VAI TRO CUA HAI PH

TRONG CHIEN THANG KY DAU

Nguyen Duy Chnh

Chnh s Viet Nam cung nh cua Trung Hoa khi chep ve tran anh mua Xuan nam Ky Dau (1789)
thng ch mieu ta nh mot cuoc giao binh thuan tuy gia hai quan oi nha Thanh va ai Viet, nhan
manh vao tai cam quan, u va khuyet iem cua hai ben. Du yeu hay ghet nha Tay Sn, s cung ch
nhan manh en kha canh chnh qui cua quan oi nhieu cho huyen thoai hoa, khen pho ma tot ao,
phong ai ket qua ma quen i s phc tap cua thi ai tren ca chnh tr, kinh te, ky thuat lan hoan
canh xa hoi.
Nhng chi tiet cu the cua chien thang nay a c kha nhieu tac gia Viet Nam mieu ta vi ay u chi
tiet, len en hang ngan bai viet va bien khao, hang chuc cuon sach day. ay chung toi ch muon
a ra mot goc canh xa nay t s gia e cap. o la vai tro cua thanh phan thng nhan tren mat bien,
i song gan lien vi ai dng nhng trong nhieu the ky b loai ra khoi thanh phan xa hoi. Vo hnh
chung ho bien thanh nhng ke song ngoai vong phap luat, gio chieu nao che chieu ay, nghieng nga
tuy theo cach oi x cua nha cam quyen, co khi la ke thu chung cua moi trieu nh t Nhat Ban xuong
en ong Nam A, co khi c nuoi dng e tr thanh mot chnh quyen nho nho nh ho Trnh ai
Loan thi Minh mat Thanh s, hoac c tap hp e tr thanh mot canh quan ac lc nh thi Tay
Sn vao cuoi the ky th 18.
Vai tro cua ho khong nhng gop phan kha nhieu vao nhng bien chuyen chnh tr tai Viet Nam ma
con quan trong trong chien thang anh bai quan Thanh, tr thanh mot cho da ang ke e Nguyen
Hue tnh toan nhng bc ngoai giao sau tran anh va neu nh ong khong mat sm, rat co the Viet
Nam a tr thanh mot trong nhng cng quoc tren bien ca vao au the ky th 19.
TNH HNH PHAT TRIEN CUOI THE KY 18
Nhu cau trao oi cua the gii gia tang khien con ngi can co nhng tau thuyen ln e vt qua
nhng vung bien ay song to gio ca, noi tieng la nguy hiem chau Phi va chau A. Nhieu dan toc biet
ong nhng tau ln co the ra khi nhng van phai da vao sc cheo tay, rat kho gi c cho ung
hng tren mat bien.
Ngi Trung Hoa cung ong nhieu thuyen ln nhng van chay bang buom nen phai men theo b bien,
khong dam ra xa ngoai khi. Tuy di i Minh co nhng chuyen vien du nhng ch en nhng quoc
gia ma ho a biet, khong phai la nhng chuyen hai hanh tm ra nhng vung at la. Thuyen cua ho
cung cong kenh, thuan tien cho viec ch hang nhng thieu u iem dung trong chien au. en the ky
th 15, ngi Bo ao Nha (Portuguese) ngh ra mot cach ong thuyen mi (caravel), nho va nhe,
buom hnh tam giac, de ieu khien roi sau o cai tien ong c nhng thuyen to hn (nao) m au
cho mot ky nguyen hang hai ma cach van hanh gi mai cho ti khi ngi ta che tao ra thuyen chay
bang hi nc.i
Nh nhng tien bo ky thuat va phng phap tnh toan o ac ap dung vao vien dng -- cac dung cu
hai ban (compass), ban o (chart), hai ke (marine chronometer) e tnh toan v tr con tau gia bien
khi nen en hau ban the ky 18 ngi ta a i c khap ni tren the gii mot cach de dang va
chnh xac.

Tuy nhien vien dng cung at ra mot van e khac quan trong hn la viec t ve v thuyen ra khi phai
oi pho thng xuyen vi cp boc va cac con tau thu nghch khac. Thi trung co, viec giao chien
chnh yeu la tien sat nhau roi tran sang tau oi phng can chien sap la ca bang gm giao. en the
ky 16 th ngi ta a mang sung theo nhng ch la loai nho, co the gay sat thng cho thuy thu nhng
khong u sc anh chm thuyen. Hai chien ch tr nen quan trong khi cac quoc gia Au Chau uc c
sung ban an tron (co trai nang ti 27 kg) co the anh am thuyen ch t xa. Thi ky nay cac nc A
Chau van khong cai tien ky thuat (mac dau Trung Hoa, ai Viet a che tao ra sung than cong at
tren thuyen t the ky 13, 14) nen tr thanh kem the so vi tau chien cua Au Chau. Cac loai sung ln
khi o phai neo chat xuong san tau cho khoi b phan ng giat ngc khi tac xa, muon oi hng ban
phai thay oi hng i cua ca con tau, rat bat tien khi gan nhau.
en cuoi the ky th 18, chau Au co nhng chuyen ong manh liet ve ky thuat va tr thanh sc manh
u thang tren toan the gii. T phat trien no keo theo nhng thay oi kia, phat trien kinh te a bien
nhieu quoc gia nho be thanh nhng con cop d. C gii hoa tr nen mot nhu cau bat buoc v c kh
lam gia tang nang suat, gia tang nang suat oi hoi m rong th trng va nguyen lieu. Trc ay nhieu
quoc gia a co nhng phat kien va ky thuat tinh xao nh ong ho, may in, may xay nc, la ban,
thuoc sung, giay nhng van ch la may moc ri rac ma cha phai la mot bo may (machines but not
the machine) cung nh ngi ta co u moi c phan nhng cha rap lai e thanh mot cai xe. Cuoc cach
mang ky thuat (industrial revolution) chnh la cuoc cach mang e noi ket nhng sang tao trong qua
kh thanh mot chuoi va tm cach bo xung nhng mat xch con khiem khuyet.
Tien bo trong san xuat khien buon ban, trao oi va tm th trng gia tang a en nhu cau cai to quan
s. Hn hai ngan nam trc, khi Trung Hoa nha Tan biet to chc binh lnh thanh oi ngu nen a
thon tnh c nhng tieu quoc khac, thong nhat at nc th ngi Au Chau cung co nhng thanh qua
tng t thi can kim. Cuoc cach mang quan s keo dai t the ky th 16 sang en cuoi the ky 18
cung anh hng manh me oi vi A Chau va tao thanh mot chan ong cho khu vc ong Nam A vao
au the ky 19.
NGUYEN HUE THU DUNG HAI PH NH THE NAO?
Mot trong nhng chi tiet trc ay cha c anh gia ung mc. o la viec Nguyen Hue s dung
cp bien nh mot lc lng chu yeu trong quan oi cua ong. Gan ay, sau khi chnh quyen ai Loan
cho phep nghien cu mot so tai lieu con lu tr trong van kho trc nay dau kn th mot so hoc gia
ngoai quoc mi tm ra nhng tai lieu xac thc ve viec Nguyen Hue thu dung nhng ten vong mang
nay khong phai ch e quay pha mien nam nc Tau nham tao kho khan cho nha Thanh ma thc s
ong a bien ho thanh mot oi thuy binh, co to chc va he thong doc cung nh ngang, c phan bo
lanh hai hoat ong mot cach minh bach. ieu o cho thay Nguyen Hue khong b rang buoc trong
nhan quan ch dung ngi Viet hay ngi a phng ong quen thuoc ma muon to chc mot lc lng
qui mo hn, gom nhieu thanh phan, nhieu sac toc, rat gan vi cai ban chat khai phong cua x ang
Trong.

Thanh phan dan chung song lien quan trc tiep en bien ca von d b bo quen trong mot thi gian dai
cua lch s. ay la nhng ngi lam nghe chai li, co khi song han tren thuyen nh mot loai nha noi,
co khi song doc theo duyen hai nhng sinh nhai chnh la anh ca va san xuat nhng san vat trc tiep
t bien khi nh muoi, rong bien, hai san Ho song rat tham lang va khong c liet ke vao bon thanh
phan can ban cua xa hoi s nong cong thng (t dan) ma ch c coi nh nhng sinh vat di con
ngi, tren cam thu mot t. Tren thc te, v ngay em ch song quay quan vi ong bon, gia nh tren
mot xa hoi nho be, sinh hoat chu yeu cua ho rat n s, tieng noi cung han che, phan ln ch la nhng
t cu the, tieng goi, tieng chi, hoan toan cha at ti mc o goi la van hoa. Rat hiem ai biet ch va
v the ho cung kho tien than ngoai viec tiep tuc theo uoi nghe nghiep cua ong cha va qua lai gia hai
sinh hoat, anh ca va an cp.
Trong nhieu thi ky, moi khi ong binh, thuyen be tai san cua ho b trng dung hay tch thu e xung
vao lc lng trieu nh, ca ngi lan vat va thng khong c en bu g ca. Neu s sach chep rang
quan ta em 1000 chien thuyen th co ngha la mot phan ln la phng tien cua ng dan b xung vao
quan oi trong mot nhiem vu oan ky. Chnh v the, xa hoi phong kien thi xa vo hnh chung ay
mot so ln dan chung vao ng chong oi. Cai nhn hoan toan thay oi cua Nguyen Hue vi nhng
ngi dan chai nay a tao cho ong mot cho ng ac biet va cung la cau tra li tai sao trong quan oi
cua ong co rat nhieu o oc, e oc, mot chc vu von d la mot cap ch huy thuy binh, va nhng
nhan vat nhieu cong trang nay khong bao gi co mot tieu s ro ret, lam khi ch co ten ma khong co
ho, xuat hien mot cach bat ng roi khong con thay trong nhng bien co khac.
oi vi ng dan, chiec thuyen va la mot ni c ngu, lai va la ni lam viec va cung la toan bo tai
san cua ho. Co the noi o chnh la the gii rieng, va v the nay sinh ra mot tnh cam phuc tong tuyet
oi ngi thuyen trng (va cung la gia trng). Ngi chu thuyen phai luon luon lam gng cho
nhng ngi khac, hi sinh va phai chng to la mnh troi hn nhng ngi chung quanh e tiep tuc gi
quyen ch huy. Chnh tap qua t nhien o hnh thanh mot sc manh tap the gan bo, song chet vi nhau
trong nghe nghiep cung nh trong chien au, ch tuan phuc nhng ngi co cung mot ca tnh nh ho
va cung la ieu tai sao ho i theo Nguyen Hue ma dan dan bo ri Nguyen Nhac, Nguyen L. Khi
thuy quan c chnh qui hoa trong trieu ai Canh Thnh, s tinh nhue cua ho cung giam i khien cho
chien thuyen cua nha Tay Sn khong ng c noi vi Nguyen Anh khi ky thuat cua oi phng c
nang cap va c che c to chc, ch huy theo loi mi cua Tay Phng.
e s dung c lc lng hai khau von d hoanh hanh a nhieu the ky doc t Nhat Ban xuong ti
Indonesia, chung ta phai tm hieu qua 2 van e chnh: ky thuat ong tau cua ang Trong va qua trnh
hoat ong cua bon cp bien.
A/ KY THUAT ONG THUYEN CUA ANG TRONG
Khi ngi Viet con nh c tai mien Bac, ky thuat i bien cua ta cha co g khi sac mac du a noi
en bien ca t nhng truyen ky thi Hung Vng. Hai tran ai thang cua Ngo Quyen va cua Tran
Quoc Tuan eu xay ra tren song, ni giap gii vi bien ch khong phai ngoai khi. Mai ti i nha
Ho, con trng cua Ho Qu Ly la Ho Nguyen Trng mi bat au ong nhng chien thuyen loai ln.
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Vi thoi quen song biet lap thanh tng lang xa nho, sinh hoat kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi, chnh tr cua
dan mien Bac thu hep trong mot khong gian nho. Moi lang la mot n v t tuc ve moi mat ma khong
can phai giao tiep vi khu vc khac. Cho ti gan ay, moi xa eu co sinh hoat, to chc hanh chanh
rieng, rang buoc vi nhau bang hng c, bang phong tuc, tap quan lu truyen hang nghn nam trc.
Ngay ca ngon ng moi lang cung co nhng phng am, tho ng d biet, nhieu khi ke can ma moi
vung mot giong noi khac nhau. ac tnh o co mot so u iem ve sinh hoat va bao ton nhng cung
khien cho kinh te, van hoa b ong cng, kho giao lu, thay oi hay phat trien.
Trai lai cac vng quoc ang Trong a co nhng qua kh rat oai hung lien quan en mat bien, mot
phan v truyen thong hoc hoi cua cac nc vung ong Nam va Nam A, phan khac v tr a ly la bao
ln trong ra ai dng, ni qua lai cua mot hai lo a noi danh la Con ng Gia V (Spice Route)
ngay t thi thng co.
Ve ky thuat, ngi Chiem Thanh a biet dung thuyen nhe dan thanh the tran tan cong nhng tau buon
t lau. Ngi Cham co mot oi hai thuyen hung hau va nhng thuy thu can trng thng lieu mang
xong xao tren bien ca e buon ban va chien au. Kieu mau tau chien cua ngi Cham co hnh dang
tng t nh cua thuyen vung Nam Dng ma hien nay chung ta con thay dau vet e lai ni cac
thuyen tram tro my thuat cua ngi Thai Lan trong nhng cuoc ua thuyen. Theo nhng hnh anh ma
ngi Au Chau ve lai ve chien thuyen cua ang Trong, o la mot loai thuyen cheo tay, mui ngang
cao, tram tro va trang tr hoa van ky d, than thon va dai u biet co the lt song vi toc o cao.ii e
gia tang sc chu ng khi ung vao nhau, mui thuyen dung trong chien au thng ghep them nhng
thanh go cheo van con thay cac thuyen ni ca song vung Quang ong.
John Barrow trong tac pham Mot Chuyen Du Hanh en ang Trong (A Voyage to Cochinchina) xuat
ban tai London nam 1806 a ghi chep ve chuyen i cua phai oan Anh en a Nang nam 1792-3 vi
nhng chi tiet mat thay tai nghe cua ho nh sau:

Nganh nghe thuat oc ao cua ngi ang Trong co the coi la tuyet vi vao thi buoi hom
nay la ky thuat ong tau ma khong tuy thuoc chut nao vao pham chat va tam c cua loai go
dung trong muc tieu o. Nhng chiec thuyen cheo tay e i chi qua la kheo leo. Nhng con
tau o, dai t 50 en 80 feet (15 en 24 met), lam khi ch oc co nam manh van ghep lai, moi
thanh dai suot t au no en au kia, canh ghep bang mong, gan kht khao chat chm bang
chot go, buoc vi nhau bang lat tre ch khong can phai co sn hay khung go nao khac. Mui
va uoi thuyen ngong len kha cao, cham khac thanh nhng thuy quai hnh rong, thuong luong,
trang tri bang sn hay thep vangiii
Nhng chien thuyen o khong ch c nhieu nhng hieu qua khi tan cong bat ng nhng thng
thuyen hay tau ln trong em toi, chien thuat quen thuoc vi ngi Chiem Thanh t lau ma Nguyen
Hue thng s dung. Nhng thuyen buon va thuyen anh ca thong dung mien Nam nc ta cung co
net hao hao giong kieu thuyen o, nhe gon va de di chuyen. Tuy khong co nhng tai lieu nao mieu ta
chnh xac cac kieu thuyen cua Tay Sn, chung ta co the tin rang chien thuyen vao the ky 18 ang

Trong co nhieu net tng t, khac nhau hoa chang la so lng, chien thuat hay cach ieu ong ma
thoi.
Do anh hng cua van minh hai ao Malaysian, thuy thu vung ong Nam A noi chung va thuy thuy
ngi Chiem Thanh noi rieng co the ra khoi b be hang ngan dam chang can hai ban hay hai o, ch
da theo mau sac cua nhng am may, mau nc bien va o song, ging buom nng theo sc gio
va nhn sao e lay hng. Ch can tm hieu cac loai chim bien va rong bien ho gap, ngi Cham co
the nhan biet nhng hon ao con cach xa en 30 dam va kien thc ve bien ca c truyen mieng t
i nay sang i khac theo kieu cha truyen con noi.iv Phng thc va ky thuat ong thuyen cua ho
cung rat oc ao va ngi Viet chung ta a ke tha kha nhieu truyen thong cua ho. Nhng con so
chung ta con ghi nhan c cho thay toc o ong thuyen rat ang ke cho thay vao thi ky nay mien
Nam Viet Nam co nhng phat trien ky thuat ang ke ma nhieu ieu en nay van cha kham pha het.v
Nhng thuyen o khac han nhng thuyen buon hay tau chien cua ngi Trung Hoa (junks), trong nang
ne, tho kech, tuy trang b nhieu ai phao hn nhng thieu linh ong, kho xoay tr. Cung nh ngi
Chiem Thanh, Nguyen Hue rat chu trong en chien thuyen va cung co hai loai: thuyen ln e ch
quan, lng thc, vat lieu va tau nho nhe va linh ong ung e bao vay, tan cong va xung kch. oi
chien thuyen o rat ong, t ra cung vai tram, co khi len hang ngan. o cung la ly do tai sao thuy
quan thi Tay Sn co mot v tr ang ke, phu hp vi nhng g s sach a cho ta biet, Nguyen Hue
luon luon dung binh than toc, bat ng, ap ao va tien anh cung nh rut lui rat nhanh.
B/ CP BIEN TAI BIEN ONG
1/ Sinh hoat
Nan cp bien xay ra nhieu ni tren the gii nhng nhieu nhat van la vung nhiet i ni co nhieu
quan ao, ni ho co the nng nau moi khi gap kho khan va cung la ni tu bo tau be, chuan b lng
thc. Ho lai co the phuc kch e rnh anh cp nhng tau buon i ngang qua hay nhng ng dan ri
vao khu vc ho hung c. Cp bien phan ln a tng la thuy thu hay dan chai va xoay sang nghe an
cp v nhieu ly do, tham lam cung co, thch phieu lu, t do cung co ma v c hoi cung co. Ho thng
ch la nhng nhom nho ket hp vi nhau e i an cp va cung t khi dam cong khai ung o vi quan
quan. Cung co khi ho la nhng ng dan lam them nghe tay trai mot khi co ieu kien. Khi nghien cu
ve chien tranh day loan ngi ta thay rang trong nhieu trng hp, noi day la con ng song duy
nhat cua mot so ngi b ay vao ng cung v a tng pham phap, co lien quan en mot toi nhan
hay co khi b ep buoc phai nhung tay vao mau e khong the thoi lui c na.
Trc ay trieu nh Trung Hoa t khi e y en hay t ra cung co ke hoach e giai quyet ma
thng e cho ho t tan sat lan nhau hay b giet trong khi giao chien vi cac thng nhan. Ngay t i
Han, nhan dp nc Tau co noi chien va loan s quan th cp bien a noi len that ong doc theo b
bien. The nhng ch t the ky 16 tr i, khi cac thng thuyen t nhng ai luc khac en buon ban,
nan hai ph mi phat trien manh liet. Ti the ky 17, 18 trong khi nan cp bien goc ngi Nhat bt i
(oai khau) th vung bien ong nc ta lai tr nen nhon nhp, mot phan v Trung Hoa loan lac mat
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mua, phan khac vao thi nay cac thng thuyen Au Chau qua buon ban ong nen sinh hoat mat bien
cung gia tang vi nhp o thng mai. Trong khi Nam Thai Bnh Dng, hai ph thng ch la tho
dan cac hon ao xong ra anh cp cac tau buon i ngang, cp bien ong la nhng nhom co to
chc va co khi ln manh en mc tr thanh ca mot trieu nh nho nho nh Trnh Thanh Cong, mot thu
lanh cp bien Tau lai Nhat van c biet di cai ten Quoc Tnh Gia, ma pham vi hoat ong lan
rong ti tan vung bien Philippines, di quyen co luc len en hang chuc van quan va hang ngan chien
thuyen.
Sang the ky th 17, cp bien hoanh hanh doc theo b bien nc ta nhat la trong giai oan nhieu
nhng khi quan Trnh tien vao Nam tieu diet ho Nguyen. Nhieu tac gia cung e cap en mot lc
lng hai ph ma ho at ten la Vietnamese piracy (cp bien Viet Nam) chuyen mon cp pha
mien duyen hai nc Tau, nhieu lan cham tran vi quan Thanh va a b bao anh tan hoi nam 1800
b bien Chiet Giang.vi Thanh phan cp bien o co the coi nh mot hien tng t nhien trong nhng
sinh hoat cua bien ca. Vao the ky th 17, trong giai oan nha Thanh mi len cam quyen, ngoai nhom
Trnh Thanh Cong ai Loan chong vi nha Thanh nh mot lc lng phan Thanh phuc Minh,
mien nam nc Tau cung b hai ph t vung bien Viet Nam keo sang quay pha. Chnh Ngao Bai
(Oboi) khi o la mot trong bon phu chnh ai than cua vua Khang Hi cung a gi th sang trach ai
Viet nam 1666 a dung tung va co the ca tiep te cho ho:

Cho nen hom nay ta phai ha chieu nay e quoc vng tuan theo. Hay lap tc truy lung bon
Dng Nh, Dng Tam, Hoang Minh Tieu va gia nh chung cung ten Tay Bu va v con
em giao lai cho tong oc Lng Quang. Ngoai ra, nha ngi cung phai ieu tra va trng tr
nhng ke nao a pham toi giup ke thu. Neu nha ngi khong giao bon cp bien ra, cung
nh khong trng tr bon than t th ta e rang se xay ra chuyen can qua gia hai nc.
Khong biet thi o chua Trnh co giao nap cp bien nh nha Thanh oi hoi khong nhng ve sau tnh
hnh khong co g rac roi na.vii Nan giac bien trong nhieu the ky khong the ch c nhn nh mot bon
cp lang thang vo nh ma thc te a chng minh rang ho la mot thc lc trai dai t Nhat Ban xuong
ti tan eo bien Malacca. Xet qua trnh ton tai cua ho t the ky th 15 chung ta thay rang neu co c
cho dung than, giac be xuat phat va banh trng thanh mot lc lng ang ke. Theo nhng tai lieu
con ghi lai, quan Thanh cuoi the ky 18 tr ve sau a hoan toan mat i tnh tinh nhue cua thi ky
au. Nh tren a tng thuat, nha Thanh nay a tr thanh mot trieu nh muc nat, tng lanh khong
con kha nang chien au ma ch la nhng con chau vng hau the tap chc vu cua cha ong, con quan
oi th ch la nhng ngi lnh song bang mc lng chet oi, mot nghe mat hang trong nhng nghe
cua xa hoi.
Mot so ong quan lnh phai kiem an them bang cach ban ca sung ong, an dc, thuoc no va tin tc
e lay tien. Tnh hnh mat bien con te hai hn. Gan nh toan bo vung bien Nam Trung Hoa tc bien
ong cua ta la ni hai phviii hung c, quan quan t khi dam tieu tr. Cac tnh duyen hai la sao huyet
va cung la ni cac to chc bat hp phap hoat ong. Rieng Quang ong va Phuc Kien lai cang thch
hp cho thng nhan va hai khau v nui non, song ngoi khien khu vc nay cach biet han vi noi a.
Hn mot phan ba dan so song doc theo b be la dan chai va thng nhan, cong nhan, nong dan tai a
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phng cung tuy thuoc vao bien ca. Rieng Giang Bnh (cc nam cua Quang ong, can ke vi cac
thng cang nh Ha Mon, Quang ong giap ranh vi Viet Nam) la mot ben canh tap nap, ong ngi
vao ra buon ban nhng phan nhieu ngoai s kiem soat cua trieu nh. Doc t vnh Bac Viet len en
Phuc Kien b bien loi lom lai co them nhieu ben cang va hai ao ln ai Loan va Hai Nam la sao
huyet chnh yeu cua hai ph va nhng nhom phan Thanh. Khu vc nay nghiem nhien tr thanh mot v
tr trung tam thng mai e toa ra khap ni, len mien bac en Man Chau, Nhat Ban, xuong phng
nam en Nam Dng (cac hai ao Nam A) bao gom ca Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Viet Nam,
Campuchia, Java, Xiem La Dan chung song thanh nhng lang noi, c goi di cai ten khinh miet
la thuy thng nhan (). Ho la thanh phan song bang nghe chai li hay buon ban rong nhng
gap dp se tr thanh an cp. Ca khu vc rong ln o di i Thanh song ngoai vong phap luat ma
quan quan nha Thanh nham mat lam ng khong may khi dam ung ti. Lc lng hai quan va duyen
phong cua ho la con so khong, ngoai tr mot vai phao ai canh gi mat bien cho co le v khong hu
hieu g, tau be khong co nen khi can ieu ong vien chinh th luc o mi tnh chuyen xay dng.
2/ Cac loai thuyen
C theo nghien cu cua Dian H. Murray, co tam loai thuyen khac nhau ma cp bien ong Hai
thng s dung:
-

Te nguy thuyen (), co cac cot buom cao bang nhau

ai ieu tao thuyen ( ), la loai thuyen chuyen ch (cargo junk) co moc ln. ay

Bach tao thuyen, o tao thuyen ()la cac thuyen ln sn trang hoac sn en.

la nhng thuyen buon ch hang hoa ra vao cac ca bien nh Hng Cang chang han.ix

Nhng thuyen nay ong theo kieu Phuc Kien, ong nh kieu tau chien, trong giong nh
mot cai mang uong nc cua nga nen goi la tao. Thuyen co sn hai con mat au e
cho ca knh trong thay tng la ong bon ma khong tan cong. Thuyen en thng dung e
ch muoi va thc pham trong khi thuyen trang e i anh ca va ch hang.
-

Song nguy thuyen () , la thuyen co hai cot buom.

Lieu thuyen (), la thuyen nho ch hang hoa a phng.

Lao tang thuyen (), la loai thuyen nho va thon nh hnh mui ten, dai t 40x12 en
80x21 feet, co hai cot nhng khong dung buom.

Khoai thuyen (), thng co hai cot buom thng dung e anh ca va e i buon.
Thuyen nay co nhieu buom va ra khi rat tien li.

ai khai ba thuyen (), la thuyen i bien loai ln co the ch c ti 350 tan, co

khi ti 1000 tan. Thuyen nay co the lt song rat nhanh, cha t 30 en 50 ngi nen con
8

c goi la khai lang thuyen ( - open-the-waves junks) hay thc thuy thuyen
( - eat-water junks).
Ngoai tam loai thuyen o, Robert J Anthony cung e cap en mot loai thuyen nho hn co ten la ba lat
ho (). Ba lat ho chnh la phien am cua ch perahu tieng Ma Lai la loai thuyen ang Trong van
dung e chien au, dung ca buom lan cheo tay, di ong rat nhanh va thao tac rat tien. Loai thuyen
nay nong long nen co the tien sat b be va di tan nhanh khi b tan cong. cac ben bai mien Nam hien
nay chung ta van con thay s dung loai thuyen nay rat nhieu, va co the i tren song, va co the i
tren bien. Nhng thuyen ln co the mang ti 12 sung ai bac (nhieu sung do phng Tay che tao) va
mot thuy thu oan ti 200 ngi trang b bang gm, ao, giao mac va sung trng. Nhng thuyen cua
hai ph trang b bao gi cung hn xa cac tau tuan cua trieu nh Man Thanh nen chang coi quan quan
vao au ca.x
Ngoai nhng thuyen be ma hai ph van thng s dung e anh cp theo truyen thong (lam khi ch
la tau buon c sa sang lai thanh tau an cp), nha Tay Sn lai cung cap cho ho nhng chien
thuyen thc s, ngha la nhng thuyen be von d c dung vao muc tieu chien au. Vi nhng chien
thuyen loai o, hai ph a tr thanh mot ao quan chnh thc c tra lng e lam nhiem vu chien
au. Nhng chien thuyen trieu nh Viet Nam giao cho ho s dung la loai thuyen cot buom cao hn

80 feet va hai ben hong c boc bang nhieu lp da bo, chang li, va to hn, va chac chan hn
nhng thuyen ma cp bien t kiem c. (Ho c trang b ca) ai bac nang en 4000 can (catty, o
chng 600 gr) va cung c trang b sung ong ay u hn.xi
3/ Thu phuc cp bien

Trong nhieu the ky tuy nan cp bien co hoanh hanh nhng cung khong tr thanh mot lc lng ang
ke v thieu mot can c a e tron tranh khi b san uoi. The nhng en cuoi the ky th 18, Nguyen
Hue a nhn ra c tiem nang va vai tro cua ho nen a thu dung va tr thanh mot v thu lanh tap hp
c nhieu nhom khac nhau, phan chia moi nhom mot lanh ban hoat ong, ch ao cac chien dch va
cho ho ni tru an. Robert J. Antony a nhan ra rang cuoi the ky 18, au the ky 19, cp bien bien
ong a tap hop thanh mot vai nhom, co en hang ngan chien thuyen, tong cong en hn 7 van
ngi:xii

oi vi am hai khau le te vung Quang ong, Phuc Kien, Chiet Giang va Giang To, Nguyen
Van Hue c goi la ai Ca Viet Nam, la ngi ban nhng o ho cp c va chia cho ho t
20 en 40% so tien. Nhng bon cp ln cung c Hoang e che ch v ho khong nhng c
phep neo thuyen tai vung bien gii (Trung Hoa va ai Viet) e tuyen quan va trom lng thc
ma con co the dung Viet Nam nh mot sao huyet e rut ve. Bon hai khau o coi nha vua
nh chu nhan cua ho v di tham quyen cua ong ho co the thu hoach nhieu nguon li t bien
ca.xiii
Theo Nguy Nguyenxiv th nha Tay Sn khong nhng ch dung tung cho am hai khau ma con giup
nhng giao phai nh Bach Lien Giao va Thien a Hoi luc o ang noi day trong nhieu vung tai
9

Trung Nguyen t Ho Bac en Ho Nam, T Xuyen, Quang ong keo dai trong nhieu nam.xv Co le
nhng ieu Nguy Nguyen viet khong co chng c ro ret v giai oan nay nha Tay Sn ang phai tap
trung sc lc oi pho vi Nguyen Anh mien nam anh len khong the nao con u uy the e ho tr
nhng lc lng nam sau trong lanh tho Trung Hoa, hoac neu co th la nhng hoat ong ngam cua vua
Quang Trung khi con song vi dung y cam chan trieu nh Man Thanh, mat khac lai cung la mot hnh
thc kinh tai e giup ong chuan b nhng phng an chien lc mi.
Sau khi mua chuoc va chieu du c mot so thu lanh cua am hai ph, vua Quang Trung s dung ho
nh mot canh ky binh tinh nhue tan kch bat ng khien quan Thanh tr tay khong kp. Viec Nguyen
Hue s dung cp bien e sang quay pha mien nam Trung Hoa a c e cap en trong s trieu
Thanh cung nh trieu Nguyen. Theo Nguy Nguyen trong Thanh Vu Ky (phan Can Long Chinh Vu An
Nam Ky), viet vao nam ao Quang th 22 (1842) co e cap en nh sau:

Nc nha t i Khang Hi th 22 (1683), anh ai Loan, dep ho Trnh, roi nam th 24 (1685)
m rong tuan phong tren be th vung Man, Viet, Chiet, Ngo, tren van dam be tri, knh nghe
khong bong song. en au i Gia Khanh (1796), mi co cp thuyen (nh ao) quay roi.
Cp thuyen nay bat au t khi cha con Nguyen Quang Bnh An Nam cp nc, roi quan
moi cua het, ben mi tui vong mang doc be, cap cho binh thuyen, nh bang quan tc, sau
cp cac thuyen buon be gan e bien lng thc. Mua he ti, mua thu ve, tung tch khong
lng, lam hoa ln cho at Quang ong.
Sau lai co bon cp at bang Phng-v, bang Thuy-ao cung phu vao. Chung ben vao sau
trong vung Man, Chiet. Cp at da vao thuyen r (An Nam) lam thanh the, thuyen r cay
cp at lam hng ao. Tren vai ngan dam tren mat be ba tnh, neu ta len bac th chung
xuong nam, neu ta xuong nam th chung len bac. Neu ta chong vi thuyen, th tui cp at
tung ra cp; neu ta ng au vi cp at th thuyen ti cu. Va chang thuyen r cao, to,
nhieu sung; co gap cung cha chac c chung. Cp at giao quyet lai co noi ng; moi luc
tam tron roi quay nhom lai. Ma bay gi tui giao-ph Xuyen Thiem va day. Trieu nh va
chu y en tay chinh, cha ranh e tnh viec hon ao. Cho nen the giac cang ac liet.xvi
Cuoi the ky 18, ba nhom dng ao hung c bien ong cua Trnh Nhat (), O Thach Nh ()
va Trng Bao () a tr thanh mot lc lng thuy quan xung kch va cung ong thi la la chan
cho Nguyen Hue khien cho thng nhan ngoai quoc phai gm khong dam ong vai on soc hai au,
va buon ban vi nha Tay Sn, va giao thng vi lc lng oi nghch cua ho.xvii
The nhng viec s dung thanh phan hai ph khong phai ch n gian nh the. ay la mot chng trnh
co tnh toan, mot canh bac chay tui neu i sai. Luc au ong thu dung bon ho nh mot lc lng vay
canh nhng ngay ca khi a len ngoi Hoang e, Nguyen Hue van tiep tuc tin dung va phat trien them
len. Neu noi ay la bung da an anh cua ong cung c ma bao rang la chu ch cua ong th cung
khong sai. Robert J. Antony a nhan xet:

10

Ngay ca sau khi vua Can Long a phong vng cho mot trong nhng lanh tu Tay Sn nam
1788 (ung ra phai la 1789 - NDC), ong nay van theo uoi mot chnh sach chi dao hai li,
mot mat van gi o tien cong sang Thanh trieu Bac Kinh, mat khac van ong thi yem tr
cho nhng vu cp pha cua hai tac doc theo b bien Trung Quoc.xviii
Nhng ten cp o khong nhng co ni tru an an toan khi b san uoi ma con c cung cap vu kh,
tien bac e nuoi song gia nh, lai con c phong tc. Cho ti khi nha Tay Sn b lat o, nhng bon
cp bien o c danh rieng mot khu vc gan bien gii Viet Hoa goi la Giang Bnh (Jiangping)xix
coi nh sao huyet cua ho. Trong so nhng ten cp bien kiet hiet phai ke en Mac Quan Phu (
- Mo Guanfu), Trnh That ( - Zheng Qi), Vng Qu Li ( - Wang Guili) va O Thach Nh
( - Wushi Er). Bon ngi nay c lenh cua trieu nh Tay Sn qui tu nhng nhom le te lai lap
thanh nhng toan quan ln. Mac Quan Phu va Trnh That a tng tham d nhieu tran anh chong lai
Nguyen Anh va nam 1796 Mac c vua Canh Thnh phong chc ong Hai Vng. Trnh That th co
di tay hn 200 chien thuyen, la lc lng ngoai bien ln nhat thi ay va c thang ti chc ai T
Ma (tng ng Thng Th bo Binh). Vng Qu Li, co v Viet Nam, bo y phuc ngi Hoa an
mac theo loi Viet va con lu lac mai ti nam 1810 (8 nam sau khi nha Tay Sn b diet vong) c
phong chc nh Hai ai tng quan.
Xem lai bieu o ma nha Tay Sn to chc lc lng hai ph ta con nhan ra nhieu nhom theo ten goi
chang han nh Phng V, Tieu Mieu hoac co khi chia thanh nhieu mau c nh Thanh Ky, Hong Ky,
Hoang Ky, Hac Ky, Luc Kyxx moi nhom co mot vung hoat ong, nhng thu lanh c phan bo chat
che. Sau khi nha Tay Sn b lat o, nhng nhom o a t ong tap hp lai e ky vi nhau mot thoa
hiep xac nh lai mot so qui luat e khong ri vao tnh trang chem giet lan nhau. Neu nh vua Quang
Trung khong mat sm, to chc hai quan cua ong chac chan se mau chong tr thanh lc lng ng
bien manh nhat thi bay gi khong nhng u sc lam lech can can Viet Thanh ma con u sc ngan
chan s banh trng cua chu ngha thc dan vao au the ky th 19.
THUY QUAN CUA TAY SN
Co the noi ngay t ban au anh em Nguyen Nhac a ac biet chu trong en vai tro cua thuy quan,
mot phan cung v ban chat cua dan a phng song lien vi be ca, mot phan v vao the ky th 18 viec
phat trien ng bien ang len en cao o.
Van e thuy quan tr thanh mot yeu to quan trong t khi ngi ta phat minh ra thuoc no va biet ap
dung e s dung nh mot u iem ve vu kh. Cha co sung than cong, ai bac, thuyen be phan ln ch
dung nh mot phng tien di chuyen cung chang khac g con nga cua dan du muc, khong the nao
lam nen chuyen ln neu khong co canh cung i kem. Do o, muon tm hieu ve vai tro cua thuy quan,
chung ta lai phai nhn qua tien bo cua vu kh trang b khien cho tau chien tr thanh mot lc lng chu
yeu. Chien thuyen va la mot phng tien di chuyen, va la phng tien tan cong lai cung la mot cai
nha noi ma sinh mang cua thuy thuy gan lien vi con tau. Chnh v the, viec bao ve con thuyen, song
chet vi no a thanh mot truyen thong cua hai quan.

11

Theo nhng di ch tm thay c, ngi Mong Co co le la dan toc au tien biet phoi hp sung than
cong (phat minh vao khoang the ky th 10) trang b vao tau chien e a quan i anh Nhat Ban, ai
Viet va nhieu quoc gia khac trong vung ong Nam A mac dau ngi ta biet rang ngay t the ky th 8
ngi Trung Hoa a ngh ra cach chien au bang hai thuyen t ang xa (thay v can chien) dung cac
loai sung ban a (trebucket).
The nhng phai ti i Minh, ngi Trung Hoa mi co cac loai thuyen trang b ai phao khi bat c
mot so ky thuat gia cua ai Viet em ve nc v chnh Ho Nguyen Trng (con trng Ho Qu Ly) la
ngi a cai cach hai quan, xay dng nhng chien thuyen hai tang trang b sung than cong e bao ve
mat bien.xxi T sang kien cua Ho Nguyen Trng, Minh Thanh To a cho ong nhng chien ham ln
va sai Trnh Hoa thc hien nhng cuoc vien du. Nhng soai ham thi o eu c trang b 50 hoa kh
u loai, 1000 vien an. Trong cuoc ung o gia quan trieu nh va ngi Bo ao Nha (Portuguese)
vao nam 1522 ho a anh bai va bat gi nhieu quan ch.xxii Tuy nhien vao thi ky o viec s dung
sung ln tren thuyen con nhieu phc tap, cong kenh va thieu tieu chuan nen khong hu hieu bao
nhieu. Trong viec tieu tr hai khau, ho van phai dung phng phap co ien vi gm giao.
phng Tay, hoa kh tuy cung a c dung tren cac chien thuyen t the ky 14 nhng cung ch la
loai sung tay, sung ln cha dung c. Va lai, thi ky o ngi ta van phai dung nhan cong cheo ben
hong thuyen va tan cong bang mui, co e sung cung khong biet ban ra sao. Sung ai bac khi o ch co
the e tren san thuyen va c at theo mot v tr nhat nh nen ch co the dung e cong pha thuyen
ch hay thanh luy gan b bien va cho en khi c cai tien e co the ban ra nhng goc o khac
nhau th mi co the at c nhng cong nang mi.
en the ky th 18, khi co nhng tien bo ky thuat a en nhng phat kien mi tren mat bien, quoc gia
nao co lc lng hai quan manh c coi nh lam chua mat bien va cung tr thanh cng quoc tren
bo. Cong tc x Choiseul, thu tng Phap vao thap nien 1760 a noi:
-

Trong tnh trang hien tai cua Au Chau, thuoc a va thng mai va nhat la hai quan se quyet
nh viec can bang lc lng tren at lien.xxiii

Tuy nhien, lc lng tren bien thi ky o ch gii han vao viec di chuyen binh oi va tiep lieu v tau
be thi ai ging buom (the age of sail) chu yeu la chuyen ch ma khong phai la mot lc lng tan
cong, cha chu trong en viec hoa kieu e cho s dung sung ong hay cac canh buom c hu hieu.
Tren phng dien chien au, tau be ln kho xoay tr, khong vao c nhng vung nc nong, neu
khong co nhng thuyen nho ho tong va bao ve th kho long ng c c vi loi anh cua hai khau,
dung thuyen cheo tay vay quanh luc toi tri, lang lang tien ti gan tan cong bang cac loai thuoc no,
anh gay cot buom hay pha v be thuyen roi xong vao tan sat. Chnh v the ma Nguyen Hue khong s
nhng lc lng tiep vien cua Nguyen Anh t Au Chau va a tng tuyen bo:

Cac ngi ch qua nhe da ca nghe nhng li phao on ve bon ngi Tay Dng. Tai gioi g
hang ngi o? Mat chung la mat ran xanh, chung ch la nhng xac chet troi t bien Bac giat

12

ve ay, cac ngi nen hieu nh the. Nhng tau bang ong, nhng khinh kh cau cua chung th
co g la ky laxxiv
Cung theo nhng tai lieu con e lai, lc lng thuy quan cua nha Tay Sn cho ti nhng nam sau
cung trc khi b Nguyen Anh anh bai van con rat ang ke. Sau khi nha Tay Sn b diet, mot phan
cua thuy binh Tay Sn hoac chay tron ti cac quoc gia chung quanh, hoac quay sang (hay tr lai) lam
cp bien va van con lam cho trieu nh Man Thanh cung nh trieu nh Viet Nam ieu ng mot
thi gian dai. Theo Chaigneau, mot s quan hai quan cua Phap c Giam Muc Ba a Loc tuyen mo
e giup Nguyen Anh th:

Trc khi thay c thuy quan ch, toi a coi thng lc lng nay nhng nay toi oan chac
vi ong rang o la lam lac, quan Tay Sn a co nhng chien ham trang b 50 va 60 ai bac.xxv
Chung ta khong biet ro nhng chien thuyen o ong theo kieu nao, hay mua c au nhng vao
thi o trang b 50, 60 sung ai bac c ke la nhng tau chien thuoc loai ln tren the gii. Le d
nhien mot chien ham con nhieu yeu to khac nh trang b c gii, thuy thu va nhat la loai sung ai bac
o la loai g, tam c ra sao nhng mot s quan c ke la bac nhat cua chua Nguyen a nhan xet nh
the han khong phai la mot li noi ngoa.
Cung theo Barixzy thuat lai ve ham oi do Vu Van Dung ch huy th lc lng cua ong ta bao gom
673 chien thuyen ln nho, trong so o co nhng tau trang b ai bac vi mot thuy thu oan ong hn
nhng chien ham ln nhat kieu Tay phng ma quan Nguyen co. Lc lng Tay Sn co en 9 chien
ham ln (vaisseaux), trang b 60 khau ai bac nang 24 can Anh (livres) va thuy thu oan 700 ngi, 5
chien ham trang b 50 ai bac nang 24 can Anh, thuy thu oan 600 ngi va 40 chiec trang b 16 ai
bac nang 12 can Anh va thuy thu oan 200 ngi.
Nh vay ch tnh 54 chien thuyen c ln nay ngi ta a thay lc lng len ti 17,300 quan va 1430
ai bac. Ve thuyen c trung va c nho, cung theo cac giao s Tay Phng th Vu Van Dung co di
tay 93 chiec trung bnh trang b 1 ai bac 36 can Anh va 150 thuy thu, 300 xuong (chaloupes
canonnieres) moi chiec 50 thuy thu va 100 chiec ghe moi chiec 70 thuy thu. Tat ca tong cong 35,950
ngi va 17,300 quan tren cac thuyen ln cho thay di quyen Vu Van Dung ch huy len en 53,250
ngi.xxvi
Chnh v thuy quan Tay Sn qua hung manh nen chua Nguyen Anh cung phai chay ua tren mat ong
tau. Nguyen Anh cung at mua mot so tau Tay phng, thao ra roi bat chc ong theo kieu cua ho,
moi chiec trang b t 26 en 36 ai bac cung hn 300 thuy thu. Tuy nhien nhng tau ln thi nay la
lc lng ma nha Tay Sn xay dng sau khi vua Quang Trung a len ngoi ngha la theo loi to chc
quan oi chnh qui. Ben canh o ong con ch huy mot lc lng lu ong ban chnh thc la cac nhom
hai ph tren khap vung ong Nam A len en hang ngan chien thuyen va hang van ngi dung trong
nhieu nhiem vu phi quan s, ke ca buon lau, do tham, trao oi hang hoa khien cho thc lc cua ong
co the con hn nhng g ngi ta biet rat nhieu. Nhng lc lng ban chnh thc o trai rong khap moi
ni va cung la cho da e Nguyen Hue d tnh mot chng trnh banh trng qui mo hn. Chnh v oi
13

phng khong biet ro cac nhom lien ket cua ong ra sao nen thng anh gia nham bien ong thanh mot
nhan vat than ky va cang khien cho ngi ta to ve nhng ieu khong co thc.
VAI TRO CUA HAI PH TRONG TRAN ANH KY DAU
A/ TNH HNH TONG QUAT
Khi ai quan cua Ton S Ngh keo sang nc ta, kh the hung han khien cho mot so tng lanh cua
Tay Sn kinh hoang. Phan Khai c, mot tng mien Bac mi qui thuan ang gi Lang Sn voi vang
ra hang, Phan Van Diem gom quan chay ve. ai T Ma Ngo Van S thong lanh binh ma ngoai Bac
thay the giac qua manh, mot mat cho cac toan quan chan anh cam chan quan Thanh, mot mat ra lenh
cho tran thu cac ni tr ve Bac thanh (Thang Long) chuan b tau be xuoi nam. Noi hau Phan Van Lan
em quan len ngan giac, anh mot tran rat khoc liet tai song Th Cau. ch quan co s tiep tay cua
am tho muc van con trung thanh vi nha Le nen quan ta b anh tap hau, phai rut lui.xxvii
Theo bo lch s tieu thuyet Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch cua Ngo gia van phai, Ngo Van S theo ke cua
Ngo Th Nham lui binh ve ong Tam iep va cho ngi phi bao Nguyen Hue luc ay ang Phu
Xuan. Tuy nhien, cuon tieu thuyet da s nay a qua e cao s phu Bac Ha va co gang at cho ho mot
vai tro quan trong trong chien thang Ky Dau. Thc tnh ma noi, Nguyen Hue cung nh cac ai tng
cua ong khong bao gi chu quan ti mc ch ngoi ch i ong tnh ma luon luon co nhng tham t
nghe ngong e nam vng tnh hnh ban va ch. Vao thi iem nay, Nguyen Hue trong t the mot
con ho rnh moi, mot ben la quan Thanh nghe theo li cau cu cua nha Le sang xam chiem mien Bac,
mot mat Nguyen Anh ang gom gop lc lng, vi s giup sc cua Xiem La va mot so nc Tay
Phng lam le chiem lai ang Trong. o la cha ke ke thu gan gui nhat va cung nguy hiem nhat
co the lai chnh la Nguyen Nhac (vua Thai c) ang ong Qui Nhn nhan c hoi Phu Xuan bo
trong ma em quan chiem lay Thuan Hoaxxviii. Trong tnh hnh khan trng nh the, van e cua
Nguyen Hue khong phai la ch ch en ma la phai tap trung sc lc vo con moi nao trc v khong
the phan than ra anh ca hai ni.
i vao cu the, dau sao Nguyen Anh cung t nguy hiem hn v con phai vt qua vng quoc cua
Nguyen Nhac trc khi cham mat vi ong. Con nh neu e mat mien Bac, Nguyen Hue se co the b
lam vao the hai mat giap cong, lng au tho ch rat nguy hiem. Ong cung mat luon ca mot hau
phng to ln va khu vc Phu Xuan Quang Nam chat hep kia se b co lap. Chnh v the, Nguyen
Hue a chuan b anh mot tran chp nhoang ung theo s trng cua mnh, dung uy the vu kh va
nhan lc e chiem thng phong ngay t phut au.
Viec ong ra lenh cho Ngo Van S rut quan ve Ninh Bnh chan yet hau vao Nam nam trong mot ke
hoach a c tnh toan t trc, mac du tren danh ngha, rat co the ong tao c hoi cho gii nho s Bac
Ha co dp bay to y kien e lap cong ong gop vao chien dch ngo hau gan bo hn vi quan Nam va
chap nhan quay lng triet e vi nha Le mien Bac.

14

Dau sao chang na, sau khi thu tom moi nhan tai vat lc cua mien Bac roi rut ve Phu Xuan, Nguyen
Hue a bo ngo mot tran a ln cho quan Thanh b v, chu ng nhng cn ma dam va thi tiet
lanh leo cua mua ong mien Bac. Ong a khien Ton S Ngh trai mong quan thanh nhng muc tieu
co nh e sap xep ke hoach tan cong. Ke hoach tao ieu kien e quan ch ong quan tap trung
thanh mot khu vc long chao la mot chien thuat ma nhieu quan s gia ong cung nh Tay, kim
cung nh co thng ap dung e anh mot tran quyet liet. o cung la mot mat tran Nguyen Hue bay
san, trut trach nhiem tr an cho oi phng.
Du muon du khong, Le Chieu Thong va am bay toi cua ong cung phai ong vai tro chu nc oi vi
dan chung va chu nha oi vi quan Thanh. Nhiem vu o Nguyen Hue cung biet trc rang khong the
nao thc hien c trong mot thi gian ngan ngui va ch tao them mau thuan gia oi phng vi
quan chung. Tnh hnh nhng ngay giap Tet nam Ky Dau khong phai ru nong de beo nh chung
ta thng tng tng ma la nhng ngay mua ong thang gia, lng thc hiem hoi ni at la que
ngi. ay khong phai ch la ngu nh mot em ma chnh la t co cum thanh nhng iem tap ket de
dang b tieu diet.
Chnh v trong tnh trang hoang mang khong chu nh, vua toi nha Le chang biet xoay tr the nao,
chu cai the tien khong xong, lui khong c, anh chap nhan li noi cng cua ho Ton la quan giac
om, chnh chung ta ang nuoi cho chung map beo e chung t en nap tht vay. Quan Thanh trong
mot thang Thang Long khong phai la ngh ngi dng uy suc nhue e chuan b ra quan ma tnh hnh
cang luc cang them kho khan, phai oi pho vi nhieu van e quan s cung nh tiep lieu. Thi tiet
buot gia va am t cua at Bac cung la mot ong minh ang ke ma Nguyen Hue khai thac e tieu
hao tinh than cua oan quan vien chinh.
Con ve dan chung Bac Ha trong may nam lien b thien tai, han han nay lai b mot co ba bon trong
khien dan chung lam than khong sao ke xiet. Nhieu tai lieu cua nc ta cung nh nc ngoai a e
cap en tnh trang mua mang that bat va dan chung oi kho cua mien Bac. Viet Nam phong s a
viet:

Nhan dan vung Bac va vung Nam eu phai phieu lu tan tac. Khong co cm, phai luoc co
ma an, khong co nha , phai lo thien ma nam. Ngi nao co thoc lai khong co muoi xxix
Ngoai ra, dan thanh th con b bon ngi Hoa sinh song Viet Nam lau nam nay cay the Bac quan
nhung nhieu, chen ep:

nhng ni nh Ha Khau phng trong thanh Thang Long, pho c sa ben Kinh Bac va pho
Hien (Hng Yen) thuoc tren Sn Nam, hang van Thanh kieu a song lau nam ben ta, am hieu
phong tuc, noi thao tieng Nam, nay bong cay than y the Ton S Ngh, gi ngay thu oan nh
gio be mang: ho hoac en phu theo quan on, hoac lap rieng cai iem Lieu e cong nhien
cp cua, hiep gai gia ch, ngoai ng, khong con kieng ne e de g ca! xxx

15

Chnh nhng yeu to tieu cc mi a khien cho ngi dan tuy cha chu an hue g cua nha Tay Sn, co
the oi phan con quyen luyen tien trieu, en nay a trong ngong mot oan quan cung noi giong vi
mnh tien ra anh uoi quan thu, lay lai giang sn. Nha Le t ho a cham dt menh tri, khong can ai
phai gianh ngoi v chua te mien Bac. o cung la mot yeu to tam ly quan trong m au cho cuoc hanh
quan Bac phat.
Rieng ve hai quan, ben canh lc lng ban bo cua ang Trong, ong cung co lai thanh phan hai ph
c thu dung, chia cho moi nhom mot hai ban hoat ong, phan thanh tng mau c, ban chc tc cho
nhng au muc khien ho van tiep tuc trung thanh ngay ca sau khi ong a chet. Thanh phan nay cung
la thanh phan chu lc theo ng song anh vao mat sau quan Thanh ong mot vai tro quan trong
trong chien dch nam Ky Dau.xxxi S dung nhng toan giac be co nhng iem li sau ay:
-

Ho quen thuoc vi loi anh cua quan Thanh v phan ln a tng hoat ong doc theo duyen hai
Nam Trung Hoa, nhieu lan ung o vi quan quan nen nam vng thc lc va trang b cua quan
trieu nh,

Mot so ong a giao chien vi quan Thanh trong chien dch ai Loan (1788), ma sau o chnh
thanh phan nay c a ve Quang Chau e sang anh nc ta. ay la dp ma ho phuc thu cai
nhuc bai tran may thang trc.

Nhng toan giac be mi ve au nhap di trng Nguyen Hue ang muon co dp lap cong vi
tan chu tng nen ay la mot c hoi bang vang e chng to kha nang cua mnh.

Nguyen Hue dung ngay ngi Trung Hoa e chong lai ngi Man Thanh, va giam thieu c
s ton that cua quan Nam, va tao tieng vang vi nhng thanh phan ang mu tnh chuyen lat
o nha Thanh, nhat la mot so giao phai vung Hoa Nam.

B/ HAI PH C IEU ONG NH THE NAO?

Tran chien nam Ky Dau van con nhieu iem cha c giai thch thoa ang, phan ln v cac s gia
Viet Nam b troi buoc vao mot so nh e co san khien cho nhng khuc mac khong sao ci c.
Ngi ta van khang nh la khi nghe tin quan Thanh keo sang, Nguyen Hue c tin cap bao ve Phu
Xuan, ngay hom sau lap tc len ngoi hoang e roi ung ung keo quan ra Bac, ti Nghe An trong 4
ngay, ha trai hieu du tng s, tuyen them quan Thanh Nghe bay tam van ngi roi cho quan an Tet
trc, sau o keo thang ra bac dung 10 van quan anh bai 20 van quan Thanh trong chp nhoang.
Theo nh sach v, chien dch o la mot chuoi hanh quan hoan hao en mc khong the tng tng
c, moi viec eu suong se ma mot tng lanh tai ba nao cung khong dam m tng en v ch mot
s xuat nho cung khien cho moi d tnh tan ra may khoi khien ngi ta phai nghi ng ve nhng chi tiet
va gia tr cua tai lieu. Nhng chi tiet cua tran anh nay chung toi viet trong mot bien khao khac nen
ay ch tom lc mot vai y chnh.

16

Cuoc giao binh Thanh Viet a c d tnh t lau, la mot mat tran tnh toan trc theo ung s
trng cua Nguyen Hue. o la e cho ch ong quan au o, theo tnh hnh cu the ong mi ieu ai
binh tan cong bang mot tran quyet t theo loi nhat nh thang bang moi gia.
e nhan manh vao chien tranh chong xam lc, cac s gia Viet Nam vo tnh hay co y khong e cap
en vai tro cua nhieu canh quan theo mot ngha nao o khong phai la ngi Viet, chang han nh cac
toan quan ngi Thng thong thao ng rng, thng dung voi i lan theo sn ao, va cac thuyen
chien do hai ph ch huy hoat ong ngang doc tren mat bien ma chung ta thng cho rang la ngi
Tau. Hai canh quan nay a tao ra s bat ng v quan Thanh b tan cong t ngang hong va tap hau nen
khong kp phong b, cac kho lng thc, kho an, thuoc sung, quan nhu ... b thieu huy tao nen s kinh
hoang day chuyen lam cho Ton S Ngh phai bo chay.
Ngoai ra, mot trong nhng ly do khien quan Thanh b that the chnh la v ho ch chuan b oi pho vi
bo binh, tng binh, k binh ma khong quan tam en thuy binh. Mua ong mien Bac nc ta la
thang ma dam gio bac, gio t phng bac thoi xuong, khong thuan tien cho thuyen be t phng nam
dung buom tien len. Chnh v the ho khong e phong thuy quan cua nha Tay Sn tan kch ma ch tap
trung vao phong thu nhng truc lo giao thong ng bo. Va lai, ng t Thanh Nghe tien ra phai qua
nhieu ni hiem yeu, gi de, anh kho nen quan Thanh tin rang quan Nam khong the mot sm mot
chieu vt qua c. T nhng ly do chu quan cung nh khach quan, Ton S Ngh phai chung chnh e
ch i them vai thang na, chuan b lng thao e tnh ke hoach xuat quan. Canh quan cua hai ph
trai lai von d tap trung san cac vung bien gii va vnh Bac Vietxxxii, la sao huyet lau nay cua ho, lai
them tan quan t ai Loan mi b quan Thanh anh bai keo ve, nay c dp toi tri theo cac ng
song tien vao anh tap hau quan Thanh tra thu.xxxiii
Cuoc tan cong chp nhoang va bat ng khien cho ch tr tay khong kp va nhng canh quan o mai
mai la nhng toan biet kch vo danh. Chnh v the theo s sach trong ai quan cua vua Quang Trung
nhieu tng lanh ch huy ch co ten ma khong co ho (o oc Long, o oc Bao, o oc Loc, o oc
Mu, o oc Tuyet ...). Ho von d la nhng tho hao vung nui hay hai ph c phong nhng chc tc
rat keu nhng lai hoan toan bien mat khi vua Quang Trung thanh lap bo may chnh quyen. Ngay ca
nhng danh tng cua ong ma chung ta hang nghe danh (Tran Quang Dieu, Vu Van Dung, Bui Th
Xuan, Ngo Van S ...) cung khong thay ong vai tro nao quan trong trong chien thang lay lng nay
khien chung ta co cam tng rang ch mot mnh Nguyen Hue ch huy toan bo ao tien quan, hau
quan, trung quan tien doc theo mot truc lo t Tam iep en Gian Khau, Thanh Liem, Nhat Tao, Phu
Xuyen, Ha Hoi, Ngoc Hoi roi tien vao Thang Long.
Mot chi tiet chung ta cung can chu y la trong chien dch ai pha quan Thanh, quan Nam dung rat
nhieu cac loai hoa kh, hoa dc e tan cong cung nh e ot pha. o cung la thoi quen cua hai ph
thng dung e thieu huy tau ch c ap dung tren at lien. Ngay t nhieu the ky trc, nhng am
hai khau a biet dung mot loai bom lam bang bnh at nung, mieng hep trong cha thuoc sung va
mieng, nem ra nh mot loai lu an che tao gian d. Loai bom nay gan ay a c tm thay ni bien
ai Loan do quan cua Trnh Thanh Cong s dung khi tan cong quan Hoa Lan.xxxiv Dian Murray cung
e cap en viec hai ph dung nhng loai mieng vun cua noi sat hay inh, co khi con dung tien ong
17

hay cac loai bnh cha. Ho cung hay anh hoa cong bang thuyen chat ay o dan hoa xong thang vao
ch hoac nem nhng loai phao bang ong tre e anh gay cot buom.
Mot loai vo kh ac biet khac cung co tac dung tng t ma am giac bien cung thng dung la nhng
bnh at nung chc thuoc sung tron ru manh. Diem sinh c cha vao nap bnh, treo san, khi xap
tran se nem len san tau ch, bnh se v va ben la.xxxv Ngoai ra chung ta khong the khong nhac en
mot loai hoa tien hnh au qua, than bang tre co nhoi thuoc sung. Bon ong phun uoi co the ay loai
ten la nay bay xa en 300 met va thng c dung e ot pha doanh trai hay tau be cua oi phng
a kha pho bien va thong dung t trc the ky 17.
Nhng loai an phong nh the cung a c quan Mong Co dung trong nhng cuoc tan kch Nhat Ban
va cac quoc gia vung ong Nam A ma s sach con ghi chep. Viec s dung thuoc sung vao trong
nhng loai sung phong tay (hand-held projectile weaponry) a c dung kha rong rai tren bo cung
nh tren bien vao thi ky o nhng cu the loai vo kh o ra sao th cha thay ai e cap en.xxxvi Xem
nh the, rat co the quan lnh cua Nguyen Hue a s dung mot loai sung phong loai nay e tan cong
va ot chay on quan ch di cai ten hoa ho.
Mot gia thuyet khac ma chung toi a ra la vao thi ky nay ngi ta a biet che tao mot loai hoa
tien ot theo hai giai oan (two-stage rocket) goi la hoa long (fire-dragon). Con rong la la mot loai
ong phong co bon hoa tien than chnh, khi chay het se moi vao nhng ten la trong bung rong va
nhng ten la o se c ban vot ra ang mieng. Hoa long c s dung trong nhng tran hai chien
ma hai ben con cach xa, cac bnh thuoc no nem cha ti, dung e ot tau ch. V chng hoa tien ban
ra hang loat trong nh mot con rong la bay tren mat nc nen c at ten la hoa long.xxxvii Co the
cung loai vo kh nay c cai tien oi chut dung diem sinh, thuoc sung tron vi nha thong e dan
hoa ot doanh trai, quan nhu cua ch -- s dung tren bo nen c at ten la hoa ho e tng trng
cho mot loai tren b, mot loai di nc. Va lai hoa long, hoa ho chu yeu dung tre, na lam ong cha
thuoc ma tre truc la mot loai thao moc rat thong dung phng nam nen viec quan Tay Sn s dung
cac loai vo kh nay cung khong phai la chuyen la. Co le v the ma ngi thi o a truyen tung la:

Ho t Tay Sn xuat
Long tong ong Hai lai
,
(Hoa ho phat xuat t rng nui pha Tay,
Hoa long nguon goc t bien ca pha ong)xxxviii
Nhng loai vo kh o khong phai la mot oc quyen hay b mat quan s ma ben kia khong biet hay
khong che tao c. Co ieu quan Tay Sn van noi tieng la phong phu ve thuoc no va ho cung mua
c nhng loai thuoc sung cua ngi Au Chau nhay hn va cung manh hn cua quan Thanh va v the
quan Tay Sn luon luon co uy the ap ao trong nhng tran anh. Chien au trong t the ap ao bang
lc lng cung nh ve vu kh von d la mot loi anh ma vua Quang Trung thng s dung.

18

Do o, chung ta co cam tng nhng nha chep s co tnh thu gon mot cuoc chien cho them phan chp
nhoang ma quen i thc te cua thi ai. Nhng yeu to ve to chc quan oi, ieu ong, phoi hp hang
doc, hang ngang, ky thuat va vu kh, hoan canh xa hoi a hoan toan m nhat trong chien dch nay.
Ngay ca thi gian cung lon xon, khong minh bach. Thc s quan Thanh b anh ngang hong va chan
ng trong em toi, khong cu ng c nhau, mat tinh than nen a tham bai trong mua xuan nam
Ky Dau. Theo nhng so lieu cua nha Thanh a ra mot cach chnh thc, so lnh t thng va b bat co
en gan mot na (khoang 8000 ngi trong so quan chnh qui gan 2 van ho a ra). Ngoai ra mot so
dan phu c ieu ong i theo lam hau can cung b giet, khong ro la bao nhieu nhng chac phai rat
ln. Chien thang mua xuan nam Ky Dau tr thanh mot chien thang than ky v nhng canh ky binh cua
Nguyen Hue chang khac g nhng con rong theo ng song tien vao roi lai lang le rut i, tr ve vi
bien ca. ieu duy nhat ngi ta con biet c la trong so tng lanh cua vua Quang Trung t tran co
mot ngi mang cap bac o oc.
KET LUAN
Thuy binh cua Nguyen Hue gom phan ln la hai ph cung khien cho chung ta lng nh lai mot so
tran chien tren bien ca va song ngoi. Thanh phan o mang nhieu ac tnh cua nhng ngi sinh song
tren ai dng:
-

V phai oi pho thng xuyen vi sinh t nen mot mat ho rat tan ac nhng lai cung rat
ngha kh. Khong hiem nhng trng hp hai khau bat coc tre em, thanh nien e oi tien
chuoc hay lam bo ha roi ve sau nhan lam con nuoi (ngha t) va giao cho nhng trong trach
ch huy. Chnh v the ho chien au rat anh dung, tinh than ong oi cao.

Quen vi b san uoi va len lut, thuyen cua ho phan ln la thuyen nho va nhe, cheo bang
tay cung c ma chay bang buom khi co gio cung tot. Thuyen hai ph thng nong long
e co the tien vao nhng vung bien nong ma khong s b mac can. Ho thng lang le tien
sat vao tau ln cua ch, khi ti gan dung thuoc no anh gay cot buom, ot hay anh chm
tau roi xong len tan sat oi phng bang ao kiem va giao mac. Ngoai viec cp hang hoa,
ho cung thng bat thuy thu tren tau phai gia nhap hang ngu cua ho e gia tang nhan so.

Hai ph cung lam mu nhieu ke, hay gia dang lam con buon, quan quan, binh lnh nhat la
khi ho cp pha tren song rach hay lang mac. Nhieu lan ho chiem c ca nhng khu vc
ong quan, lay tien bac, thuoc no, sung ong roi bo i mat. Nhng e doa o khien cho dan
chung vung ven bien luon luon nghe ngong, s set nhng ngi la mat lang vang quanh
vung cua ho.

Nhieu khu vc gan bien gii a bien thanh nhng ch tri, ni mua ban trao oi nhng
hang hoa ho anh cp c vi gia re hn bnh thng, tao thanh nhng trung tam thng
mai sam uat. Hai ph thng ch gi lai thc pham , nc uong, vu kh va thuoc sung e s
dung con cac o khac em ban lai lay tien (hoac giao nap cho nha Tay Sn). Nhng khu
vc nay en i Gia Long th b quan quan Viet Nam dep bo.
19

Di nhan quan chnh tr, nhieu s gia can ai gan cho ho nhieu ngha c va ch kh ln nhng thc te,
hai khau tuy nhieu khi co nhng nguyen nhan ang thng nhng ay la mot nghe sinh t vi sc
manh chu yeu la bao lc va tan nhan. Bao lc va tan nhan cung chnh la iem manh cua ho c
Nguyen Hue khai thac e tr thanh mot yeu to ong gop vao nhng chien cong lng lay ong tao ra.
Murray cung nhan xet la s boc phat mot cach het sc ang ke cua nhng am giac be vao cuoi the
ky th 18 khong phai do van e dan so hay thng mai ma chnh la v nhng yeu to chnh tr mi cua
Trung Hoa cung nh Viet Nam khien cho hai khau a chuyen bien t nhng am giac cp can
trom (hit-or-miss, small-time operations) thanh nhng am hai ph qui mo va chuyen nghiep (fullblown professional piracy).xxxix Cho en cuoi the ky th 18, hai ph tai bien ong hung c mot vung
lanh hai rong ln trong giac mot tranh ba o vng va bao ve mot khu vc thng mai song con keo
dai t Nhat Ban xuong ti tan eo bien Malacca. The nhng sau khi Trnh Thanh Cong t tran, hai
khau khong con ai lanh ao nen tan v thanh nhieu nhom nho cho en khi Nguyen Hue xuat hien mi
u uy tn va sc manh qui tu ho. Chnh v the khi nghien cu ve s thoat xac cua nhng toan cp
bien le te sang thanh nhng lc lng co to chc, co ch huy chung ta cung thay ho thay oi khong
phai ch trong c cau ma trong ca phng tien va vu kh trang b (vi rat nhieu sung ong mua hay cp
c cua ngi Au Chau) tao thanh mot man chan cho trieu nh. Vai tro cua ho c nang cao trong
thi ai Tay Sn. ong gop khong nho vao chien cong nam Ky Dau. Chnh v cai an tri ngo o ma 10
nam sau khi nha Tay Sn mat, nhng am hai khau van con mu toan anh vao Phu Xuan e khoi
phuc lai vng quyen cho chu cu nhng khong thanh cong.
Tran chien mua Xuan nam Ky Dau con rat nhieu chi tiet can khai thac nhat la sau khi chung ta co
them nhieu tai lieu i Thanh t van kho Trung Hoa ma nay con lu gi. Di nhan quan chien thuat,
chien lc mi ngi ta se phai at lai nhieu van e e giai thch giai oan lch s nay cho sat vi s
thc hn. Chung ta cung se minh hoa lai c chan dung con ngi Nguyen Hue e lam noi bat vai
tro cua ong thay v ch mieu ta ong nh mot nhan vat than ky.
2/2004

20

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

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1975.
2. Black, Jeremy: War, Past, Present & Future. New York: St Martins Press, 2000.
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4. Coedes, G.: The Indianized States of Southeast Asia (ban dch Susan Brown Cowing)
Honolulu: University of Honolulu, 1968.
5. Dyer, Gwynne: War. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. 1985.
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8. Gernet, Jacques: A History of Chinese Civilization (ban dch t tieng Phap Le Monde Chinois:
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. ai Bac: Quoc Lap Co Cung Bac Vat Vien, 1984.
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21

16. Le Livre de Paris : Les Grands Dossiers de Lillustration Lindochine. Paris, 1995
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2nd-16th Century A.D. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 1985.
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1992.
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University Press, 1987.
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Morning Glory Publishers, 1997.
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tai ban, 1969.
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Noi: nxb Quan oi Nhan Dan, 1971.
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Dynasty to 1800. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
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(ban dch Vien S Hoc). Ha Noi: nxb Giao Duc, 1998.
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Press, 1988.

22

30. Robert J. Antony: Like Froth Floating On The Sea The World of Pirates and Seafarers in
Late Imperial South China. California: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of Berkeley,
2003.
31. Steinberg David J. (ed.): In Search of Southeast Asia. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press
1987.
32. Tana, Li: Nguyen Cochinchina, Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program Publications, 1998.
33. Tana, Li: Thuyen va Ky Thuat ong thuyen ang Trong cuoi the ky 18, au the ky 19 (c
Hanh dch) Hue: Tap Ch Nghien Cu va Phat Trien, so 4(38). 2002.
34. Tien, Chen-Ya: Chinese Military Theory, Ancient and Modern. Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic
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Vietnamese and Chinese government in the first half of the nineteenth century. Cambridge,
Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1971.

Frances M. Clapham (ed.): Picture History of the World (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1986) tr. 114
Les Grands Dossiers de LIlustration LIndochine, Histoire dun Siecle 1843-1944 (Paris: Le Livre de Paris, 1995) tr. 27.
Tam hnh ve mot chiec thuyen mui cong, co 32 ngi lnh va mot khau ai bac, moi ben hong co 12 mai cheo, thuyen
than dai va nhon co chu thch la Embarcation Annamite Armee en Guerre de lescorte des ministres Annamites (tc phai
bo Phan Thanh Gian).
Li Tana trong mot bai viet cung noi la tam ban au to cua An Nam c boc vai lp da bo cha thuoc vi mui thuyen
cao hn uoi nham muc ch phong thu Li Tana, Thuyen va Ky Thuat ong thuyen ang Trong cuoi the ky 18, au
the ky 19 c Hanh dch, Tap Ch Nghien Cu va Phat Trien, so 4(38). 2002 tr. 79.
iii
John Barrow: A Voyage to Cochinchina (1806) ban in lai (Kuala Lumpur : Oxford University Press, 1975) tr. 318-9.
iv
Lyda Norene Shaffer: Maritime Southeast Asia to 1500 (New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 1996) tr. 11-2.
v
Theo Bien Nien nha Nguyen, t 1778 en 1819, Nguyen Anh ong 235 ghe bau (kieu Cham-Ma Lai prahu), 460 sai
thuyen (thuyen cheo loai ln hn), 490 chien thuyen, 77 ai chien thuyen, 60 thuyen ln nho kieu phng Tay hay la
thuyen buom doc, 100 o thuyen va 60 le thuyen (thuyen cheo co cham khac va trang tr) tao nen tong so la 1482 chiec (
Li Tana: Thuyen va Ky Thuat ong thuyen ang Trong cuoi the ky 18, au the ky 19 (c Hanh dch). Hue: Tap Ch
Nghien Cu va Phat Trien, so 4(38). 2002 tr. 81.
vi
Jacques Gernet: A History of Chinese Civilization dch bi J.R. Foster t nguyen tac tieng Phap Le Monde Chinois (New
York: Cambridge University Press, 1986) tr. 490
vii
Robert B. Oxnam: Ruling From Horseback Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661-1669 (Chicago & London: The
University of Chicago Press, 1975) tr. 154-5
viii
Ngi Trung Hoa at ten cho ho vao i Minh goi la oai khau, au i Thanh la hai khau, con au the ky 19 la dng
ao.
ix
tao la thuyen chuyen ch, t o bien thanh ch tau (tau be) cua Viet Nam. Cung t ch nay ma mnh goi ngi Trung
Hoa la ngi Tau v trc ay ho dung thuyen ln sang buon ban vi nc ta.
ii

23

Robert J. Antony: Like Froth Floating On The Sea The World of Pirates and Seafarers in Late Imperial South China
(Institute of East Asian Studies, University of Berkeley, 2003) tr. 107-9
xi
Dian H Murray: Prirates Of The South China Coast 1790-1810 (Cali.: Stanford University Press, 1987) tr. 49
xii
Robert J. Antony: sd tr. 20
xiii
To the petty pirates of Kwantung, Fukien, Chekiang, and Kiangsu, Nguyen Van Hue was the Big Boss of Yueh-nan
(Yueh-nan ta-lao-pan ) who sold their booty and gave them between 20 and 40 percent of the profits. The big
pirate gangs also benefited from the Emperors rule, because he not only allowed them to anchor in the border area to
gather recruits and steal food, but also let them use Vietnam as a nest to which they could retreat. These pirates accepted
the Emperor as their master because under his authority they were able to reap great profits from the sea (Na Ngan Thanh
[]: The collected memorials of Na-yen-cheng 1834, ai Bac 1974, trch lai theo Dian H. Murray: sd. tr. 40-41)
xiv
Nguy Nguyen (Wei Yuan 1794-1857) la mot hoc gia i Thanh, tac gia Hai Quoc o Ch ( ), e xuat
chnh sach dung r e che ng r (d di cong di, s di trng ky d che di ( , ) va e ngh
cai cach binh b bao gom chien thuyen, hoa kh, luyen binh. oi vi thi nay nhng quan iem o khong co g xuat sac
nhng vao thi o la nhng sang kien tao bao.
xv
Murray: sd tr. 41
xvi
Nguy Nguyen: Viet Thanh chien s (Hoang Xuan Han dch: La Sn Yen Ho Hoang Xuan Han, tap II, Ha Noi, nxb Giao
Duc 1998) tr. 1350-1351
xvii
Tuy nhien chnh sach o cung co bat li la nha Tay Sn khong thiet lap c nhng quan he vi cac nc Tay Phng
e kp thi canh tan cho quan bang vi lc lng cua Nguyen Anh. Ch trong vong 10 nam sau khi vua Quang Trung mat,
nha Tay Sn a b diet vong ma nguyen nhan chnh yeu la ky thuat quan s b kem the.
xviii
Even after the Qianlong emperor recognized one of the Tayson leaders as king of Vietnam in 1788, the latter
continued to pursue a risky double-edged policy of sending tribute misisons to the Qing court in Beijing while
simultaneously backing piratical raids along the China coast. Robert J. Antony: sd tr. 39
xix
Vung nay a b ngi Phap nhng cho Trung Hoa trong hoa c Thien Tan ngay 9 thang 6 nam 1885
xx
Robert Antony: sd tr. 41-43
xxi
ngi Trung Hoa sau nay ong nhng loai tau hai tang theo kieu cua Ho Nguyen Trng nen goi la lau thuyen (thuyen
lau)
xxii
Geoffrey Parker: The Military Revolution, Military Innovation and the Rise of the West 1500-1800 (Cambridge
University Press 1996) tr. 83
xxiii
Geoffrey Parker: sd tr. 82
xxiv
Nguyen Lng Bch Pham Ngoc Phung: Tm Hieu Thien Tai Quan S cua Nguyen Hue (Ha Noi: nxb QND 1971)
Hch truyen quan lai, quan dan cac phu Quang Ngai, Qui Nhn (1792) tr. 423
xxv
Nguyen Nha: Nguyen Hue, mot thien tai quan s (Mot Vai S Lieu ve Bac Bnh Vng Nguyen Hue, ai Nam 1992) tr.
118
xxvi
Nguyen Nha: sd tr. 119
xxvii
Thc ra Phan Van Lan va Ngo Van S rut lui khoi Thang Long trong mot ke hoach kha chu ao nham nh cho quan
Thanh vao sau trong noi a nc ta ch khong phai hot hoang bo chay nh ngi ta thng nham (Xem them Khi Nui
at Bien La Mot, bien khao ve i Tay Sn cua Nguyen Duy Chnh)
xxviii
hai anh em mi anh nhau mot tran khong lau ma s thiet hai rat ang ke
xxix
Hoa Bang: Quang Trung Nguyen Hue, Anh Hung Dan Toc 1788-1792 (ai Nam, Cali. In theo ban lan th hai cua Th
Lam An Th Quan Saigon 1958) tr. 172
xxx
Hoa Bang: sd tr. 172
xxxi
Trnh Nhat, mot trong nhng thu lanh cp bien trong coi oi thuyen Hong Ky (Red Banner) a em quan tan cong
quan nha Nguyen vi mu toan khoi phuc nha Tay Sn va t tran ngay 16 thang 11 nam 1807 khi 42 tuoi (Dian Murray:
1987) sd tr. 71
xxxii
Trong ban o ong Nam A (1828) do phai bo Crawfurd soan e nghien cu ve nc ta con thay ghi ten hon ao Cai
Ban (Quang Yen) vung Vnh Ha Long la Pirates Island.

24

xxxiii

e lam cho quan Thanh tin rang quan Tay Sn se theo ng thuy anh ra, Ngo Van S a cho ong rat nhieu tau
chien va co tnh e lo tin tc cho ch biet ma tai lieu cua nha Thanh con ghi lai sau ay:

Tuan dng ba tong Quang ong la Ha Xng Ngha cung 40 ten lnh i tren bien b gio thoi dat xuong Nghe
An, c quan An Nam a ve Le thanh (Thang Long), do chu cua Le Duy Ky la Le Duy Can ng ra cung cap
lng an, chia ca bon Ha Xng Ngha va 40 ten lnh thanh hai oi a tra ve doanh trai cho Ton S Ngh. C
theo li bam cua Ha Xng Ngha th vien ai T Ma va thuy binh o oc tai Le thanh ngay ngay thao dien
thuy quan, lai ong nhieu thuyen ln tren song Phu Lng, thuyen nao hai ben cung co rat nhieu mai cheo, trong
thuyen co e sung ln, cac vien an sat moi vien c chng 2, 3 mi can (Trang Cat Phat: sd tr. 364)

Tuy nhien thuyen ln ch la nghi binh trong khi sau nay vua Quang Trung lai cho hai ph dung thuyen nho t vnh Bai T
Long tien vao theo em toi anh tap hau dung hoa cong ot doanh trai ch.
xxxiv
Bc hnh cua loai bom nay co trong A Journey Into Chinas Antiquity (V. 4) cua National Museum of Chinese
History (Beijing: Morning Glory Publishers 1997) tr. 165 di nhan e 159. Military national surname bottle, Qing
Dynasty
xxxv
Dian Murray: sd. tr. 97
xxxvi
Jeremy Black: War, Past, Present & Future (New York: St Martins Press 2000) tr. 96-7
xxxvii
China Science and Technology Palace Preparatory Committee and the Ontario Science Centre: China, 7000 Years of
Discovery (1982) tr. 11
xxxviii
Hai cau nay ong Le Nguyen Lu giai thch la : Nguyen Hue la mot ho tng t ap Tay Sn ra Bac, con Nguyen Hu
Chnh nh con rong t Thang Long vt bien vao Nam (Van Khac Thi Tay Sn Hue: Phu Xuan Thuan Hoa thi Tay
Sn, Ky Yeu Hoi Thao Khoa Hoc, Hue 12/2001)
xxxix
Murray: tr. 32

25