugen te (e katt Sy ners ayo prt an td Wat [ocltingotner seep nernnpee noon? 4 gen ey on ee fae a Th Sart ates tepeees ste oeneton peeen sweeter Bereeiehavemtoce scar wesetanateeptoe pases (Find te compton mes (unten of soca) he yentane sate mace pes ( Bosmine he hte i ie wong ld te waking Bi pond ee See , 44:2 A ection atone ot ele wet 1 poe pve fusing wat Teenie prs 8 ata aed fovea 200 san equysence a 08 nan a ow fl Te sine ft ‘Dstria iiecy & poer ah et ve ate Poise he ‘eum conan cenhr atin een OL Da bar hnng ‘SSID Mites tation ae ase of 086 Pot snd ae ot ‘ett conto The meal cnn ed en 8 {5'Ghats erat ae pn fi i, Be ew ny ‘pe exmus pus afc ae Ie enon tad be neg eat ga oy See te ssa ie tat stem soa: esr fant th en psn ohn heb sRte ucee ‘cco wre lie ones ee ele poe {ies euros Em We cb Fomine poe fn ake on po aed be li cee ceo cot hen a Sonaecyse mee oe pr conye 2:1. Trt i te ede teste et eonrenon at p= id tis ad PTS Cll esas ‘apart ld omesin sn en © © fae nti oh my bend nt po 0 Cooper wok emp in(e( abore 1 prac, bent fe ent he fal pet by 100K. Fors Setters operating aa equvaene rate C7 aly (Case a fb oS otro tthe a ey adda | one40t the an ithan compte we ih lia he ome to open amy apenas Spite ea torso (OV of ery nls wight and yu cempesion ooo fcons o Car ioteS tacoy Oke Hate Noy eon mance eee pense comin thmaaa 9 Set pe annand P= fol yea omemeron che bone BO Testogeah br rempstos ak Usa tis por aa 22K a ni (© Sigacsbo ce ie roe pr at ma of ee ot oe seetoaoccnin aie «a ieee St see popu cate epee aie er tute ett roe, enperte eos SSS Seas ca ree oer sa cee {46 Aen toh ith ve 100 em cna mice ont with 2 Takiwars se sequome at peel) Wh sd T= SC The mae (Selina! eget ode pone an temper fh le ‘Senin pcs fest soto wml feat ‘Sls egusan foc ebro eon dn Apevia en ice fa, nt ‘seg enatan Sed per cantante bat 1 No empenam Te gen Tie 22 pureneners 1 ep Han Ma. MO, Eins tle aa Ot Stein pts ag tA pp at Fe * Qhnmias Sad Speen pe eta Sas aes Fleet ire, Hee be ae ‘Roh Stun meer rope Ora be ae Tropes ae SE en eres s Seca E'S wi HK: "emai Popei fae ad Ak ‘port etme Pete oan SA ero oe a Kaa ate 2 ot M18 ‘Rm WT’ Pp pe Foe Conia atom Lest? Rem Fe M, RDSIT, US Nasal Ba eit ips gt tn cs SA Seapan Bl kM Rank a pn Eg SAE ape 946 Ni. Pe KS Ane, Bue RM dP GC: Ya ‘Rie amino Pet tp a al pn Fr Nei ia Hw 2: “hn aya Prd Ne ‘eles amt PCa Segre Sp 20 1 Oita tl or. °1 oe’ Pref Cain Pra lem ‘She tae hoe ape” SE pn FS 1 Songs hoe oman © Lae Cumann ef opt Rat fe nt (oath bal Yur AME cA se Sa ee Ho 1 8h Retin ethan ope SSS Coben Pada” Conk Se Fear ma oe 2 gas 8 sn ong. Te Mahal Tey Wotan Ga Cae 2 Waring: A is 2. €.°A Sg Cnt Bag By of fe Bc FT, PS ph ohne aa ae 2 he Xn aan. Te Ha Gyn Enos a 1 fg, 'Fu ae mrt Ea Or pti 3 i leet ry Eo Oe as SA ap 9 1 Misr =Canuenoe enemy mbes Combe tage 8 ss pine ‘Dich go Mi Fa ou Teagan Schonn ote Gow ee Contin, er our te (itp Coden Crespo pc Sgn on CHAPTER IDEAL MODELS OF ENGINE CYCLES s1 INTRODUCTION “Tee opemtng ce oa intra combuation tie ca broken dew into sxe of epunte jee takecomprsion comb, capeuon ‘hot. With models or each ef thee prow, 2 smaliton of a comple ‘Se xl can be Ball sp uch cam be tas! to pote seston em te perfomance Medal ididual expe pcs nt aoe nl of {prostnton have torn dregs chapet we cnn snp ‘mokl which provid al nhs inte the froma ad eficeacy of ‘ane The ler aati ommonly elle the omens cote Frese. ad ied pete cer sch tle dec the apron ‘it forthe anise combustion pecat The cevrpton of moe sxe ‘Slain of engi poceses 3 deter unl Chap. Forench emaineye «choc of adds or work hi Gernodgnamic rrperes mas he made Thee mnie have ber vee Cap 4 eel [Rese wv sa yt On vat kn len eps {Sa rome fe medrese se See ep Pe SG SRS i roca at tee — a16 srmes emtemet en Ronweors ‘ape ce models combine wit single ea us ote! pec als con ‘tnt hroughnu the expine )Ge—nosd 1 Table 42 prove wae resay {tare nal for llerate parse wil eal se cya oa stanton ‘re ral engi eye omtind with more ans mode of ering (oper (ems sitar Hea ges be Uebel istered a erm inte rt tured mittee! 3 Table 2) cle fi ‘rerun eee mov quaint infrmatcn ox ene eptaton “heofemal somutin epi sat thet sagie in hermedrenie eteion ofthe term It isnt » sed astm The morking uid ders becate + emodyaame eye The teyeraure change Mich oe" wound ‘Sinumuy ang maximum sytode’ nooner are act precy vest ot et Stand intrscfons hn eg cim bs! beat lyd 3 en Sem Which (Schang Set and wo with fe srrundingervennest (the amorpen) Feats (luna) Row ino he ym, prac eat po) Bow ont (fe overalseena iw aul othe ngne rom ths pt of Yew as aay Se prcened te Se. 3.4) Tho the oes dacesed in ths dle! are sot ‘Sermadymamic ees Rater cach srs some neuen ef proce ‘hooga which we ca fiw he at othe working aide capi eres sconce opens ode 52 IDEAL MODELS OF ENGINE PROCESSES ‘he sequence of precees wold make ep a type SY and Cl engine operating te hs brea dari a See 13. To uta thee poses, sede poe fie) and tlie dala om a throted fonearoe ee St ene ted arp dag in ip 1 Ts eee canbe died eto comprosin, ‘uring ea eg wpa mp = 84390 n= Eee a Re ‘Sees hres et tte pin tincombusicn epsnin, etait, and inae process. Ses of essumptns wich ‘Spy exch a these proces 1 oem Conese for aaas ae es In Fas ‘Pemoryteheme Gagne fo i ees sin sure rt sot msnecpranae cys for united cage eprainy ee Maced Pg ‘aioe Tht engine opzratinn Bs rmep= A (52m) ‘ent an grossiniated mean efesve sues ae elites nen, men, (4-1) 29 ‘Teenie fil conveson etc tele to th ro init fa rere” 4 CYCLE ANALYSIS WITH. IDEAL GAS WORKING FLUID WITH «, AND ¢, CONSTANT ke working Bid the eect ane be el, ih and ‘uma rouphout tea open cyte eget evo ate ‘evous etn nich dss expe prsmane sed eases cn baie pied Wenull we he solston of he #2 (25) S41 Consant-Volame Cycle Tre compression vork (Eq $€)beees We=nesh 1) (320) Theetpansos work (E59) becomes We=neshs~ Td on To enomicato ie a (19m Quay, can be flied othe temperate {yin mms Forth nied ol der den te net fr the acne and produ cas UT dag nas Fig 3 art ‘Mee and have equal slopes of mapa enc, or a cota vl mes Tm Qe 26 {25 Sematary ls omator tO e252ma B ih cans Gertne oud tn enya mato Senha “‘Note hatte henge coment volume al consat eee athe ame fortis wore usd For covennc we il ene orate oy Ami RUMENRRNaNMN ID Goi ant mse of wong See causa sqnenen tye BEBABEW BH ay ‘Sige 1.2 snd 4a lair rome tween heme vues. an a Hy -2 ene 6 Heme snd (90) eearanged at nual on atu fo dren alae y ae sbown in Fig. 5. The inded fue convesion Zag Income wih snzenngtompesion rab aed deseo yee ‘The indited man eecive reste sin ee (52) and (5.30, bce ‘The dines munters 5) ae slice t0 dese hectare th coon lp dora jeri oe efi see Wo compare the inep—e pease of te efectvenes with wich ‘ne dle tolume fe engine wed We prtacenork-and the acanem free be fh py. Theta pcan be dermis em he ep ppt spunea had the ra 5 332) Bevo os tied mF 28 ution (89 a (3 hon ge Balt 0 Aah saul inp eds, Engine ight il crn with ncesng ‘ye vitnd te nrasng soe in compen. “ended fri comerion czy and te tos imep, a ines fo ths ea! eye ose dat depend Meter thr jee tote ot ‘sperhrae ower. the elatoshp tween the werbing Mid properties at outs tana d depend nthe dog of roting or spesbarging For he. {el eng oputin he ritual ge mas kato 3 can be Getee Bt fnas oD te. BIT, sce Sate 5 compan a ientiop expasion fomstaetio p= pis ven» Se tao ta «39 ‘erential mas facton cess asp decreas bow p,. decreases 7, sera and dees 'N,1 naee “hugh mr una the epertice thew! pn can be = a Ce «35,“The mistare emprtre at pit in the ye cn berate the ie nntreeeprtus Twit Ea (219) For moteg Bld with ah sme ‘en, tak equon rome Us of Eg (5.6) a 3.37 asso te ean Tie Th am Extensive cout fr the coutantveume eye ith 7= 14 ean be four a Tyee “Theexpamion wok omy (51 eros We neds 72+ new oo Focth sombtive roe Bat (57. i ive maou Qiae = Melle = 7) sig = ne Quay = ME ~ Td ean ° myQeey=MChTe—T) off Ta fora wothing tid wih cjand eyo throughout heel. ‘Combining as (1 6, nd (39) alae ngipog hes Dea he Use fe tetrpe esaonehip forte working i ong 1-2 a 3, wih ‘evubstons ak pate (00) endothe enh ert bcos the constancy ene (Ea $31, F* Iie heconan prow eye iaency tsa pec cme ‘rhe mean efetve resureis relat to Reamean Ge ora ee, 9 1:43 Cycle Comparican ‘Tae ssorexpemions ae most wf ele fory sn Qf 7.) ae chow ‘Tic nel woking ld properona Figure 5 kas Ghedy ove th ean fags fr te comeun-olume ae to he vl yo. Sex: ea ‘GN ot. apdy were cern ih sth eal wok Bid proper ete ompresion ad eunionsvotesrepetvely ake fra stochio- Shiftaen eoregsae we Sl cues te ns Lk ew Lowers [of pemure elms dnta er veal sepia hina at pws SET sige te o te epandon ioe pv da” Heat taser fom the Feral set meses the expenet above the rae coreponding tA ‘Sha() = Lore enteecyelre thee satntecompremmse @*, Gfoed by Ea 62), te enalp dees Sing thermal cme ion pr ek nas of wong Oa Hee o~(Z)on() 349 4 sn spot x), =the ped ‘pte ol be real secre lume he sme dena The ie Sanane mar 5 wothonsce mitre pie y 20) 4 (Wages fo = tend ea see meer nap N= 93. Sean eer f= 339, Or Tp eco 99 et a {ey aoc weld bmg stich ites wan goer Scr eto ret oe dng rh te al en ir fe eng son nd unbrc mare compote eon a Fig 3 Forcch SESE pik ahs s3hr~ ttn 85 Our perrmace ‘Seis Gre of tees tri i Tables? Teco ‘Mine cit be tgha ecy, reuters ye eee ‘espe Tact he rm ne we Seo ny er he semantic spe hs ey ore Shtd and cnanntreure ces Thr ep aes we ronal ty ‘ee ert el peri ee ore ‘be page py cored thea tmp oy nse Te ‘us inet Cote Be a nets Oe wet post ore Paton ‘tctinon sive cet fi hee eared seasx won or mane vas 11S {etamern ekin w nfeutrcempsin nn oan nea em sitet peome Sl pan =i Pet) 8ar th Fi me oe [A mor extersive compan othe he eye Ge in Fig 527 and $2, o10r a range of compro tn Fort cac J 213 aed Ql 9X6, Wes At aty hen fe comtunolene ce tas be ghee ‘ity and ines spp) Fora gen mann prs the eos Ferre cc has the ih ein) ad the bgt capes nt) For he iid prewar ee at content ply thee tnrovone! no ‘Smojand ep above acempraon ao lab 01 feel. "Example 1 seme ow Kea de equttons rea real and intake ‘snatioes th the ga site et pot Tn ih ede. A ete proce Se "eel Fina enn re pied ‘xan For y= compan t= 6 a8 tihinnen ie ‘eth ne tempat DB heed pc real oe ‘Braue ad mate tempore a fot Tine ewan ye Sins enatd ops ad wold apri)196 mas cumin oe Hao SURE ace pm a iy me pmo fc Sepoue nesters npn a poe sp Dn oe 0% om= (2S) tha o-20-2) Ine ory yg 2 Msg Kane o getons 538,028 at 30, er = uy = 1 soe 1 gunn o Tee Cate a oa a A aan ation as (gad ie it SAIS top itha e r on o Fovgdh) = hee pane ew an ed: nem Boa pene soon Bou Fer/n)= 2ie iia scone bet area Kem See penme 55 PUELAIR CYCLE ANALYSIS A more accurate reputation a the popes fhe wrkng fins he ‘age finders eat tensed mitre tne incepta er Sarat ga mitts asin quite Values fer termes prope ot toe wortingfahd weds can be chine! wih be eat er eared od turf as micas dace in Soe 45. the computer safe sma Sc'47! Wien the wort id mad we combed wiht el sages [Row sind in Tube ithe ening ees ae ead ita een Te ‘gence of pects aa aumgton seth titon of Fig $2) 12 Reverie sate cemoresin of amine af si, fel vapor, and ‘ein ge whos chengen chee competion 143 Complaecombrsion (constant vole of Ite peste o ‘sua ese witbot batt bane ges ene glo, La Reveal aha epuion of the bumed ge ich remain ie tenia eq “456 Hel adiabatic etastbowdown and deems rece wt te red gis fede chen cmpoaton. “671 Teal rate proms with aaate mig woe en gs ane ‘eat mitre, Boh awich fed in chem eomponicn ‘Debus sustins to ch of tee prooe hae lay bre pron in ‘Se Sh The ue ofthe hare fora sompite ene ucla wl om be Aovete118 sms comin snr rns ‘5&1 SI Engine Cree Simaiton “Tee mire condions at yoot 1 mut be known or mst te, einned The {seven appeoumat eitpecan be wel or Bis pero” “EOFs nemlt) oo nbs T= MOO K ad y—1Yy = 04a appropiate average valet efor Tales ‘Shen tots = 7 ie obtnd tom Ba (0 andthe enti eambros Soe ta Fig) the sompreton work Me Dik in fond for E48) Skah be intern! ery clnige eure we te uated mast chert Teen ‘he oe of hatte thet fhe bm mica he sate of te turd ‘intre fot t sonburon for adabate connate At ‘Stouuryroonse contusion hus aed; ten dna in Se 453 ovine costen-atame le, syne dap, The om, nari te sob inter nergy the mbuad mitre tT, foe Fi DoewAd he ncn eagy fenton oe unbured ote (en {Gree adh Since yoy the Daron ps sate a ort San boned co leagpropeate boned as hur (Fig. 310 49, "Fete constant ee hyebat Bl, Tiesie os Sine ps = pte bores sue a yt 3 canbe eed fy itera) on te ‘phiciperione tamed phat se ste by Esample dS orth limied pune ce, apetion ofthe ft aw to the bynes rr eee taba te Manse 8 ‘Since py or» ited prom excl is ire, peat 36 canbe losaeé one ‘irene chet no "Fc copamian prow 4s an isedrepi ie ame 64 =) onthe burma matre cars: Equa (59) (or (34) ot (1) sow pee Be ‘Soman work Wy. Toe te fhe sda gu a plats 3 and 6m te Gael SEES‘) cating te ene expansion em sae 4 to p=. Te ‘Sida al teepreure ca bene rom in seinen bere pe he ‘eid gar aoe bt fi. (217, Wevalen f and x ete {Shme! tesa of he ce aleuton fo Stee yb asd wes ‘a be chcked apis he clad ales a ate ece computa fe cred cut wih te welt vat if requed The cere geee or nae Ince fu coments i obtaiedfom £4 (The nde ced an ect: pes ond fom Be 62) The whore eiey {ees 210 fra onravate geengne grenty nil=x) Sade= a she ai he i ir demi 6 gras po nbc mete) ay he a Ste Sle vlan in ae ten yr ham fo ne pal em 2. Cae emer cent ame tS tnt eet done of mpd C3 Tecmo Ste th a wicca ede mie thon he rere ‘temp nde ee tea acorn 03 Kemeny ie tml Pe Sine baer at kn sane ead he camps pom 30K e103 gate song BeMEK naISMM, Gy -O1Smea, tun S eae Meteo =mo ng ae Example A anya tnt albedo proce seeatumed hat soo pots Ne a Ae SRE, 90) Mga Hate ANSmRrae hetMSK 950% ange Sut tees ren tn ects he com ‘besion at TC to the velune oat BC eft fh oe TeWOK Aesth, we =i80URa ene aung ae roma teat ny antec sie aa pe Siiaw=(G1sthenepasyeaomhg area 1K Torte in fom tg) 8 dant iter tm he ame he L048 The onan snd ‘omni sos ato neue we Rv eel conf 08 de ‘Smprasor proses i or bare pte etter10 sas cman re rae nd et yy 0= 1182296 008 = HO MINE ry=O2s mine ge =P, pnd teeta 1 REA PenSSR, Ke yee My SEN ae oni tpansn comune thea es 7: seedings, a1OK gstin S17 a et a ca ion naam sor. kn pe vith he sed he od iat. Wott etatin cans se bn potent i see stant (Ein gaara come ane me Me wee Tas 152 C1 Hagie Cpl Sscon di eng ta earn en ic ma Wade abet ee aes a a2 SS falas eee inte hw meal Be ce oe A et Set at ir ope te coe FE (Sristotremng prot scheint ovr Se meio Sop tata rite TET Mad -1)=8 ood see i the mas aaj eaten ea of agro the alec te specte eat at const volume of fhe feel vapor, the ‘ec epee ate rn er vena tod wing vom mic he ao awd nga the sper hw st ost Sone of E's of pia acs ot het andar propane pre (= TS 50k fallen, Locus cong eal ene tS aes “oe tmfedpresure ele Seer aprons tothe il engine shunt const pre oreetin alums, Not that heen omsiermies fai eat ex ding and sec combustion nthe Cl ego, he arsed gt srs wh astane unions ‘onyoton wu rx be a uate sn approximation te working a recperet, ‘Sityare for Stenpnes 53. Rosle of Cycle Cakalnons eine res of contr ohne fairl cacltions ar arb" {tice b Ul ced by vrais eer than te compres rtf and ‘uae rao 6, Figures 99 an 30 show the eft 6 vatasons ie hoe Ivo panes of inate fe censenionefiency and mean ecb Pes ‘ie From the availa enh wing condone cn enw: |: Te fat of incesing he comprenon rato on scien at» sonsant ular rats sina fo ht demons by te eon 5 conte SED FG ana ron the errata fy else Fe 8) 1 Aah euialene to dace Dew unity Le he fair mie is ‘ge pogreinely leaner thn soetionsts) the dient inne, Ths onus beaue the bua pat temperate: afer sombson cece, Acces he burned popes hess abd thereby incest eee ‘ate cover he expunon sah. Toe eiescy incre efor 8 the vlimepanson rao te bared gues expe hoagie tne ature mo prior eahaut teers, per uni as i el the non ‘ke works reas 1 As the surance rato increas above uy (ete mite 8 mide poe os ser tan stone, be eene deca ee lack of Jufcet or emp elation of he fk mors than of be Aevesing burned gs tenperatre whch dane the nites spec Soe 4 Toe mean cece pest, fom Bq. 5.2) seopartnsl 16 the product es Ths eats aan tunen 10 2nd = Tsp itcohemeric For en than the rue conerpordg to stale, the decesing fal mass yr uni diplced volume move tht eet the ‘eowaing fe comeronetency For eater tan thi tals. the ‘Seti tel oeverson iseny Uae to Gacesiny combusien cen) ‘otethan ofits tenses Sel mane‘et sows tht placing ease it on he imum rare ec {Ge advantages of nce! compeesine rab on bathe and ep $6 OVEREXPANDED ENGINE crctrs ett a cnc ny in emg tlc i a tn 5 Fite gt tenae po» pat cto % oe F tape ia to the corvenions! jee FY lag are fr te stn fet, ety rece teenie’ eiency "Compleespanson wate the cyfnder to exhaust reste p(t $i cated te ddtorn cols Untied pean sean in Fa 1; tote ‘peatng ces ca to be eter Nany ark and vane mesh ae ‘Eee pore to achive ths adatonalespraion. For example, can te ‘Shute ns convenon! four stok ec engine by suablechors fet ‘atv opsig and inthe sive sovg postin tele 1 BC. the ca {age ben anu tae opening and BC on the expansion stroke on {Seca ang etwen BC ed Snake ae coung onthe compreon sche, {ben the sal yolunere expangos rao eat tan fhe ata veut: {Simp ss acl aoe bth han he ronal compres ‘Surah oormal tlre tng) ‘Tce of sverxgensn on efiecy can te esas om an asyis cf he Mal ees shown Fig.l An Stl fas ering Ad wih pl ‘ts comtin fhenghoat the excel be asta. The inated WOE = ‘ctor te ovenapanded eyelets y= ley ‘The stop elation for -2amd 34 are D oo (aw) nee wv Baa Ber Wah Eq (530 t0 rite 1, and, he towing expen fo inate el omens cy can be eve from Bas GD S29 (38 rune +o-wa} 69 ‘unum at meximom lad. This contra ithe el ent ‘beamy (89, G1), whi weed ‘coupe {tes a 630 whith winnie Te ao compe one os ‘Siiireepeta alaseer a rmiaan cine f= 4,8, and 16 with y = 1.3. The ratio of oe nie ade etna Sete a amen ee ee pe ‘roses spun eee rns ae Gat = ee sect en tata oe raat cia tel one nent ‘Settetoy emaea ge waa186 sou onmro rinnns ‘8, = nl, itu ht ie for be oveerpundal eve vea by B-(Rlaleae oy ‘ati fimepp a ple a Fy $2 a fancon of rah} The aban ERS te fatardeomantotie eae ates al r= tise 7. AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS. OF ENGINE PROCESSES ‘S74 Aralabiliey Relationships ‘etre egiepsormanse anya te ant of fl wor tht an SEimtnc wom the pauc min he eoder at ach pot in the opting ‘ele The rele sat ef eer be maximum pole work oul ‘inte wok apt when sate (be charp vi the hse) i ken Peer ectind ste enon i eps fied envroet e tmeapbeet The int etd acond vs of enemas togeter define the ‘moun estima wook, wih s bt expres fhe prope o Mehr stemenvrcoment contin ales eraaoiy" or Sometne cr ie the eemstnoaphrecnbinaton shown in Fig $13. Inte atscet at mst ow com the yen bouncy. a thease hangs om Stel tose heist anasecced lis ve Wea Ws U# Bea is Fi) Combing thet equations ie tel ork waar: Wis S Wa -U~ eB. 8 on “The work done by the tem aan te sop soot aaa for Pm = Smee nteenie fr str = cine we. Imus tere, te astral em he tal Work obtain he ion rant: WoxsS-lWs= U4 DL KITS -8) 68) ‘The macmm wei work wb couse when th fl see fhe rem sin {Rial ad ectancl sueem sith the tmowpre? The sell at {hctquen wich in communion it he smoaptre AnUbnv—ns oe sts te propery of te geematnospiee combination which dine is ‘Spat fr ta werk. Th el woth sem-tmenpere combination (Sr ona thet change room! a a han or equa to ‘ie pein vey Minas Ud ea ‘When mis fo sero the em boundary sean the vay ane sre ithe ew ori nanan “a Sis us cael te sea fiw asain Wi thse tsa, seisbly aun for the ge woking it rep tun eng ea aed ot For my Fnes teten ‘pide sod sacs wikh this sje amsegos cacy ony wih he romp he chageinwrulity Adis ges by Am Aa ~ he ~ Annet oo The sally wan’ in ne ot oscar a tof work tas ett ‘ani, nd mass nates ares the ten beubdary. The sais tae ‘rsiodated with» work tantra te work ane The sel ‘tas dg usecte wah ent tae 3 scwring was de sre we cole) - snc eth a ese ad etory tre asus 08 the system Douay. ‘The eval wander asc wih $m rane pen by Ey (S63) ‘Sele str th vino ae cp ate a fee Sp ermnar ie peed eae tema Seedetuipehimpenr nd paces taypopant‘Avalbityis desroyed oy he reverses at ra aay fea proses. The Sralabitydesroyedisiven by Ban 65 hee AS the ero intense nied with he eves ocr TiS tape bomen” |572 Entropy Changs Meal Cycles “The tea mode of egae proces esti inthis hap vite {Bet atv example fo vastly alysis home, we wl coe ‘Ser the vation in he etropy ofthe ede gue they posed Ca ‘Seller ee . = ‘ror the cumbuston procs Ia each of the teal as sanard oye the extogy Increwe canbe eae fem the reitoaso 3 (219) a eomsten eae we acne Geel For te constant oteme ce By 8, = ney al= ele For the conan rear eye SSye m= For the itt pres ee: Sasinen(E)enm(B)ncmeroms cs snnaand pened Ea 60). “ine exanon proc combate compet, daub ad sere rel techn nearopy. ofa bio Fgwe St SOUT Spr aang thet cnr Singh poe fw te a Baie eng ule Saal fom te show often, owe Fda. ‘Te tiec oye! hom conepod totam ote papas tig 268 mele jy 8305 Se te couslen pcos CRE silt tc in eon Srng combos eT ‘Semetate etree ete bec {£73 Avaiabity Analyse of Test Cole ‘Ae avail nays for each proven in te alee Masts te mags ‘ote othe arly ates ad whee te lee ie valibiy aca Ts [Frente syste of Fie tn commutation {Eis tna Fl S13 the change tn svrahiy tetecen ttf on) ‘ing the porn ofthe yl hen tae vale ane level ve ty Ay Amma ~ a) me — 94 Pe) 8) ~ Tas a) (857 Be somopinteoenaing ual i oe cng aradaby ‘komen’ sub el uote tee per ce mandate Set 98) Newer me ees oak -Dhastm ty Crem be nomalsng sania ta ee pt ii con oe 05 toe Te ‘nes it ony or prs oon eae as ‘Equaton (3.67), with Eq.(5.2), then becomes Aah, ana) 4 wan See ou ‘SG nme aa antec sl eet ‘rama aoa oo oe199 pers ouuron mane RADNAOAS “Tuccomprenion proc is estopee Mindy eine, im ede) ay O I-49) Ble red-t) om FQ) Bolrahe) | “This nin vues ro he nce in enopy asocated te reverie fhe combostien proces. THs ot oF ‘reuse fesse vay vt fhe yen equa othe epson ‘tock ener wich oars For thecontan lure cv espansin stole =u) +pde,-) o oe) eee) 8 aw mh, eaabiy ase | my lie ine te ino aity ‘(Fy p) ete compresin and expmien stokes ‘Seting oul ctaple wel fn Pgs Sond Bw {5 (S59 and S71, with ant Tepe by tay(stm, 3091 Th svat aft at ef, aaa moe {08 + 000610206 the rai (~ Sygate (ee Tatie 33), Tn cond murbe, 09008 slows fe deta ewes Sint Ty Reon both werictanser prcese i he Ideal ye ee an ‘venile thefel conversion etisieny mais en yy — Aa Gan) Thin ind of our egal fo the ale tuned fr r= 1 Sad ya 13 rm the fomla orice) (E33 caine previony. The wad Uiity ceonenen etisency is 1/1028. Note at tis the ava ‘Sureyd danny combustion, plot the ity of hs Mel costo ‘Sec to we the svat somining inthe pra state Unt roe i ‘alibiiy comenion eicncy teow uty. Both the los cna ‘Sereee maine, elie othe fs avaablty, the compressions Serer The th Medamentl ran shy engine ide ig Necurwittanineesipeompreion a 7A. Biot of Basnalesce Ratio “The fairey with ite more accurate mel for working Mid ereperesea Tosser the ft af arto nth for nuance ‘Seperstere ond renee through ferent volumes compres ati Te nuepy cere i tat of krevebie fo the ombunton pecs ad ‘tiazofcorgletecombunienprocage wit etm ai.Theaputcance ee ‘Grnston mined lower—the deaston of salable that oa frowns inchovnin Fig 517 whore te arlaby ser constant velome ne incon cd by te svssbly ft ti lain mitre shorn an [Becton of quvleace at for Sompreson radon 9 12 a 36" The low fn nt ae ns RSS" te mmaniceflonng mento St. Reece SS pees st enn fs arn peer pocorn see cea so ere ae pee acer re mae ie siEeeecine neni Sere eetiaae Spoon enncnry mame Sona noarneereeaars ota aac Sasa $8 COMPARISON WITH REAL Exot evens {pte ial noses of agin process ie gence ths caper wl teva dosn of enol fst oth pen a ‘2 compton of 4 ral cai papa ore th compresin and spon stoes with sn equalnt ear ye tn ten iF SIRT sel end and th aoc as he sue geome compet Sonat fel henna enmpstion and ouch on td ‘ten dey tle companion Mise tough Sarena Le aa ee 48 oe Kn SE Reco he et Di hh te ae mtPE So angen te went ein eee the prone in he faces ben made carat he elec pene ‘Thc woman seks prea fr he too sje stent zane Modes ‘Uncen im prosue doing ale ad the ely pet tthe somprnion brooss alt fo the reser cep actos the mike valve dung ee Dreces andthe long oe tke ae Oe ater BC in te val expe [i mpenionuroke prec fr the nie hal teow theca ees thes fre flowing seasons) heat tae ee the bared ge ‘Tai: Gia tne equa to uae charge; Dyerbaust olde fom doe {opening the exhast rae bef BC: (gs ew inte reve reps AB ‘tgp the pon na )remplawcembton ef the char Sil dence lsenng se of inate redo Sb ‘ogee thy tnt toe exci ac cae pY cngrm fora pp {tel enpne with opm fag tng abow 0 perce oft elt ‘ea ofan quale fc tle pV dam. The inde hel conves0n ‘lutiy comanion eficeny of he steal expe thee aut 08 te {beeing cocvned for he lad oe! Un soften made hi i ‘Stir he promanoe actual eng Fen ar oe el. 1. es wonfer eat eer rom obec mctare to the ender val fhe neigh fort onthe pe othe eampreson proce et ae Kero it buned po ch more txporum Gee Chap 1) Dus w be tater duriagcombeston the prt te ebd of eomtuton ie Bee DeStieet eoe SS Saree ene merece xsi: mi et oe cuit lauetuersstcs tee Sere eae emnanae ‘a ets Sei ned br Scat ed Siete meee oat preparer eee prego Bedar waremceceme tae nets Ross ely cme le Fert ia delners etwas cease Seren ee eee eee senootwer isha sme iS op pes ee Save) meee eter Sate Peary areen reap ori eae aaa ameter cori peed aeae aes et es gt te tm inner ers eam a ie Sisson dp pa pe le a rn a pny go tho oar emee ens Seatac ieaeroesrar enema Ee eae ane Ce a fae rine ea oie ate theme mmeca crepe ances PesteaePis sucetivden Gr te Steet res Sie ore ees SpSeececoee eee ees Ste wete a cereee Shirt Steverae.trate sects res Sri ceinanomemeetns Prete sera on aie res Swiss Seah nk as ae

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