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Lab Manual 2016 17
Lab Manual 2016 17
Lab Manual 2016 17
Title/Name of Experiment
Page
Sign.
Marks
of
10
11
Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date: _______
Microwave Engg.
Variable Attenuator:
WAVEGUIDE TEES:
Waveguide tees are used for the purpose of connecting a branch section of
waveguide in series or parallel with the main waveguide. The different types of
waveguide tees are: E-Plane Tee, H-Plane Tee and Magic Tee (Hybrid Tee)
E-Plane Tee: If the electromagnetic waves enter the junction from the side arm
and if the junction is symmetrical, then the waves leaving both the terminals of
main are equal in magnitude and opposite in phase. If the waves enter from
both the terminal of main branch, then the resultant field leaving the junction
through side arm is proportional to the difference between instantaneous fields
entered the junction from opposite direction.
H-Plane Tee: Its axis of side arm is parallel to the plane of the H-field of the
main transmission line. If the H-plane junction is completely symmetrical and
waves enter through the side arm, the waves that leave through the main arms
are equal in magnitude and phase. If the fields of same polarity approaching the
junction from main arms, then the leaving field through side arm is proportional
to phasor sum of entering fields. Maximum energy can be delivered to the side
arm when the waves entering the main arms are in phase.
Magic Tee: A Magic Tee is a combination of E-Plane tee and H-Plane tee. It acts
as a four port hybrid circuit. It consists of one series arm and one parallel arm.
The energy applied to the arm P or S is divided equally between 1 and 2, none
emerging from the opposite arm. i. e. S or P, respectively. When power enters
through arm 1 or 2, the fields leaving the P arm proportional to the phasor sum
Microwave Engg.
of two input fields, while the fields leaving arm S is proportional to the phasor
difference of two.
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER:
A Directional Coupler is a four port device, having characteristics such that there is
free transfer of power between port 1 & port 2 and port 3 & port 4 without
reflection. There is isolation between port 1 & port 3 and port 2 & port 4. The
degree of coupling between port 1 & port 4 and port 2 & port 3 depends upon the
structure of the coupler. Directional coupler can be used for power distribution,
power measurement, SWR measurement, etc. The characteristics of a Directional
coupler are specified in terms of coupling factor and directivity.
= - 10 log10 P1/P4
dB
dB
ISOLATOR:
Isolator is a device, which allows the flow of energy without attenuation in one
direction and prevents the energy to flow in the other direction. It uses ferrite as a
main material. Ferrite is a non- metallic material, which works on the Faraday's
Rotation principle.
CIRCULATOR:
Circulator is a multi port device in which the power can flow in nearby port in one
direction i.e. port 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, and 4 to 1. It also uses ferrite for this
application. Normally, a circulator with 4- ports is used.
SLOTTED SECTION:
Slotted section consists of a waveguide with a slot on the top. It has a mount
placed on the top. The mount consists of a coupling probe which is a movable
Microwave Engg.
through out the slotted section. With the help of slotted section, power at any point
on the waveguide can be measured.
BENDS:
In measurements, it is often necessary to bend waveguide by some angle.
Waveguide bends can have bending angles like 30, 45, 90 and 120 in E-Plane or
H- Plane.
PHASE SHIFTERS:
Phase shifters are used to change the effective electrical length of a transmission
line without changing its physical length. The phase shift is controlled by a
micrometer driven mechanism.
SHORTS:
Movable shorts are used to obtain a phase reference in a calibration of various
experimental set-ups and also are used to vary the effective plane of reflection and
therefore the phase of reflected wave.
TERMINATIONS:
These are used to terminate the waveguide systems operating at low average power.
The loads are carefully designed to absorb virtually all the applied power and
assure a low SWR.
TWISTS: These are used to rotate the plane of polarization of a waveguide. Twists
are manufactured by precisely twisting the waveguide by maintaining the same
internal dimension.
MATCHED LOAD:
The load that gives zero reflection of the power i.e. all the incident power is
absorbed by the load; is known as matched load. A simple form of matched load in
a waveguide is a piece of distance cord, which is placed in the waveguide parallel to
the field. The front end of the cord is tapered so that it prevents any discontinuity
Microwave Engg.
in the path of the microwave signal. The cord should be such that the reflection
from the load becomes negligible.
MODULATORS:
Many applications of microwave testing require amplitude modulation and pulse
modulation of signal sources. PIN diode modulators offer an ideal way for
amplitude and pulse modulation of microwave signal with a wide range of
frequencies. These modulators utilize PIN diode which is mounted across the
waveguide line.
DETECTOR MOUNT:
The crystal diode can be used for detection of microwave signal. At low level of
microwave
power,
the
response
of
detector
approximates
to
square
law
characteristics and may be used with a high gain selective amplifier having a
square law meter calibration.
CAVITY WAVE METER:
Tunable cavities are used as a wave meter to measure the frequency. The cavity is
made tunable by varying one of its dimensions, usually length. The cavity wave
meter is placed perpendicular to the main waveguide. Coupling from the cavity to
waveguide is achieved through small hole or iris. The indicator connected to the
wave meter shows the maximum output at the resonant frequency. At that instant,
the frequency can be read from the calibration of the wave meter.
TUNING SCREW:
Tuning screw is usually inserted at the top or bottom of the waveguide to provide
variable susceptance. If the insertion is less than quarter wavelength, it causes
capacitive resonance. At quarter wavelength insertion, resonance takes place and
further penetration beyond quarter wavelength results in inductive susceptance.
PYRAMIDAL HORN:
Pyramidal horns are used for radiating power as well as for receiving microwave
power. The horns give moderate directivity and very large bandwidth.
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FLANGES:
Waveguide flanges are used to coupler section of waveguide and guide components.
The flanges must have negligible power loss due to leakage and should not produce
any reflection through out frequency range.
WINDOWS:
Windows or Irises are fixed or adjustable projections from the walls of waveguide,
used for impedance matching. Mainly three types of windows are there
Capacitive window has diaphragms extending from top to bottom walls into the
waveguide. It has the effect of capacitive susceptance shunted across the
waveguide.
CONCLUSION:
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ASSIGNMENT:
Draw the schematic diagram of all the components discussed in the experiment-1.
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Experiment No.:
Date: _______
'OFF'
B.Tech Semester VII EC
Fully anticlockwise
Fully anticlockwise
Any Position
4. Set the micrometer of Gunn Oscillator for the required frequency of operation
5. Turn 'ON' the Gunn Power Supply
6. Turn the meter switch of Gunn Power Supply to voltage position
7. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the different voltage. Do not
exceed the bias voltage above 10 volts.
8. Plot the voltage and current readings on the graph
9. Measure the threshold voltage which corresponds to maximum current
Important Note:
Do not keep bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15 second.
Readings should be obtained as fast as possible. Otherwise due to excessive
heating, Gunn diode may burn.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
Frequency ___________________
Frequency ___________________
No.
Voltage
(volts)
Current (mA)
Voltage
Current (mA)
(volts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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12.
13.
14.
15.
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
1.
2.
Does the measured V-I characteristic of a Gunn diode match with the
theoretical characteristic? If no, what may be the reasons?
3.
4.
5.
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Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date: _______
2.
3.
4.
Isolator - XI621
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the microwave power
for maximum deflection on VSWR meter. ( Detector mount's output should be
connected to VSWR meter)
3. Set any reference level on the VSWR meter with the help of a variable attenuator
(not the attenuator under test) and gain control knob of VSWR meter. Let this
power be P1.
4. Carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line, without
disturbing any position on the setup. Place the test variable attenuator to the
slotted line and detector mount to the other port of test variable attenuator.
Keep the micrometer reading of test variable attenuator to zero and record the
reading of VSWR meter. Let it be P2. Then, the insertion loss of the test variable
attenuator will be P1 - P2 dB.
5. Now change the micrometer setting of test variable attenuator and record the
VSWR reading. Record the micrometer position as well as the attenuation value
for different positions of the micrometer reading.
6. Plot a graph of micrometer readings v/s attenuation.
7. Measure the operating frequency of microwave bench.
8. Now change the operating frequency and repeat all the steps for finding out the
frequency sensitivity of fixed and variable attenuator.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Reference Reading P1 = ___________ dB
Frequency = ____________GHz
Frequency = ____________GHz
Sr.
Micrometer VSWR
Attenuation
Micrometer VSWR
Attenuation
No.
Reading
Reading -
P1 - Pa
Reading
Reading -
P1 - Pa
(mm )
Pa
( dB )
(mm )
Pa
( dB )
( dB )
( dB )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
1.
2.
3.
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Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date: _______
Microwave Engg.
Directional couplers are of many types, such as two-hole directional coupler, multihole directional coupler, Bethe-hole directional coupler, Schwinger directional
coupler, etc. The most famous, two-hole directional coupler is shown in the figure.
Microwave Engg.
PROCEDURE:
For Isolator
1. Prepare the set-up diagram
2. Assemble the equipment as per the diagram
3. Energies the microwave power source to obtain maximum power in the VSWR
meter
4. Connect the isolator in the forward power direction (indicated by the arrow) and
measure the attenuation
5. Connect the isolator in the reverse direction and measure the attenuation
6. Determine the insertion loss and isolation.
For Circulator
1.
2.
3.
Energies the microwave power source to obtain maximum power in the VSWR
meter
4.
Adjust variable attenuator for a reasonable power level. Record this power
level and attenuator reading. This is the input power to the circulator
5.
6.
7.
Interchange port-1 & port-2 and determine the isolation in dB by noting the
change in output level.
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Output Port
Reading dB
Attenuation
(Po)
Pi-Po dB
For Circulator
Reference = __________ dB (Pi)
Input
Output
Terminati
Reading in
Attenuation in
Port
Port
on
dB
dB
(Po)
Pi-Po
1
2
3
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Pi
P12
P14
P24
Coupli
Directivi
Insertion
No
(dB)
(dB)
(dB)
(dB)
ng
ty
Loss
Factor
D=P14
L=Pi
C=Pi
P24
P12 (dB)
l Coupler
P14
( dB )
( dB )
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Draw the block diagram of the set-up used in the experiment.
2. Explain the Faradays Law of rotation for Ferrite devices.
3. Define: Isolation, Insertion Loss
4. How does a circulator differ from a magic tee?
5. Discuss the practical applications of an isolator and a circulator.
6. Are the measured values of directivity and coupling factor match with that of
the theoretical values? If no, give reasons.
7. Explain the operation of a two-hole directional coupler.
8. Discuss practical applications of a directional coupler.
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Microwave Engg.
Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date: _______
Microwave Engg.
The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio of maximum to
minimum field strength along the line.
VSWR (S)=
| |+| |
= | || |
Reflection-Coefficient
()=
| |
| |
= +0
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OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
S.S. Tuner
Position of
Position of
No.
Depth
Maxima
Minima
VSWR
1.
2.
3.
4.
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
1. What is the typical range of VSWR and reflection coefficient?
2. What is the value of SWR for a short circuited and open circuited load?
3. Why is VSWR never infinite?
4. Define return loss. How is it related to reflection coefficient?
Microwave Engg.
Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date: _______
2.
3.
4.
Isolator - XI621
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1
0
+1
0
impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference minima and the minima
position obtained from unknown load. Let it bed. Take a Smith Chart, taking '1' as
center, draw a circle of radius equal to S0. Mark a point on circumference of chart
towards load side at a distance equal to d/g. Join the center with this point. Find
the point where it cuts the drawn circle. The co-ordination of this point will show
the normalized impedance of load.
PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare the set-up diagram
2. Assemble the components and the equipment
3. Generate maximum microwave power
4. Adjust VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator unit such that
the meter indicates 1.0 on the normal upper scale of VSWR meter
5. Move the probe to the next minima position note down the SWR (S0) on the
scale, also note down the probe position on the slotted section let it be 'd1'.
6. Remove the S. S. Tuner and matched termination and place movable short at
slotted line. The plunger of short should be at zero. Do not disturb other
settings.
7. Note the position of two successive minima positions. Let it be 'd2' and 'd3 '
Hence g= 2( d2-d3)
8. Find difference between reference minima of wavelength measurement and
minima of unknown load measurement d1, D = |( d2- d1)| and D = |( d3- d1)|.
9. Calculate D / g
10.Find out the normalized impedance
11.Repeat the same experiment for the other frequencies.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
d1 =
d2 =
d3 =
g= 2( d2-d3)
D = |( d2- d1)|
D / g
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CALCULATION:
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Note down the various functions of S S Tuner.
2. For what type of problems, Smith Chart is suitable?
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Experiment No.:
Date: _______
Microwave Engg.
TE Mode:
For this case, the components (Ex and Ey) of the electric field are transverse to
the direction of propagation az. (Ez = 0, Hz 0).
TM Mode:
For this case, the components (Hx and Hy) of the magnetic field are transverse to
the direction of propagation az. (Hz = 0, Ez 0).
HE Mode:
This is the case when neither E nor H field is transverse to the direction of wave
propagation. They are sometimes referred to as hybrid modes. (Ez 0, Hz 0).
Dominant Mode:
The dominant mode is the mode with the lowest cutoff frequency (or longest
cutoff wavelength). In a rectangular waveguide, TE10 mode is considered as the
dominant mode. It is related to 0 , g and c are related as below:
1
1
1
=
+
2
2
(0 )
(c )2
(g )
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2
2
2
(m) +(n)
a
b
For TE10 mode m =1 and n=0, c = 2a and a is the broad dimension of the
waveguide.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Replace the termination with Movable Short XT 481 and detune the frequency
meter
6.
Move the probe along with the slotted line. The deflection in VSWR meter will
vary.
7.
8.
9.
Repeat step 7 for other minimum position and record in observation table
10. Similar to step 5, 6 and 7 measure the probe position for the maximum
deflection of VSWR meter and record it in observation table
11. Find out the difference between successive minimum deflection probe
positions and average it.
12. Find out the difference between successive maximum deflection probe
positions and average it.
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= =[
1
( )
1 2
]
( )2
sec
17. Verify frequency obtained by frequency meter
18. Repeat the experiment for three different frequencies
CALCULATION METHOD:
I.
1
(g )
1
2
c)
+ (
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
Position
Average of
Average
Average of
Practic
Theoreti
No.
(cm)
two
(cm)
Minima
al
cal
consecutive
and
g (cm)
g (cm)
readings
Maxima(c
(cm)
m)
1.
2.
3.
4.
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Draw the block diagram of the set-up used in the experiment.
2. What is the difference between a dominant mode and a degenerate mode?
3. Why the guide wavelength is different from the free space wave length?
4. Draw the field patterns of TE10 mode.
5. Draw the standing wave patterns for short circuited and open circuited lines.
6. Does the practical value of guide wavelength match with the theoretical
value? If no, what may be the reasons?
Microwave Engg.
Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date:
AIM:
A. To Compare the matched and unmatched line based on line parameters
using frequency domain techniques
B. To Observe and Calculate various transmission line parameters using time
domain techniques
THEORY:
APPARATUS:
1. Transmission line Analyzer
2. 100 MHz CRO with X-Y facility
3. Transmission lines
EQUIPMENT SETUP:
For frequency domain technique
Swept RF Source
5-250 MHz
Attenuator
Frequency Display
RF Detector +
DC Amplifier
Transmission Line
Impedance
Display
Microwave Engg.
CRO
Load
PROCEDURE:
To setup the standing waves formation on a transmission line and observe
their maxima and minima using frequency domain method.
1. Connect the Transmission line Analyzer and CRO to a suitable AC power
outlet and switch the equipment ON.
2. Bring the CRO into X-Y mode of operation. 6. Adjust the intensity on CRO to
get a bright spot. Adjust the position of the spot with horizontal and vertical
position controls.
3. Now connect a BNC lead from TLA Horizontal output to CRO X or Horizontal
input. CRO will start displaying a horizontal line.
4. Adjust the AC/DC/GND switch at CRO X input to DC.
5. Adjust the line length to ten cm by adjusting the X gain.
6. Adjust the vertical position of line to three graticules below center line by
adjusting CRO Y position control.
7. Adjust the AC/DC/GND switch at CRO Y input to DC.
8. Now connect a BNC lead from TLA vertical output to CRO Y or vertical input.
9. Adjust the attenuator setting of TLA with all the switches in upward
direction; indicating full power being applied at load.
Microwave Engg.
10. There will appear another line on top of the previously adjusted base line.
Adjust the Y input attenuator of scope to separate the line by six divisions.
11. Adjust the tune control on TLA to read a frequency of around 100MHz.
12. Adjust the span control fully clockwise.
13. Press the 1dB attenuator. The top line would come down a little bit. See that
the top line distortion is within 1dB overall. Overall flatness is specified to be
within 1dB overall.
14. Now connect a transmission line at the Load Out terminal through a suitable
connector.
15. Keep the line in open circuited and short circuited one by one. Observe the
CRO output.
16. Connect the other end of the transmission line to the Load Input via suitable
adapter.
17. Rotate the impedance measure controls to fully clockwise and counterclockwise one by one and note down the output wave form clearly showing the
positions of maxima and minima.
18. Also note down the point where minima and maxima become equal.
OBSERVATION :
Draw standing wave on transmission line
(i)
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(ii)
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Attenuator
No.
VSWR=
Reflection coefficient
Return loss
Vmax/Vmin
Vreflected / Vincident
(dB)
1.
2.
3.
4.
6. Solving for Zo
Zo = (Vt * Rg)/ (Voc -Vt)
Consider generator output impedance (Rg) as 50 Ohms.
7. The characteristic impedance can further be cross checked by terminating the
other end of the given line into impedance analyzer and nulling out the reflected
pulse.
8. Repeat the experiment for different lengths of cables above 1m and find if the
result has any function of length.
9. Repeat the experiment for antenna feeder twin wire. Note that this cable has 1:4
balanced to unbalanced transformer (balun) at one end.
Note that measured impedance shall have to be multiplied by balun transformation
ratio of 4 to get the correct result. Note that since 300 ohms cable is prone to noise so
extend the cable fully before you start experiment and never attempt measurement in
a roll. Coaxial cables can however be tested when in a roll.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Characteristic impedance: __________
To measure the velocity of propagation and dielectric constant
1. Connect the SHORT output of the TDR to the CRO input using Tee connector.
2. Now measure the time delay between transmitted and reflected pulse (t).
3. Measure the physical length of the cable(l).
4. Now calculate velocity of propagation Vop = (2 X l)/ t
percentage of speed of light= Vop/C and Dielectric constant = (C/Vop) ^2
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Time delay between transmitted and reflected
ns
pulse(t).
Physical length of the cable(l)
mV
mV
Attenuation A= (1000/L)log(Vt/Vr)
dB /100m
mV
mV
dB
CONCLUSION:
Microwave Engg.
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
Date: ___________
Fig. 1
Here is how the Wilkinson splitter works as a power divider:
When a signal enters port 1, it splits into equal-amplitude, equal phase output
signals at ports 2 and 3. Since each end of the isolation resistor between ports 2
and 3 is at the same potential, no current flows through it and therefore the
Microwave Engg.
resistor is decoupled from the input. The two output port terminations will add in
parallel at the input, so they must be transformed to 2xZ0 each at the input port to
combine to Z0. The quarter wave transformers in each leg accomplish this; without
the quarter-wave transformers, the combined impedance of the two outputs at port
1 would be Z0/2. The characteristic impedance of the quarter wave lines must be
equal to 1.414xZ0 so that the input is matched when ports 2 and 3 are terminated
in Z0.
Consider a signal input at port 2. In this case, it splits equally between port 1 and
the resistor R with none appearing at port 3. The resistor thus serves the important
function of decoupling ports 2 and 3. Note that for signal input at either port 2 or
3, half the power is dissipated in the resistor and half is delivered to port 1. Why is
port 2 isolated from port 3 and vice-versa? Consider that the signal splits when it
enters port 2. Part of it goes clockwise through the resistor and part goes counter
clockwise through the lower arm toward port 3. The recombining signals at port 3
end up equal in amplitude (half power or the CW signal is lost in resistor R1, while
half of the CCW signal is output port 1). And they are 180 degrees out of phase due
to the half wavelengths that the CCW signal travels that the CW signal does not.
The two signal voltages subtract to zero at port 3 and the signal disappears, at least
under ideal circumstances. In real couplers, there is a finite phase through the
resistor that will limit the isolation of the outputs.
Fig. 2
(a)
Fig 2 (b)
The Wilkinson power divider (a). An equal split Wilkinson power divider in
microstrip form. (b) Equivalent Transmission line circuit.
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Fig 3
Wilkinson Power Divider
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect a 20+20 dB attenuator at output level between source and receiver
so that receiver does not get saturated.
2. Connect output of source to input of receiver.
3. Vary frequency of source from 1GHz to 2GHz and note down the receiver
reading at each frequency at an interval of say, 100 MHz in order to measure
the flatness at each frequencies. The receiver level reads say 70dB.
4. Connect the output of source to input (PORT 1) of power divider and connect
one of the output PORT2 of power divider to receiver. Terminate the output
PORT 3 of power divider with a 50 ohms termination. Now, Rx reads 67dB.
Similarly measure at output port 3 with output port 2 being terminated.
Again Rx will read 67dB.
5. Vary frequency of source from 1GHz to 2GHz insteps of 100MHz and note
down the receiver reading at each frequency at interval of 100MHz in order to
measure the response of Power Divider at each frequencies.
6. Plot the above readings for frequency v/s Power in dB for measurement.
7. Difference between Power Level at a given frequency on reference plot to
Power output of Power Divider will give Power division at frequency range
from 1 GHz to 2 GHz.
Observation Table:
Frequency (GHz)
Reference Power
(dBm)
1
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1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
FOR EQUAL POWER DIVIDER:
Frequency
(GHz)
Port
(dBm)
2 Reference Power
(dBm)
Port 3
Reference
(dBm)
Power
(dBm)
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
FOR UNEQUAL POWER DIVIDER:
Frequency
(GHz)
Port
Microwave Engg.
2 Reference Power
Port 3
Reference
B.Tech Semester VII EC
(dBm)
(dBm)
(dBm)
Power
(dBm)
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
Conclusion:
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Experiment No: 10
Date: ___________
2)
3)
Change the frequency in the step of 100 MHz and note down in
observation table
4)
5)
Observation Table:
Reference Power: ___________ dB
Band pass filter
Frequency in MHz Power in dB
in Power in dB
MHz
1000
1000
1100
1100
1200
1200
1300
1300
1400
1400
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1500
1500
1600
1600
1700
1700
1800
1800
1900
1900
2000
2000
Conclusion:
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